STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND SEISMIC INTERPRETATION ONE-SEMESTER COURSE NOTES, PREPARED BY DR BASUKI PUSPOPUTRO FOR RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS GRADUATE PROGRAM THE UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA SEPTEMBER 2010 1uigs20 10-chapter!STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND SEISMIC INTERPRETATION INTRODUCTION AND SYLLABUS uigschapterlStructural geology is a branch of geology Geology may be defined as the study of the Earth as a whole, its origin, structure, composition and history (including the development of life), and the nature of the process which have given rise to its present state Geology comprises the following branches: 1 Chrystallography, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, concerned with the materials and composition of the Earth 2 Structural geology, geophysics, concerned with the form and disposition of the various units of which the E. is built #3 Stratigraphy and historical geology #4 Paleontology 47 Physical geology including geomorphology, which involves the study of the processes affecting the Earth. vigschapterl 3RELATION AND CORRELATION (1) Structural geology and stratigraphy. Structural geology is concerned with analyzing the deformation of sedimentary strata: mild fold, steep fold, thrust, and great disturbance. Structural geology and Physiography. Structure depends largely on stratigraphy; and physiography depends largely on structure. But the older the structure, the less mark is its physiographical expression. (Note: physiography is the synonym of geomorphology or geomorphology plus climatology and oceanography; not now in common use). Structural geology and Petrology. Petrology geology are so often completely interwoven that i to say whether one is studying a petrological problem by structural methods or a structural problem by petrological methods. ind structural vigschapterl 4RELATION AND CORRELATION (2) Structural geology and economic geology. The relationship between structural geology and the geology of economic mineral deposits (including petroleum), is a matter of degree of “structural control”, of how far the distribution of the economic mineral is related to structural features. Structural geology and geophysics. The science of applied geophysics has been extensively developed as a mean of determining hidden structures, and become an important tool in the hand of the tectonicians and explorationists. The applied geophysics includes seismic reflection and refraction methods, gravity, magnetic, electrical (logging) methods. uigschaptert 5ELASTISITAS DAN DEFORMASI BATUAN Bahan atau batuan bersifat elastis adalah bahan yang berubah bentuk bila dikenai gaya, dan akan kembali ke bentuk semula bila gaya tersebut tidak dikenekan lagi -Retardasi untuk kembali ke bentuk semula ini disebut histeris Bahan atau batuan bersifat plastis adalah bahan yang berubah bentuk bila dikenai gaya, dan tidak akan kembali ke bentuk semula bila gaya tersebut tidak dikenekan lagi *Terdapat peralihan diantaranya (lihat gambar hubungan antara waktu dan strain (perubahan dimensi atau bentuk diakibatkan oleh gaya Batuan inkompeten adalah batuan yang bersifat plastis -Batuan kompeten adalah batuan yang beriawanan dengan sifat plastis, lebih bersifat rigid (kaku/keras) dan brittle (rapuh) uigschapterlStrain Elasticity limit Elastic field Time Schematic strain/time diagram showing different fields of deformation (Figure 29, De Sitter, 1956) uigschapter!1.1 ROCKS IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC uigschaptert 81.1b Depositional contacts Conformity and Unconformity Conformable: during normal depositional process, sedimentary layers and or volcanic layers are deposited on each other conformably, forming a sequence of parallel or sub-paraliel beds An unconformity is a depositional contact between two rocks of measurably different ages Non conformities are depositional surfaces separating younger rocks, sed. Or volc., from underlying older crystalline rock ( met. Or intrusive igneous rocks) A disconformity is an unconformity separating srata that are parallel to each other Angular unconformity separating strata whose attitudes are discordant, the layers above and below unconformity are not parallel, making an angle. ‘uigschapter! 101.1b DEPOSITIONAL CONTACTS Jurassic sediments = ~~ Angular unconformity Precambrian Granite [iq — e,, uigschapterl 1 j1.2 ACLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL PHENOMENA Structural geology is concerned with all aspects of the earth’s crustal distortion. There are three phenomena: 1 Comparative structural geology: systematic classification of rock deformation 2 Theoretical and experimental: how the crust has been distorted 3 Geotectonics: why the crust has been deformed. Items 1 and 3 will be discussed in class and item 2 will be the subject for student’s short assignment. ‘uigschapter! 