BAB 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

SECTION B
Bahagian B

1(a)
freezing point of a substance is the (temperature).. at which the substance at its
. (liquid).. states changes to (solid).. state at certain pressure

(b)

(c)

Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of The particles are The particles are The particles are
particle arrange in an arranged in randomly arranged
orderly manner and disorderly manner and very far apart
packed closely and packed loosely. from each other.
together.
Movement The particles vibrate The particles can The particles
and rotate at their vibrate, rotate and vibrate, rotate and
fixed position move throughout move freely in
the liquid. random.
Energy of particles Low High Very high
Force of attraction Very strong Moderately Very weak

[ 8 marks/markah]

127
d) i)

[ 2 marks/markah]

ii)
Sub atomic atom of S

1. Proton = ____(16)______

2. Electron = ____(16)______

3. Neutron = ____(16)______
[ 3 marks/markah]
iii)

Number 24: __(nucleon number)__

Number 12: __(proton number)___

Neutron Number: __(12)____

Valence electron: __(2)___

[ 4 marks/markah]

2) a) i) melting process

ii)

at 70oC at 150oC

iii) vibrate and rotate at fixed position

b i) isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton/electron but
different number of neutron/nucleon.

128
 ii)

iii) 35 37
Cl Cl
17 17

iv) Yes, because they same number of valence electron.

129
SECTION C
Bahagian C

3. a

Name of sub atomic ( symbol ) Relative mass Relative charge

Proton number ( p) 1 +1
Electron (e) 1/1840 -1
Neutron (n) 1 0

[9 marks]
b)
diagram
electron in shells
nucleus contains 11 proton and 12 neutrons
correct number of shells

[8 marks]
(c).
Cobalt - 60 : to destroy cancer cell
Sodium - 24 : to detect the leakage of underground pipe
Carbon - 14: to determine the age of fossils.
[3marks]

2
a) the temperature remain constant due to heat lost to the surrounding is exactly
balanced by the energy liberated by the particle.

b) i) chemicals required
bahan kimia yang diperlukan

water, potassium mangganat (VII)

ii) procedure of the experiment

kaedah eksperimen

A test tube is filled with water until it is three quarters full.

The tip of a dropper which filled with a small volume of potassium
manganate (VII) solution is lowered to the bottom of the test tube
The potassium manganate (VII) solution is squeezed into the water.
The apparatus is left aside for several hour. All observations are
recorded.
130
 iii) observation

initially only the bottom of the test tube is purple colour. After a few hours
the whole water in test tube is purple colour.

iv) conclusion

potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution is made up of tiny and discrete

particles (MnO4- and K+ ions). These particles move out randomly in all
directions and fill up the spaces in between the water particles

c)
i) procedure

A boiling tube is filled up with substance M until it is one third full

A thermometer is put inside the boiling tube
Substance M is heated using water bath. The level of substance M is
below the level of water in the beaker
Substance M is stirred continuously
When the temperature of substance M reached 50oC, the stopwatch is
started.
The temperature and state of substance M are recorded at 30 second
intervals until the temperature reached 80oC
The boiling tube is removed from the water bath.

ii) diagram

iii) tabulation of data and graph.

Time (sec) 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Temperature oC

131
 CHAPTER 3 : CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION

SECTION B

2 (a) 2. 1 , 16

13.0 , 2.175

3. 4.35 / 2.175 : 13.0 / 2.175 : 2.175 / 2.175

4. C2H6O
5. (2 X12) + (6X1) + (1X16)
n=1
6. C2H6O

(b)(i)

1. empirical formula
2. (1X2) + ( 1X16)
n=2
3. C2H4O2

(ii) CaCO3 , CO2

(c) 1. weighed
2. cleaned
3. crucible
5. covered
6. raise
7. removed
8. allow, room temperature
9. weighed
10. heating, cooling, weighing, constant

2. (a) 1. The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is NO2

2. Nitrogen dioxide is made up of two elements, which is nitrogen and oxygen
3. One molecule of nitrogen dioxide consists of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of
oxygen.

