PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION

1. INTRODUCTION
The P & I diagram is an Engineering flowsheet which shows the arral1gement of the
equipment, piping, pumps, instruments, valves and other fittings On it,
1. All process equipment are identified by numbers, they are drawn in proportion.
2. Pipes are identified by number with sizes and materials of construction
specified.
3. Valves, and fittings are similarly identified
4. Same goes for pumps, control loop and instruments.
For simple processes utility lines can be included on the engineering flowsheet, the P.l.
diagra~n resembles the process flow sheet, however process infonnation is not shown
on the P.r. diagram.

They depend upon the practice of the particular organization (Check BSS 1646 for
symbols for instruments, controllers and values or ANSI)
('\

"L' .;/\+
.~.,~./ 1"-~,.

\../. ''--~l --
---,-1\..._-

1.2 Representation of Instruments

a. The instrument lines are usually thinner than the main process lines in order to
distinguish them.

b. Its type is indicated on the circle which represents the instruments controller by a
letter code:

The 1st letter represent the property measured .-

0
The 2 ' or subsequent one represents tile fU~
 An ideal trap removes both condensate and air with minimum loss of steam, and
such that operating equipment stilt performs at peak eniciency. Many Jiffcrent
types of traps exist. Selection must be based on:
1. Steam pressure
2. corrosive condition
3. individual plant experience
Examples are:
Inverted bucket
Open bucket
Piston operated

3.2 Expansion Joint

For reduction or elimination of stresses or vibration. Two most common are slip
-:---
joint and packlcss joint.

1. Slip joint: Its movement is automatic. It is packed to prevent leakage

Can be made of any material to suit service. The pressure, temperature and movement in
each joint must be carefully investigated and specified, e.g.
 a. description of fluids

d. maximum temperature
e. installed or cold position
f. cold dimension
g. hot dimension
h. axial deOection
1. estimated cycle periods fro111hot to cold.

3. Hangers and supports

These arc devices
e
for holding piping
.
in positi.Q.n:
.

a. clamps )
b. spl.it rings ~
c. hangers

scf"
4. PIPE JOINTS
T~_~yare used to elon ate the pipeline and avoid obstructions a
_Threaded joints out of fashion, now limited to sizes 2inch and below.
_ Completely scaled and stronger joints now achieved by welding.

Threaded Joints
Jointing by means of threaded
Unions - (male or female)

~~
~ ~
cJ0-J
 4.2 Flanged Joints

Forged steel flange classified according to weight. E.g. on ASA, standard sizes are
Sizes are 150 lb (for 150 psig, 500F)
300)

400)

600 )
900)
1500)
2500)

Strongest and IllOStwidely used .

._----------- :

Difficult alignment. One weld required

4.2.2. Slip on

Easy alignment, also welded after slipping on. Two welds required. Costly to

4.2.3 Lap-joint

Used with a stub. A single weld joins stub and pipe end.'
(::-:-:-~~::-:t
\ -1\- sttt..b 'l~ (' ((:l>('.]Jr-.)' p ~l>c'

'i , ..J.~;\ f:""-i-h -d-' f'.(O-.A' oJ' e..

lTf{ ~._~::_.=~~?0'}~,
j;lange free to rotate. Used in non-ferrous and corrosive services, since flange is not in
..:: --.. f"""

contact with fluid. Poor quality flange could be used. Can be dismantled very easily for
.. Creq uent c leaning or servicing.
4.2.4 Threaded Flanges
1. Used in l~cations where welding can be hazardous
2. Or for service lines that calIDot be welded e.g. cast-iron piping, high pressure alloy

plpmg.
The use of threaded flanges should be avoided where possible.

4.2.5 Flange Facings and Gaskets.

For perfect seal, some plasticity is necessary hetween two hard faces - achieved hy use of
gaskets. Gaskets must he capahle of deforming under salt compression and sealing all

interstices.
Facings:
Raised -

Tongue and groove

Ring joint

4. Bolting
The jointing together of the flanged ends of two pipes is achieved
1. By means of a bolt with a square or hexagonal head and a hexagonal nut or
2. a fully threaded stud two hexagonal nuts. Carbon-steel bolts mostly used but
with high pressure and temp. Alloy steel bolts must be preferred.

