ECE-306: ANTENNAS AND

WAVE PROPAGATION

by
Dr. Usha Kiran K.
Assistant
Professor (SENSE)

B.Tech 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Unit I: Wave Propagation

B.Tech 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Outline (Unit-I)
Propagation Mechanism
Propagation Model
Modes of propagation-
Ground wave Propagation,
Sky wave Propagation,
Space wave,
Tropospheric loss
Influence of Clutter.
Radar range equation .Link budget.
Terrestrial fixed Link- Satellite Fixed Link
B.Tech 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Propagation Model

B.Tech 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Propagation Model
Path Loss,
Radio link, Friis formula
Free space loss,
Plane earth Loss.
Noise Modeling.

B.Tech 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
1. Path loss
 We define the linear path loss of the channel as the ratio of
transmit power to receiver power

We define the path loss of the channel also in dB

Path loss usually occurs due to reflection, refraction, diffraction

& scattering
 2. Radio Communication Link
(Friis formula)

Communication system

Let transmitted power be Pt,

Received Power density at distance R is from an isotropic antenna

Pt
Prf 2
watts .(1)
4R
If transmitting antenna is directional with gain G t

Pt Gt
Prf 2
watts .(2)
4R
If Aer is the affective area of the receiving antenna

PG A
Prf t t er2 watts 2Gr
.(3) Aer
4R 4

Pt Gt G r 2
Prf watts .(4)
(4R) 2
 Exercise 2
1. A wave originates from the transmitting antenna
with 10 dB gain and 100 watts radiating power at
10 MHz. It is received by the antenna with 15 dB
gain located at 20 km distance. Calculated the
received power in free space.

Pt Gt G r 2 100 x10 x15 x30 x30

Prf 21.1mW
(4R) 2
4x4x(20 x10 )3 2
 2. Free Space Loss
Free space loss is the loss in signal strength of an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-
of-sight path through free space (usually air), with
no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.

For examples: Satellite comm. systems and microwave line-of-

sight radio links.
The power received by a receiver antenna at a distance
d is given by the Friis free space equation:

where Pt: transmitted power

Pr: received power
Gt, Gr: antenna gain
L: the system loss factor not related to
propagation. (miscellaneous loss)
: wavelength in meters
We have free space loss =

= =
Free space loss FSPL is calculated as
Problem2:

Find the free space loss (basic path loss) for communication between two points
3000 km apart at a frequency of 3 GHz. .

Ans = 171.534 dB
3. Plane earth losses
 Noise Modeling
Categories of Noise
Thermal Noise
- Thermal noise due to agitation of electrons
Man made noise
- motor noise, home applinces etc.
Atmospheric noise
- Lighting flash
Cosmic noise UV ray from sun
 Thermal Noise
Thermal noise due to agitation of electrons
Present in all electronic devices and transmission
media
Cannot be eliminated
Function of temperature
Particularly significant for satellite communication
 Amount of thermal noise to be found in a bandwidth
of 1Hz in any device or conductor is:

N0 kT W/Hz
N0 = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of bandwidth
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.3803 x 10 -23 J/K
T = temperature, in kelvins (absolute temperature)
 Noise is assumed to be independent of frequency
Thermal noise present in a bandwidth of B Hertz
(in watts):
N kTB
or, in decibel-watts

N 10 log k 10 log T 10 log B

228.6 dBW 10 log T 10 log B
Thank you