(b) Potassium chloride = KCl

Barium sulphate =BaSO4
Sodium hydrogen carbonate = NaHCO3

132
 (c) Percentage of N in (NH4)2SO4

2 X 14
= ---------------------------------------- X 100% = 21.21% [2marks]
2[( 14 + 4(1)] + 32 + 16 X 4

Percentage of N in NH2CONH2

2 X 14
= ------------------------------------------- X 100% = 46.67% [2marks]
14 + 2(1) + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2(1)

Percentage of N in N2H4

2 X 14
= ----------------------- X 100% = 87.50% [2marks]
14(2)+ 2(1)

Hydrazine is the best choice as it contains the highest percentage of nitrogen by mass. [1m]
Max : 5 marks

Section C

3(a) (i) Zn + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2

(ii) 1- One , two , one, one
2- solid, aqueous, aqueous, gaseous

(b) (i) 4Al + 3O2

(ii) 1- RMM = (27X2) + (16X3) = 102

2- no of mole = 10.2 / 102 = 0.1
3- From the equation, 2 mol of Al2O3 produced 4mol of Al.
Therefore, no. of mole for Al = 0.1 X 2 = 0.2
4- Mass of aluminium metal = no.of mole for Al X RMM for Al
= 0.2 X 27
= 5.4 g
(c) 2. Porcelain dish
1. Weighed
2. Recorded
3. Allowed , air in the combustion tube
4. Combustion tube , test tube
5. Heated , green , grey
6. Allowed , room temperature

133
 7. Hydrogen gas
8. Mass , weighed
9. Green. Changes to grey
10. Flow , remove, combustion tube
11. Hydrogen gas, continuous, air , enter
12. Heating, cooling, weighing

4. (a)

A = 2B
28 = 2B [1 mark]
Therefore, B = 14.----------------------

[1mark]
10A = 7C
10(28) =7C [1mark]
Therefore, C = 40 ----------------------

The ascending order is B, A, C [1mark]

(b) No. of moles of atoms in 14g of A = 14/28 = 0.5 mol

[1mark]
No. of moles of atoms in 20g of C = 20 / 40 = 0.5 mol [1mark]
Since the no of moles for both substances are the same,
the number of atoms are also the same. [1mark]
The number of atoms are 0.5 X 6.02 X 1023 = 3.01 X 1023 atoms [1mark]
Balanced chemical equation : C + H2O COH + H2 [2 marks]

(c) 1. A crucible with its lid is weighed.

2. About 10 cm of C metal is put into the crucible.
3. The crucible and its content is weighed again. Both readings are recorded.
4. the crucible is heated strongly.
5. the lid of the crucible is covered when the metal starts to glow.
6. the lid is opened once a while
7. when the burning is completed , the lid is removed
8. the crucible is allowed to cool to room temperature.
9. the crucible and the content is weighed again.

Precautions :

134
 10. The lid of the crucible must be close quickly to prevent the loss of oxide C into the air
11. The heating, cooling and weighing process must be repeated until a constant mass is
obtained.

[max = 10 marks]

135
 CHAPTER 4: PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
SECTION B

QUESTION MARK
Marking Criteria
NO SUB TOTAL
1. (a) (i) Metal is Q Non metal is P or R 2
Electron arrangement of atom Q is 2.8.1
Atom Q located in group 1
because it has one valence electron.
(ii) 5
Atom Q located in period 3
because it has three number of shell occupied with electron.

Atom Q vigorously reacted with element P and

roduces white solid. 3
(iii)
No change occurs when atom Q reacted with atom R.

Reaction between Atom Q and P

Atom Q donates one valence electron. 20
Atom P receive two electron

(iv) Reaction between Atom Q and P 4

No reaction between Atom Q and R
Atom R has stable octet electron arrangement and does not
required to donate, recieve share electron with other element.

