Professional Documents
Culture Documents
sin t 1 n1 v p 2 2 r1
Snells law: 1 and i=r
sin i 2 n2 v p1 1 2 r2
Er0 Et 0
The reflection coefficient: = and the transmission coefficient: =
Ei 0 Ei 0
2 1
//
2 1
1 2
In case of normal incidence, , where 1= and 2= .
2 1 2
2
// 2 1
R ( / m ) , L ( H / m) , G ( S / m) , C ( F / m )
Transmission line equations: In higher-frequency range, the transmission line model
is utilized to analyze EM power flow.
v( z z, t) v( z, t) i( z, t) v i
Ri( z, t) L
z Ri L
z t t
i( z z, t) i( z, t) Gv( z, t) C v( z, t) i Gv C v
z t z t
Set v(z,t)=Re[V(z)ejt], i(z,t)=Re[I(z)ejt]
dV d 2V ( z )
dz ( R j L ) I ( z ) 2
( R jL)(G jC )V ( z ) 2V ( z )
dz
dI
(G jC )V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
dz ( R jL)(G jC ) I ( z ) 2 I ( z )
dz 2
V ( z ) V0 e z V0 e z , I ( z ) I 0 e z I 0 e z
V V R jL R j L
Characteristic impedance: Z0= 0 0
I0 I0 G j C G jC
Note:
1. International Standard Impedance of a Transmission Line is Z0=50.
2. In transmission-line equivalent-circuit model, G1/R.
0.8 1.15
C 80( pF / m) , G 10 3 2.3 10 5 ( S / m) ,
2 10 50
8
50
R 2500G 0.0575( / m) , L 2500C 0.2( F / m)
(b) V ( z ) V0 e RG z
V0 e RG z
, I ( z ) I 0 e RG z
I 0 e RG z
L 1 2 j C 1 2
( R jL)(G jC ) j RG (1 j ) (1 )
R G
j L C
RG [1 ( )]
2 R G
G R 1 G R
RG , (L C ) , v p (L C )
2 R G 2 R G
R jL R j L 1 2 j C 1 2 R j L C
Z0 (1 ) (1 ) [1 ( )]
G jC G R G G 2 R G
5 10
V ( z , t ) Re[V ( z )e j 8000t ] e 0.01z cos(8000t 5.58 z 71.6)
3
V ( z, t ) 1
I ( z, t ) e 0.01z cos(8000t 5.58 71.6)
Z0 2 10
Relationship between transmission-line parameters:
G 12 12
( R jL)(G jC ) j LC (1 ) j (1 ) G/C=/
j C j
and LC=
1 2 Rs R 1 f c
Two-wire line: I 2aJ s , P I ( ) R 2( s )
2 2a 2a a c
1 2 Rs 1 R
Coaxial-cable line: I 2aJ si 2bJ so , Pi I ( ) , Po I 2 ( s )
2 2a 2 2b
Rs 1 1 1 f c 1 1
R ( ) ( )
2 a b 2 c a b
D
cosh 1 ( )
L 2a 4 10 7
Z 0 300 D 25.5mm
C 2.25
1
10 9
36
2 b
Coaxial line: C , L ln( )
ln(b / a ) 2 a
b
ln( )
L a 4 10 7
a=0.6mm, Z 0 75 b=3.91mm
C 2 1
2.25 10 9
36
Parallelplate transmission line:
E yE0 e z yE y
E0 z , j j ,
H x e xH x
0
At y=0 and y=d, Ex=Ey=0, Hy=0
y D sl sl E y E0 e jz
y ,
At y=0, a n E 0 j z
y H J sl J sl zH z
z e
y D su su E y E0 e jz
y ,
At y=d, a n E 0 j z
y H J su J su zH x
z e
dE y d d d
E jH ,
dz
jH x
dz
0
E y dy j H x dy
0
dV ( z ) d d
jJ su ( z ) d j ( )[ J su ( z ) w] jLI ( z ) L ( H / m)
dz w
dH x d w w
H jE ,
dz
jE y
dz 0
H x dx j E y dx
0
dI ( z ) w w
jE y ( z ) w j ( )[ E y ( z ) d ] jCV ( z ) C ( F / m)
dz d d
dV d V (Z) 2 2
2
LC
dz dz2
w
Lossy parallelplate transmission line: G C
d
Et E z f c
Surface impedance: Z s c Rs jX s (1 j )
Js Hx c
1 2 1 2 1 R 1
P Re( J su Z s ) J su Rs I 2 ( s ) I 2 R
2 2 2 w 2
Rs 2 f c
R 2( ) ( / m)
w w c
Eg. Consider a transmission line made of two parallel brass strips
c=1.6107S/m of width 20mm and separated by a lossy dielectric slab =0, r=3,
=10-3S/m of thickness 2.5mm. The operating frequency is 500MHz. (a) Calculate
the R, L, G, and C per unit length. (b) Find and Z0.