2AOINT & FAULT PATTERNS t AANA euJOINTS + Joint: a fracture in a rock between the sides of which there is no observable relative movement Joints are fracture surfaces along which there has been imperceptible movement (Davis) Joint is most commonly used in reference to relatively continuous and through-going fractures that are reasonably planar and along which there has been imperceptible movement. There exists a gradual transition from joints with no motion along their faces, through joints with a small motion, to small fault, and then to large faults Fracture implies breakage along a direction or directions which are not cleavage or fissility directions uigs2009-chaprer! 4JOINTS The origin of Joint: primary, diastrophic, nondiastrophic Primary joints are related to the primary formation of the rocks in which they are found Diastrophic joints are those that display a clear-cut spatial, geometric, and kinematic relation to local or regional structures, especially folds and faults (the most interpretable secondary joints) The countless joints that cannot be assigned with certainty to sets of diastrophic joints are group together as nondiastrophic joints uigs2009-chapterl 1sJOINTS Types: tension-joints, rotational joints, shear-joints Tension-joints develop in the region of greatest curvature as a results of relaxation of the elastic bending Rotational joints are due to a couple, perpendicular to the bedding-plane and generated by the slips in opposite directions along the top and bottom of the competently folded bed Shear-joints: can develop in the steep flank of a fold when further lateral shortening by folding becomes impossible 4 Concentric shear joint Oblique shear joint 4 a uigs2009-chapter! 16JOINT-PATTERNS uaWwns Tension-joints Rotational joints Shear-joints Concentric shear joint Oblique shear joint ‘uigs2009-chapter! 7JOINTS There is no relation between the great rift fault and the joints on both sides of the trough (the Heidelberg school of joint investigation, the upper great Rhine valley, Sitter) Kwantes, South Limburg coalfield, Netherland: the resilt accords with the negative result of Heidelberg survey A close relation between compressional stress and shear-joint direction. But ....(BP: may be local phenomenon). The joints are very consistently parallel to the nearest normal fault whatever its strike may be See summary uigs2009-chapter! 18tension joi ae id SS ~“ Ve ~~ ¥ L on \ ‘Shear joints Anticline South-east Algeria Syncline is general stress Shear joints uigs2009-chapter! 19JOINTS the relation between joint and fault pattern and stress The joint system is very much dependent on the litho- logical character of the rock 2 Some joint directions are early features in the Structure Some joint directions which occur near the axis do not occur in the gentle flank 4 The simple relation between joint and stress cannot be established in the strongly folded structure Although in limited areas of a few square meters the joint systems are very regular, this regularity disappears as soon as the area under consideration is enlarge to a 100 or 200 square meters # joint - fractures - fractured reservoir !!! ‘uigs2009-chapter! 20 w uwSopt. 4 Sept. 11 Sept. 18 Sept. 25 Oct. 2 Oct. 9 Oct. 16 Oct. 23, Oct. 30 Nov. 6 Nov. 13 Nov. 20 Nov. 27 Dec. 4 Dec. 11 Dec. 18 Tentative schedule 2010 GSCh1 Introduction; Joints & Fault patterns ; Start of IP dul Fitri GSCh2_ origin of Faults; Normal; Wrench; upthrust GSCh3 Principles of folding & Asc faults; Str Terms GSCh4 Geotectonics & Basin Structures GSCh5 Pet Str Geol of Ind; individual project starts sicht sich2 siCh3 sicha $iCh5 —_ IP closed, THE starts SICh8 3D Introduction & Interpretation THE ‘THE closed, evaluation & discussion Exam Final Exam igs2010-chapter1 21PENUGASAN PERORANGAN SETIAP MAHASISWA Subyek: Interpretasi seismik yang memperlihatkan adanya kenampakan: 1. Normal fault (patahan normal) 5. Diaphiric structure (struktur diapir) 2. Reverse fault (patahan naik) _6. Reefal structure (struktur terumbu) 3. Wrench fault (patahan mendatar) 7 Anticline structure (struktur antiklin) 4, Other fault (patahan lain) 8. Basinal structure (struktur cekungan) \si tulisan: (Struktur diapir Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur) Introduksi : lokasi, pertimbangan pemilihan Teori : teori pembentukan pembentukan (genesa) Pengamatan : (geologi/geofisika/seismik) ukuran fisik, cara pengenalan, ciri-ciri (tunjukkan penampang seismik) Diskusi : persamaan-2 & perbedaan-2 tiga “authors” / lebih, dan pendapat anda Kesimpulan studi Daftar referensi terpakai ‘uigs2010-chapter] 23THE ORIGIN OF FAULT ; ae een OG a i We = NORMAL FAULT THRUST FAULT WRENCH FAULT All three are shear-planes of which the acute angle is intersected by the largest principal stress ‘and which are parallel to the median principal stress. When the median principal stress lies in the horizontal plane we get either thrust planes (when the largest stress is also in the horizontal plane) or normal faults (when the largest stress is vertical) de Sitter 1956 P1>P2>P3 1igs2009-chapter! 24