(b) (i) 2Q + 2H2O 2QOH + 2H2 3

Atom Q vigorously reacted with water
Hissing sound formed because hydrogen gas is produced
(ii) 3
Red litmus change to blue shows the alkalian solution is
formed

2 (a) Example of element in group 18 is Neon 1

Neon atoms has octet electron arrangement 1
They do not need to donate, accept or share electrons with other 1
atoms
Example of element in group 17 is chlorine 1
Group 17 elements have similar chemical properties because they 1
have seven valence electron in the outermost shell.
Proton number increases because as the atomic radius increases, 1
the valence electron is further from the nucleus
Forces of attraction between the valence electron and nucleus are 1
weaker and it is difficult to accept electrons.
136
 (b) (i) Atomic size decrease 1
Proton number increases 1
Number of shell occupied with electron is the same 1
Nucleus charge increase, attraction force between nucleus 1
and valence electron increase 1

(ii) Electronegativity increase 1

Atomic size decrease 1
Proton number increase 1
Nucleus charge increase, attraction force between nucleus
and valence
20
electron increase
Atom is easier to accept electron
(ii) Rubidium is more reactive than potassium 1
Rubidium has more shell occupied with electron 1
Rubidium is easier to release electron 1

SECTION C
1 (a) (i) Electron arrangement of atom 2.7 1
Name of atom Fluorine 1

(ii) It has seven valence electron 1

and two shell occupied with electron 1

(iii) W2 + 2NaOH NaW + NaOW + H2O 3

(iv) The size of atom W in smaller than atom iodine 1
Attraction force between nucleus and valence electron 1
atom w is stronger than atom iodine.
Atom W is more electronegative than atom iodine 1
Atom W is easier to receive electron than atom iodine. 1
Atom W is more reactive to reacted with sodium hydroxide
than iodine. 1

(b) (i) Pour acid with carefully 1

Use filter funnel 1
Carry out experiment in fume chamber
Any two answers
(ii) Part G 6
Iron wool reacted with chlorine gas to formed iron(lll)
oxide
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
Part H
Chlorine gas reacted with sodium hydroxide to formed
sodium chloride, sodium chlorate (I) /sodium hypochlorite

137
 and water
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

2 (a) 1. Electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.2 5 20

2. Atom X has 2 valence electron and
3. element X located in group 2 in Periodic Table of Element
4. Atom X has three period occupied with electron and
5. element X is located in period 3.

(b) 1. Electron arrangement of lithium atom 2.1 5

2. Electron arrangement of sodium is atom 2.8.1
3. Size atom of lithium is smaller than sodium atom
4. Force of attraction between nucleus and valence electron of
lithium atom is weaker than sodium atom.
5. Lithium atom is more difficult to release valence than sodium
atom in order to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
(c) Procedure
1-A small piece of lithium is cut using a knife 1
2-The oil on the surface of lithium is removed using filter paper 1
3-Lithium is then placed slowly on the surface of water in a
beaker/basin 1
4-The experiment is repeated using sodium 1
Observation
Lithium moves slowly on the surface of water
Name of products: lithium hydroxide and hydrogen 1
Sodium moves rapidly/faster/vigorously on the surface of water 1
Name of products: sodium hydroxide and hydrogen 1
Equations 1
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 correct formula balanced equation
or
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 1
1

10

138
 Chapter 5: CHEMICAL BOND

SECTION B

Guided answer:

1. a)

i)

Metal/logam Non Metal/bukan logam

J K

M L

[2 marks]

ii) a) i) covalent compound = __K___ and __L___

ii) ionic compound = __J__ and ___K___

[2marks]

b)

i) Covalent compound ii) Ionic compound

[2marks]

139
1b)

i) Ionic bonds are usually formed through the 1(transfer) of electrons between atoms
of metal and non metal.