2 f 0 w
(Sol.) (a) R 1.11( / m) , G 8 10 3 ( S / m)
w c d
d w
L 0 1.57 10 7 ( H / m) , C 2.12 10 10 ( F / m)
w d
R jL
(b) = ( R jL)(G jC ) =18.13-0.41, =2500106, Z0=
G jC
=27.210.3
Eg. Consider lossless stripline design for a given characteristic impedance. (a)
How should the dielectric thickness d be changed for a given plate width w if the
dielectric constant r is doubled? (b) How should w be changed for a given d if r
is doubled? (c) How should w be changed for a given r if d is doubled?
L d
(Sol.) Z 0
C w
w
(a) 2 d 2d , (b) 2 w
2
(c) d 2d w 2 w
PL ( z )
Attenuation constant of transmission line: = , where PL(z) is the time-
2 P( z )
average power loss in an infinitesimal distance.
j Re( ) Re[ ( R jL)(G jC ) ]
V 0 ( j ) z
Suppose no reflection, V ( z ) V0 e ( j ) z , I ( z ) e
Z0
2
1 V
P ( z ) Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] 0
2 2
R0 e 2z e 2z
2 Z0
P ( z ) P ( z)
PL ( z ) 2P ( z ) L
z 2 P( z )
Microstrip lines: are usually used in the mm wave range.
c 1 L p
p , , f
ff pC C ff
Assuming the quasi-TEM mode:
Case 1: t/h0.005, t is negligible.
Given h, W, and r, obtain Z0 as follows:
60 h W
For W/h 1: ln 8 0.25 ,
ff W h
r 1 r 1
1 / 2 2
h W
ff 1 12 0.04 1
where 2 2 W h
120
ff
For W/h 1: ,
W 1.393 0.667 ln W 1.444
h h
1 / 2
r 1 r 1 h
where ff 1 12
2 2 W
Given Z0, h, and r, obtain W as follows:
r 1 r 1 0.11
8he A 0 0.23
For W/h 2: W 2 A , where 60 2 r 1 r
e 2
2h r 1 0.61
For W/h>2: W B 1 ln 2 B 1 ln B 1 0.39 , where
2 r r
377
2 0 r
Weff 0 W
377h Weff f W
f , where 2
, fp (h in cm)
Weff f ff
1 f 8h
fp
r ff
377 h ff f r
and Weff 0 0 0 , G=0.6+0.009Z0,
2
(f in GHz)
1 G f
f p
ff
The frequency below which dispersion may be neglected is given by
f 0 G z 0.3 , where h must be expressed in cm.
h r 1
Attenuation constant: =d +c
r ff 1 tan dB
For a dielectric with low losses: d 27.3 ( )
ff r 1 cm
1/ 2
ff 1 dB
For a dielectric with high losses: d 4.34 ( )
ff r 1 cm
Rs , where Rs f
8.68
For W/h : c
W
8.68Rs P h h 4W t
For W/h 1 : c 1 ln
2 2 h Weff Weff t W
8.68 Rs 2
PQ , where P 1 eff
W
For 1 W/h 2: c
2 2 h 4h
h h 2h t
and Q 1 ln
Weff Weff t h
For W/h 2:
2
Weff
8.68Rs Q Weff 2 Weff W
c ln 2e 0.94 eff
h
h h Weff
2h 0.94
h
2h
Z L Z 0 tanh
z 0 Z 0
Eg. Show that the input impedance is Z = ( Z ) . i
z ' Z 0 Z L tanh
V ( z) V0 e z V0 e z ...(1) V0
V0
(Proof) z z
, Z0
I0
I0
I ( z) I 0 e I 0 e .....(2)
Let z=l, V(l)=VL, I(l)=IL
VL V0e V0e V 1 (V I Z )e I
0 2 L L 0 V (z) 2 [(Z Z )e L
L 0
( z )
(Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]
V0 V0
I
I L e e V 1 (V I Z )e 2Z [(Z Z )e
( z )
I ( z ) L
L 0 (Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]
Z0 Z0 0 2 L L 0
0
4
(40 j 30) j 50 tan( 2)
Z i 50 3 26.3 j 9.87
4
50 j (40 j 30) tan( 2)
3
Eg. Prove that a maximum power is transferred from a voltage source with an
internal impedance Zg to a load impedance ZL over a lossless transmission line
when Zi=Zg*, where Zi is the impedance looking into the loaded line. What is the
maximum power transfer efficiency?