5. Piping Fittings
Pip e fittings arc us ed lot urn the pip ehne in different directions or penni t j ointing to other
pipelines or fittings. They have hcveled ends to pennit welding. All have standard

dimensions. Examples are

- 45,90,180 short and long radius
0

1. Elbow

2. Tee - straight and reducing outlet

3. Crosses

4. Reducers - concentric and eccentric

 Boooel (J09 ovl
Neck ,
f}c;oo(;!1(i09 ovl '

-~"",
Disk Disk nul ,~

Disk
Gale Seal "
Body Body

I
' !
L _ ..-i

';;0
-c:r
-rl.---..r---,n
"-:;? .~-
.'
-.;$"

(d)
Figure 7.1. Some kinds of manual and automatically controlled valves. (a) Gate valve, for the majority of applications. (b) Globe vall'!'.';'
light shutoff is nceded. (c) Swing check valve to ensurc now in one direction only. (d) A pressure relief valve, in which the plug iN "lIle
overpressure. (e) A control valve with a single port. (f) A double-port, reverseacting control valve. (g) A control valve with a dOlll>h'
which the correct opening is maintained by air pressure above the diaphragm. (A) valve body; (B) removable seat; (e) discs; (D) v"l
guide; (E) guide bushing; (F) valve bonnet; (G) supporting ring; (H) supporting arms; (1) diaphragm; (X) coupling betwecn dial'llfll~lli
valve stcm; (L) spring-retaining rod; (M) spring; (N) spring seat; (0) pressure connection. (Fischer.) (h) Relation between fraction.II "I',
and fractional flow of three modes of valve openings.
 Equal
percentage"

i}Tr-
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(hi
 .6
REGULAR

t)
K 4 REGULAR K
SCREWED 3 -. SCREWED 1
~ 45" ELL.
.2.3 .5
\ 90" ELL.
1 2 4
0 o 63 .5
.31- - 1= .8
l- LONG
I- .6
. ~LONG RADIUS K .2 , RADIUS K
"'.- ' FLANGED ~ I-
'. SCREWED .4
~ 90" ELL .3
45" ELL. .1 11) 20 ~
1 2 4 6
D D 23 .5
.6
~
.~ .-'
. SCREWED
RETURN
BEND ,
D
:
.63.5
"~ ~
1 2
~
4
~
REGULAR
-',
"
FLANGED
90' ELL.

0
.4
K .3
.2
15
1

N).-~2~~us
.4
.3
==- REG
.3f-f
._. ~i~~~~DI- K.2 .
K .2 LONG."
S;
~I-<
,IT
~--
'. FLANGED
BEND RADIUS ~.. ' 90"ELl. .1
o 2 4 6 10 20 o 1 4 6 10 20

LINE 1

G
K
FLOW B
.6
0 .3 .5 I 2 4

SCRE WED 3 -- . --
TEE BRANCH
FLOW K 2 ---
-
I I
0 .3 .5 1 2 4

.2
~
@ LINE
FLOW
K

.061=
.1 -

D I 2
FLANGED
TEE 1 - ...

BRANCH
K
.6
=
--
1=
!-
FLOW
.4 - ::::"'~

Ii "~
0 I 2 4 6 10 20
- 6
BASKET K 1 ~
-
. STRAINER :~ = .
ail_SCREWED K : j'
o .4 I
t- --+-1+
W
2 4 6 10 20 I
... SWING
CHECK o .3 .6 1 2 4
FOOT
1.0
K.B
- VALVE ~r-H-I-H- rrlm- -I-r--
00
VALVE

0
.61-
.4 ~
I i'
_ ..

4
.-

6
._--
10 20
-
FLANGE:
o
~tUH.III:: I
1 2 4 6 10 20

h = Ku2/2g,. ft of fluid.
(Hydraulic Institute, Cleveland, OH, 1957).

\J] \JJ \:) 0

~
~ 6 Q

Pipe Siondord Medium Long- 45-deg Tee Gate Globe Swing

size. ell radius radius ell valve, valve, check,
in, ell ell open open open

1 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.3 5.8 0.6 27 0.7

2 5.5 4.G 3.5 2.5 11.0 1.2 57 13
:1 8. [ G.8 5.1 3.8 17.0 1.7 85 20
4 J 1.0 \J.I 7.0 5.0 22 2.3 110 27
5 11.0 J2.0 I 8.0 6. I 27 2.D 140 33

6 16 .0 14.0 IJ .0 7.7 33 3.5 160 40

8 21 J8.0 14 .0 10.0 43 4.5 220 53
10 26 22 17.0 13.0 56 5.7 2!)0 67
12 32 26 20.0 15.0 66 6.7 340 80
H 36 31 23 17.0 76 8.0 390 93

l(j 42 3::> 27 19.0 87 9.0 430 107

18 46 40 :JO 21 100 10.2 500 120
20 52 43 34 23 110 12.0 560 134
24 63 53 40 , 28 140 14.0 680 160
36 94 70 GO 43 200 20.0 1,000 240

o length of straight pipe (ft) giving equivalent resistance.

(Hicks and Edwards. Pump Application Engineering, McGraw-Hili,
New York, 1971). .
f'
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