ii) Sodium metal atoms2 (donate) one valence electrons to form positive ions, Na+
(sodium ion) .whereas non metal, chlorine atom will 3 (receive)one electrons to form
negative ions , Cl- (chloride ions), to achieve the octet electron arrangement.

iii) The sodium and chloride ions are attracted to each other by strong 4 (electrostatic).
forces of attraction. The attractive force between both ions is known as ..5 (ionic).. bond or
electrovalent bond.

iv) 6 (covalent) bonds are formed when non metal atoms, carbon and oxygen are
7 (shared)their electrons to achieve the duplet or octet electron arrangement.

v) Carbon ..8 (constributes) four electrons while oxygen constributes 9

(two) electrons. .10 (One)atom carbon share their electrons with two atom
oxygen and formed covalent compound.

[10 marks]

140
c) Complete the following by match their words according to the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds

Type of compounds Properties

Cannot conduct electricity in all

state

Soluble in water
Ionic Compound
High melting and boiling point

Volatile

Not volatile

Soluble in organic solvent

Covalent Compound As an conductor of electric in

molten and aqueous state

Low melting and boiling point

[4 marks]

2a)

141
i) [1] P ionic compound (Sodium chloride)
[2] Q covalent compound (naphthalene)

[ 2 marks ]

ii) [1] P is an ionic compound

[2] consist of positive ions and negatives ion which are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction.
[3] Q is a covalent compound
[4] consist of neutral molecules which are held together by weak intermolecular
forces (van der Waals)

[4 marks]

2b) [1] Substance P can conduct electricity in molten state because the ions are
free to move.
[2] In solid state, substance P cannot conduct electricity because the ions are not free
to move.
[3] In solid state, the ions are vibrating in the same position in a closely packed
crystal lattice
[4] However substance Q or covalent compounds exist as molecules, they do not
contain freely moving ions. Hence, substance Q do not conduct electricity in all
state

2c) List the apparatus:

1. crucible jar
2. batteries
3. connecting wire
4. bulb
5. carbon electrode
6. bunsen burner
7. tripod stand

Materials:
1. magnesium chloride powder

Diagram:

142
 Procedure:
1. two third of crucible is filled with solid magnesium chloride.
2. the crucible with its contents is placed on pipe clay triangle on a tripod stand.
3. two carbon electrodes are dipped in the magnesium chloride powder and are
connected to the batteries by connecting wires as shown in diagram below
4. the magnesium chloride powder in crucible is heated until it melts.
5. the switch is turned on and the light bulb is observed.

Results:
Substance State of compound Observation
Magnesium Solid The bulb does not light up
chloride molten The bulb light up

Conclusion:
Magnesium chloride can conduct electricity in a molten state but not in a solid
state

[ 10 marks]

SECTION C:

1. a i)

Guided Answer:

[1] G atom with electron arrangement (2.4)..

[2] its needs (4).. electron to achieve octet electron arrangement.
[3] P atom with electron arrangement (2.8.7)
[4] its needs (1) electron to achieve octet electron arrangement.
[5] Each atom G constributes (4) ...electron, while each atom P
constributes one electron for sharing.
[6] one carbon atom and and four atom P ((shared). their electrons to form a
covalent compound with low boiling point.

[ 6 marks]

ii)

143
Guided answer (choose the answer)

move freely, cannot move freely, the positive ions of magnesium

ions and negative ions of chloride ions, fixed positions,

In the molten state, magnesium chloride can conduct electricity because

( the positive ions of magnesium ions and negative ions of chloride
ions ).are( move freely ).. While in solid state, the positive ion and negative
ions of magnesium and chloride ions are in ( fixed positions)
..and ( cannot move freely )...

[ 4 marks

b i)

Guided answer (complete the table)

Formation of Ionic Bonds Formation of Covalent Bonds

It involves the sharing of electrons
Its formed when metal atoms between atoms of non metal
combined with non metal atoms
atoms.