V Z
(Proof) I i Z Z , Vi
i
V
i g Zi Z g
2
1 Ri V
( Power ) out Re[Vi I i *]
2 2[( Ri R g ) 2 ( X i X g ) 2 ]
1 1 Z is
Z0= Z i 0 Z is , = tanh
Zi0
2
R
3. Quarter-wave section in a lossless case (l=/4, l=/2): Z i 0
ZL
1 36020
tanh 1 0.139 j 0.235 j
4 250 50
57.3 57.3
(b) R jL Z 0 58.5 j 57.3 , L 0.812( H / m)
c
4
G jC 24.5 10 5 j8.76 10 4 , C 8.76 10 12.4( pF / m)
Z0 c
IL z ' 2z '
V ( z ' ) ( Z L Z 0 ) e [1 e ]
2
I ( z ' ) I L (Z L Z 0 ) ez ' [1 e 2z ' ]
2Z 0
IL
V ( z' ) (Z L Z 0 ) ez ' [1 e j ( 2z ') ]
2
I
I ( z' ) L (Z L Z 0 ) e z ' [1 e j ( 2z ') ]
2Z 0
Z 0Vg
For a lossless line, V(z)= e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ]
Z0 Z g
Eg. A 100MHz generator with Vg=100 (V) and internal resistance 50 is
connected to a lossless 50 air line that is 3.6m long and terminated in a
25+j25() load. Find (a) V(z) at a location z from the generator, (b) Vi at the
input terminals and VL at the load, (c) the voltage standing-wave radio on the
line, and (d) the average power delivered to the load.
(Sol.) V g 100(V ) , Z g 50() , f 10 8 ( Hz ) , Z 0 50() ,
Z L 25 j 25 35.3645() ,
2 10 8 2
3. 6( m ) , (rad / m) , 2.4 (rad / m)
c 3 10 8 3
Z Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
L 0.4470.648 , g 0
Z L Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
Z 0V g
(a) V ( z ) e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ] 5[e j 2z / 3 0.447e j ( 2 z / 3 0.152 ) ]
Z0 Z g
(b) Vi V (0) 5(1 0.447e j 0.152 ) 7.06 8.43(V )
(c) VL V (3.6) 5[e j 0.4 0.447e j 0.248 ] 4.47 45.5(V )
1 1 0.447
(d) S 2.62 ,
1 1 0.447
2
1 VL 1 4.47 2
Pav RL ( ) 25 0.200(W )
2 ZL 2 35.36
Eg. A sinusoidal voltage generator Vg=110sin(t) and internal impedance Zg=50
is connected to a quarter-wave lossless line having a characteristic impedance
Z0=50 that is terminated in a purely reactive load ZL=j50. (a) Obtain the
voltage and current phasor expressions V(z) and I(z). (b) Write the
instantaneous voltage and current expressions V(z,t) and I(z,t).
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0
(Sol.) (a) Vg 110 j, j, g 0,
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0 4
Z 0Vg
(c) V ( z ' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j55( e jz ' je jz ' ) ,
Z0 Z g
Vg
I ( z' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j1.1( e jz ' je jz ' )
Z0 Z g
1 T
P V ( z ' 0, t ) I ( z ' 0, t ) 60.5 cos( 2t ) , Pav
T
0
Pdt 0
Eg. A sinusoidal voltage generator with Vg=0.10 (V) and internal impedance
Zg=Z0 is connected to a lossless transmission line having a characteristic
impedance Z0=50. The line is l meters long and is terminated in a load
resistance ZL=25. Find (a) Vi, Ii, VL, and IL; (b) the standing-wave radio on the
line; and (c) the average power delivered to the load.