Each atoms constributes an

Atom lose or gain their electrons for sharing.
electron to form positive ions
or negative ions

Its involve the transfer of Its formed when two non metal
electrons from metal atoms to atoms are combine together.
non metal atoms

Two atoms share 1, 2 or 3 pairs of

The formation of ions enables electrons to achieve a stable octet
to achieve stable octet/duplet or duplet electron arrangements.
electron arrangements

The molecules are held together

The opposite charged ions are by weak forces of attraction.
attracted together by strong
electrostatic forces

[ 6 marks]

144
 b) ii) Guided Answer

[ 4 marks]

2a)
i) electron arrangement of atom M is 2.6 while atom N is 1
ii) the position of atom M and N is in group 16 and 1 due to
no. of valence electron M is 6 and and T is 1,
besides that, M located in period 2, since its have 2 no. of shells

[ 6 marks/markah]

2b)

Ionic compound : magnesium chloride ( NaCl ).

1. Atom sodium which have proton number 11 and its electron arrangement is 2.8.1 is not
stable
2. To achieve stability, an atom sodium (Na) donates its valence electron to chlorine atom
and form a positively charged ion, Na +

3. Na Na+1 + e

4. Atom chlorine with electron arrangement 2.7 is also not stable yet.
5. To achieve stability, an atom chlorine gain an electron to form a negatively charge ion,
Cl-

6. Cl + e Cl-

145
 7. Positive ion of Na + and negative ion of Cl- are attracted to one another by strong
electrostatic force to form ionic compound, NaCl

8. Diagram

Covalent compound: methane (CH4)

1. Atom carbon with electron arrangement 2.4 is not stable yet.

2. Carbon needs four electron to achieve a stable octet arrangement.
3. Atom hydrogen with electron arrangement 1 is not stable and its needs one electron to
achieve a duplet electron arrangement.
4. Each atom carbon constributes four valence electron and each atom hydrogen
constributes one valence electron for sharing.
5. One atom carbon and four atom hydrogen achieve stability by sharing four pairs of
electron to form a molecule CCl4

[ 14 marks/markah]

146
 CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

SECTION B

1. (a)(i) ions , ions in the electrochemical series

(ii) Electrode P : hydrogen gas
Electrode Q : oxygen gas

(b) 1. H+ , OH-
2. Na+ , Cl-
3. H+ , Na+
4. OH- , Cl-
5. H+
6. Cl-
7. Cl- , concentration
8. H+ , position in the electrochemical series
9. 2H+ + 2e H2
10. 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e

(c) 1. Anode , cathode

2. cathode, circuit
3. anode, cathode
4. Cell A : converts chemical energy to electrical energy
Cell B : chemical
5. Cell A : donate electrons
Cell B : Positive terminal : donate electrons
Negative terminal : accept electrons
6. Cell A : Electrodes : two different type of metals

2. (a) (i) Electrolysis is a process of decomposing of copper(II) sulphate and water into
copper(II) ions, sulphate ions, hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions when electric
current passes through copper(II) sulphate solution.

(ii) - When the switch is on, copper(II) ions and hydrogen ions are attracted to
cathode.. [1mark]
- Copper(II) ions is selectively discharged because its position is
lower than hydrogen ions in the electro chemical series. 1 mark]
-The product formed at cathode is copper metal. [1mark]
- Sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are attracted to anode. [1mark]
- Hydroxide ions is selectively discharged because its position is
lower than sulphate ions in the electro chemical series. [1mark]
-The product formed at anode is oxygen gas. [1mark]

147
 (b)

Porous pot

Copper(II) nitrate solution Zinc nitrate solution

Copper strip Zinc strip
13. Mark for functional diagram
14. Mark for correct label
1. Copper strip is immersed into copper(II) nitrate solution.
2. Zinc strip is immersed into zinc nitrate solution.
3. Both electrolyte is separated using the porous pot.
4. The circuit is completed using connecting wire with crocodile clip.

Explanation :

5. The reaction occurs is each atom releases electrons.

6. Zinc atoms released two electrons to form Zn2+ ions.
7. The released electrons flow through external circuit and received by copper(II) ions.
8. Copper(II) ions received two electrons to form copper atom.
9. The flow of electrons from zinc strip to copper strip produces electricity.
10. Zn Zn2+ + 2e / Cu2+ + 2e Cu

Section C
1 (a) 1. electroplated
2. silver , silver nitrate solution
3. anode
4. silver

(b) carbon electrodes, sodium chloride solution

1. OH-, Na+ , Cl-
2. H+ , Na+ , H+
3. hydrogen , electrochemical
4. hydrogen gas
5. OH- , anode, lower position, chloride
6. oxygen gas

(c) aluminium sulphate solution, zinc electrode, sulphuric acid solution

1. dilute sulphuric acid
2. zinc sulphate solution

148
 3. aluminium sulphate solution
4. salt bridge
5. aluminium sulphate
6. zinc sulphate
7. complete

2. (a) 1. Copper(II) sulphate crystal is an example of solid ionic compound.

2. Copper(II) sulphate dissolves in water to produce copper(II) sulphate solution.
3. The ions present in the solution are Cu2+ , H+, SO42- , OH-.
4. During electrolysis, cations are attracted to the anode.
5. Anions are attracted to the cathode.
6. At anode, OH- ions are dischared to produce oxygen gas.
7. At cathode, H+ ions are discharged to produce hydrogen gas.

(b) (i) 1. Two sets of apparatus set-up is prepared. Experiment I using carbon electrodes,
while Experiment II using copper electrode. Both experiments using copper(II)
sulphate solution as electrolyte.

2. In Experiment I, OH- ions are selectively discharged at anode to produce oxygen gas.
3. 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e
4. Cu2+ ions are selectively discharged at cathode to produce hydrogen gas.
5. 2H+ + 2e H2

(ii) 6. In Experiment II, copper electrode at anode ionizes to produce copper(II) ions.
7. Cu Cu2+ + 2e
8. Copper electrode at cathode discharged to produce copper atom.
9. Cu2+ + 2e Cu
10. It proves that type of electrode used in an electrolysis process will affect the product
produced.

(c) 1. In purification process of impure copper block, the pure copper block is used as the
cathode.
2. The impure copper block is used as the anode.
3. The electrolyte used is copper(II) sulphate solution.

149
 CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASE
SECTION B

Question no. 1

Answer / explanation Score

(a) CH3COOH, H2SO4 2
(b) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid 1
It ionises completely in water to form a high concentration of 1
hydrogen ions
In addition, sulphuric acid is a dwibase acid 1
It produces two hydrogen ions per molecule 1
H2SO4 2 H+ + SO42- 1
Ethanioc acid is a weak acid 1
It ionises partially in water to form a low concentraion of 1
hydrogen ions
In addition, ethanoic acid ia a monobase acid 1
It produces one hydrogen ions per molecule 1
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- 1
(c) Sulphuric acid is used to make a detergent / fertilisers/ 1
electrolytes in a car battery
Ethanoic asid is used as vinegar 1
(d) (i) Reaction between an acid and an alkali to form salt and water 2
only
(ii) H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O / 1
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O
(iii) Agriculture : calcium hydoxide is used to neutralise acidic soil 1
Medical : gastric pills which contain bases, can be consuned 1
to treat gastric pains
Industry : factory effluent can be neutralised by alkali it is 1
acidic before being discharged into drains
TOTAL 20

150
Question no. 2

Answer / explanation Score

(a) (i) When ethanoic acid dissolves in water, it forms hydrogen 1
ions, H+.
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ 1
With the presence of the H+ ions, the ethanoic acid shows its 1
acidic properties
Without H+ ions, ethanoic acid does not show its acidic
properties 1

(b) (i) Average volume of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 used,