ZL Z0 1 Z g Z0 0.1 1
(Sol.) (a) , g 0 , Vi V ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
ZL Z0 3 Z g Z0 2 3
0 .1 1
I i I ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
100 3
0.1 j 1 1 j
V L V ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e
2 3 30
0.1 j 1 1
I L I ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e
100 3 750
1 1
(b) S 2, (c) Pav Re[V L I L *] 2.22 10 5 W
1 2
Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance R0. A time-
harmonic voltage source of an amplitude Vg and an internal impedance Rg=R0 is
connected to the input terminals of the line, which is terminated with a load
impedance ZL=RL+jXL. Let Pinc be the average incident power associated with the
wave traveling in the +z direction. (a) Find the expression for Pinc in terms of Vg
and R0. (b) Find the expression for the average power PL delivered to the load in
terms of Vg and the reflection coefficient . (c) Express the ratio PL/Pinc in terms
of the standing-wave ratio S.
jz 1 V
(Sol.) V ( z ) V0 e V0 e jz , I ( z ) (V0 e jz V0 e jz ) , Vinc ( z 0) V0 g ,
R0 2
Vg
I inc ( z 0) I 0
2 R0
2
1 V0 Vg
2
(b)
1 1 1 2 2
PL Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] Re[(V0 e jz V0 e jz )(V0* e jz V0* e jz )] {V0 V0 }
2 2 R0 2 R0
2
V0 2 Vg
2
2
{1 } {1 }
2 R0 8 R0
PL 2 S 1 2 4S
(c) 1 1 ( )
Pinc S 1 ( S 1) 2
Case 1 For a pure resistive load: ZL=RL
n
If RL R0 0 0, z ' max , n 0,1,2,3....
2
n
If R L R0 0 , z ' min
2
n
If RL z ' max
2
R0 R L Vmax I max R
V max V L , Vmin V L , I min I L , I max I L , S L or
RL R0 V min I min R0
R L SR0 .
R0
RL
S
Case 2 For a lossless transmission line, and arbitrary load:
Rm jR0 tan m
ZL= R0 , zm+lm=/2
R0 jRm tan m
Find ZL=?
S 1
1. , 2. At =2zm-, V(z) is a minimum.
S 1
1 e j 1
3. ZL=RL+jXL = R0 j
R0
1 e 1
Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line. (a) Determine the lines characteristic
resistance so that it will have a minimum possible standing-wave ratio for a load
impedance 40+j30(). (b) Find this minimum standing-wave radio and the
corresponding voltage reflection coefficient. (c) Find the location of the voltage
minimum nearest to the load.
(Sol.)
Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 ( 40 R0 ) 2 30 2 1 2 1 dS 1
[ ] , S , 0 R0 50
Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 ( 40 R0 ) 30
2 2
1 dR0 3
Z L R0 10 j 30 1 1
S 2, 90 ,
Z L R0 90 j 30 3 3 2 2
1 3
z min ' ( ) , m
2 2 8 2 8 8
j
1 ( )
R0 50, Z L 50 2 30 j 40 50 Rm j 50 tan m R 50 16.7()
50 jRm tan m
m
j 3
1 ( )
2
Eg. A lossy transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 is terminated in an
arbitrary load impedance ZL. (a) Express the standing-wave radio S on the line in
terms of Z0 and ZL. (b) Find the impedance looking toward the load at the
location of a voltage maximum. (c) Find the impedance looking toward the load
at a location of a voltage minimum.
Z L Z 0 2z ' 1 Z L Z 0 Z L Z 0 e 2z '
(Sol.) (a) e , S
Z L Z0 1 Z L Z 0 Z L Z 0 e 2z '
(b)
1 e 2z max ' Z0
2 z max ' 2n e j e 2z max '
e 2z max ' , Z ( z max ' ) Z 0 2z max '
1 e S ( z max ' )
1 e 2zmin ' Z0
Z ( z min ' ) Z 0 2z min '
1 e S ( z min ' )
j
Z L R0 j Z L / R0 1 z L 1 1 1 e
e r ji z L
Z L R0 Z L / R0 1 z L 1 1 1 e j
r jx
1 r2 i2
r 2 i
(1 r ) 2 i2 , x 2
(1 r ) 2 i
r 2 1 2 1 1
(r ) i2 ( ) : r-circle, ( r 1) 2 ( i ) 2 ( ) 2 : x-circle
1 r 1 r x x
Eg. Use the Smith chart to find the input impedance of a section of a 50 lossless
transmission line that is 0.1 wavelength long and is terminated in a short-circuit.
(Sol.) Given z L 0 , R0 50() , z ' 0.1
1. Enter the Smith chart at the intersection of r=0 and x=0 (point Psc on the
extreme left of chart; see Fig.)
2. Move along the perimeter of the chart ( 1) by 0.1 wavelengths toward
generator in a clockwise direction to P1.
At P1, read r=0 and x 0.725 , or z i j 0.725 , Z i 50( j 0.725) j 36.3() .
e j 0.6021 .
(b) The 0.60 circle intersects with the positive-real axis OPoc at r=S=4.
(c) To find the input impedance:
1. Move P2 at 0.220 by a total of 0.434 wavelengths toward generator, first to
0.500 and then further to 0.154 to P3.
2. Join O and P3 by a straight line which intersects the 0.60 circle at P3.
3. Read r=0.69 and x=1.2 at P3. Z i R0 z i 100(0.69 j1.2) 69 j120() .
(d) In going from P2 to P3, the 0.60 circle intersects the positive-real axis
OPoc at PM, where the voltage is a maximum. Thus a voltage maximum
appears at (0.250-0.220) or 0.030 from the load.
Application of Smith Chart in lossy transmission line
1 e 2z ' e 2 jz ' 1 e 2z ' e j
zi
1 e 2z ' e 2 jz ' 1 e 2z ' e j
We can not simply move close the ||-circle; auxiliary calculation is necessary for
the e-2z factor.
Eg. A signal generator is to feed equal power through a lossless air transmission
line of characteristic impedance 50 to two separate resistive loads, 64 and
25. Quarter-wave transformers are used to match the loads to the 50 line. (a)
Determine the required characteristic impedances of the quarter-wave lines. (b)
Find the standing-wave radios on the matching line sections.
R L1 R01' 64 80 1 1 1 0.11
1 0.11 , S1 1.25
R L1 R01 64 80
' 1 1 1 0.11
R L 2 R02' 25 50 1 2 1 0.33
2 0.33 , S 2 1.99
R L 2 R02 25 50
' 1 2 1 0.33
1
Yi YB YS Y0 1 y B y S , where yB=R0YB, ys=R0Ys
R0
1+jbs= yB, ys=-jbs and lB is required to cancel the imaginary part.
Using the Smith chart as an admittance chart, we proceed as yL follows for single-
stub matching:
1. Enter the point representing the normalized load admittance.
2. Draw the ||-circle for yL, which will intersect the g=1 circle at two points. At
these points, yB1=1+jbB1 and yB2=1+jbB2. Both are possible solutions.
3. Determine load-section lengths d1 and d2 from the angles between the point
representing yL and the points representing yB1 and yB2.
Determine stub length lB1 and lB2 from the angles between the short-circuit point on
the extreme right of the chart to the points representing jbB1 and jbB2, respectively.
Eg. Single-Stub Matching:
Eg. A 50 transmission line is connected to a load impedance ZL= 35-j47.5().
Find the position and length of a short-circuited stub required to match the line.
(Sol.) Given R0 50() , Z L 35 j 47.5() , z L Z L / R0 0.70 j 0.95
1. Enter z L on the Smith chart as P1 . Draw a circle centered at O with radius OP1 .
2. Draw a straight line from P1 through O to P ' 2 on the perimeter, intersecting the circle at
P2 , which represents y L . Note 0.109 at P ' 2 on the wavelengths toward generator scale.
3. Two points of intersection of the circle with the g=1 circle.
At P3 : y B1 1 j1.2 1 jbB1 . At P4 : y B 2 1 j1.2 1 jbB 2 ;
4. Solutions for the position of the stubs:
For P3 (from P ' 2 to P ' 3 ): d 1 (0.168 0.109) 0.059
For P4 (from P ' 2 to P ' 4 ): d 2 (0.332 0.109) 0.223
For P3 (from Psc to P ' ' 3 , which represents jbB1 j1.2 ):
B1 (0.361 0.250) 0.111
21 22
1 1
Define a x 2 Z V x Z 0 I x , b x 2 Z V x Z 0 I x
0 0
b1l S1 12 a1l
b l22 S21 2 al22
b1 l1 b2 l 2 b2 l2
, where S11 , S 21 , S 22 ,
a1 l1 a1 l1 a2 l2
a2 l 2 0 a2 l 2 0 a1 l1 0
b1 l1
and S12 .
a2 l2
a1 l1 0
b 0 S e S e a 0
j21 j 21
1 1 12 1
j j2
b 20 S21e 21 S2e 2 a20
, where
j j
S '11 S '12 S11e 1 S12e 1 2 S 11 S12 S '11 e 1 S '12 e 1 2
j 2 j 2
T21 T21T12
S11 S12 T T22
T11
11
and S S 1 T
21 22 12
T T11
11