= 24.10 + 24.05 + 24.05 1
3
3
= 24.07 cm [ must have unit ] 1

(ii) H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O 1

MaVa = a
MbVb b
(0.1) (24.07) = 1
Mb(25.00) 2 1
Mb = 0.193 mol dm-3 1
= 0.193 x (39 + 16 + 1) g dm-3
= 10.81 g dm-3 1
(c) Materials :
0.1 1.0 M hydrochloric acid, 0.1 1.0 M sodium hydroxide 1
solution, phenolphthalein
Apparatus :
Burette, 25 cm3 pipette, retord stand and clamp, white tile, 1
250 cm3 conical flask
Procedure :
1) Exactly 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution are

151
 transfered into a clean conical flask by using a pipette. 1
2) Two or three drops of phenolphthalein indicator is 1
added into the conical flask.
3) The hydrochloric acid is filled into a clean burette and
the initial reading is recorded. 1
4) The tap of the burette is opened and the acid is added 1
drop by drop into the conical flask.
5) The tap is closed immediately when the colour of
solution in the conical flask changes to colourless. 1
6) The final reading of the burette is recorded. 1
7) The titration process is repeated for three times to 1
obtain a more occurate volume of hydrochloric acid at
the end point.
Observation :
The pink colour of phenolphthalein indicator changes to
colourless 1
Max = 10

MAXIMUM MARK 20

SECTION C

Question no. 1

Answer / explanation Score

(a) Hydrochloric acid // sulphuric acid // nitric acid 1
Acid react with a base / alkali to produces salt and water //
hydrochloric acid react with sodium hydroxide / (any base / 1
alkali) to produces sodium chloride and water.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O 1

Acid react with a metal to produces salt and hydrogen gas // 1

hydrochloric acid react with magnesium / zinc to produces
magnesium chloride / zinc chloride and hydrogen
HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2 1

Acid react with metal carbonate to produces salt, carbon dioxide

and water // hydrochloric acid react with calcium carbonate (any 1
metal carbonate) to produces calcium chloride, carbon dioxide
and water.
HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O 1
Max 6
(b) Solution R :

152
 Ethanoic acid ionises in water to produces hydrogen ion 1
The presence of hydrogen ions causes solution A / ethanoic acid
to show its acidic properties 1
Solution T :
Without water / in tetrachloromethane ethanoic acid still exists as
molecules 1
No hyrogen ion present, does not show its acidic propertie 1

Max 4

(c) Materials : solid potassium hydroxide and distilled water 1

Apparatus : 50cm3 beaker, 250cm3 volumetric flask, electronic 1
balance, filter funnel, glass rod 1
Calculation: determine the mass of potassium hydroxide , KOH :
No. Of moles of KOH = MV = 1 x 250
1000 1000 1
= 0.25 mole 1
Mass of KOH = 0.25 X [39 + 16 + 1] 1
= 14 g.
Steps : 1
1. using an electronic balance, 14 g of potassium hydroxide
is exactly weighed and placed into a beaker.
2. Distilled water is added to the beaker to dissolve all the 1
solid potassium hydroxide
3. Then, the solution is poured into a 250 cm3 volumetric 1
flask. The beaker is rinsed with distilled wated and the
solution is poured in the volumetric flask.
4. The solution in the volumetric flask is topped up with 1
distilled water until its calibration mark. Max 10
TOTAL 20

Question no. 2

Answer / explanation Score

(a) Mg(OH)2 1
To neutralise the acid produced by bacteria 1
(b) (i) Sulphuric / hydrochloric / nitric acid 1
Ethanoic acid or any suitable weak acid 1

153
 (ii) 1. Strong acid ionises completely in water 1
2. to produce high concentration of hydrogen ions 1
3. Weak acid ionises partially in water 1
4. to produce low concentration of hydrogen ions
5. The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower 1
the pH value // The lower the concentration of hydrogen 1
ions, the higher the ph value ( max = 4)

(c) Acid used : Ethanoic acid

Two test tubes are filled with 20 cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid 1
and aqueous ethanoic acid respectively. The following test are
carried out.

Test Glacial ethanoic Aqueous ethanoic

acid acid
Put a piece of No visible Blue litmus paper 1+1
blue litmus paper reaction turns red
into the test tube
Add the acid into Bulb does not Bulb lights up 1+1
an electrolytic cell light up
Add a spoon of No reaction Carbon dioxide
calcium carbonate occurs gas is released 1+1
into the the test
tube
Add a magnesium No reaction Hydrogen gas is 1+1
ribbon into the released
test tube

Conclusion :
1
Ethanoic acid shows its acidic properties in the presence of
water (total = 10)

154
 CHAPTER 8: SALTS
Section B

1(a) (i) Soluble salts : Potassium carbonate

Sodium carbonate 1

Insoluble salt : Magnesium carbonate 1

-----
2

(ii) Magnesium nitrate, sodium carbonate 2

(b) 1. Dissolve 1
2. Heat 1
3. hot 1
4. crystals 1
5. Filter 1
6. Dry 1
------
6
(c) Cation test
1. Dissolve the salt in distilled water.
1
2. Pour about 2 cm3 of the solution into two test tubes. 1
3. Add sodium hydroxide solution in the first test tube until in excess. 1
4. A white precipitate is formed, dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution. 1
5. Add ammonia solution in another test tube until in excess. 1
6. A white precipitate is formed, dissolves in excess ammonia solution. 1
7. This is confirmed that Zn2+ ions are present. 1

Anion test

1. Pour about 2 cm3 of solution containing SO42- ions into a test tube. 1
2. Add excess dilute hydrochloric acid. 1
3. Add about 2 cm3 barium chloride solution. 1
4. A white precipitate is formed. 1
5. This is confirmed that SO4 2- ions are present. 1
------
12

Max 10

2(a) (i) Reaction between nitric acid and magnesium oxide 1

Reaction between nitric acid and magnesium hydroxide 1
Reaction between nitric acid and magnesium carbonate 1

155
 Reaction between nitric acid and magnesium 1
-----
Any two 2

Answers refer to the reactions given

(ii) 2HNO3 + MgO Mg(NO3)2 + H2O 1

2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
1
2HNO3 + MgCO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
1
2HNO3 + Mg Mg(NO3)2 + H2 1
-------
Any two 2

(b) (i) Pb(NO3)2 + K2CO3 PbCO3 + 2KNO3 2

(ii) No. of mol of K2CO3 = 0.5 X 25 = 0.125 mol 1

1000

1 mol of K2CO3 produces 1 mol of PbCO3 1

0.125 mol of K2CO3 produces 0.125 mol of PbCO3 1

Mass of PbCO3 = 0.125 X 267 = 3.34 g 1

---------
4

(c) 1. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is poured into a beaker. 1
2. The beaker is heated. 1
3. Excess zinc oxide is added into the hot sulphuric acid. 1
4. The mixture is stirred. 1
5. The mixture is filtered. 1
6. 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution is added into the filtrate. 1
7. White precipitate is produced. 1
8. Filter and dry zinc carbonate between two filter papers. 1

Chemical equations:

ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O 1

ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 ZnCO3 + Na2SO3 1

156
 -----------
10
Section C
1(a) Accept any two examples of soluble salts and any two examples of insoluble salts. 4
(b) PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 2
Pb2+ , SO4 2- 1
-------
3

(c) 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 4

2KI + Pb(NO3)2 PbI2 + 2KNO3 2

-------
6

(d) Anion test : Cl-

1. nitric acid 1
2. silver nitrate solution 1
3. White precipitate 1

Anion test : NO3 -

1. sulphuric acid
1
2. iron(II) sulphate solution 1
3. sulphuric acid
1
4. Brown ring 1
------
7

2(a) (i) No. of mol of X2+ ion = 0.2 X 5.0 = 0.001 mol 1
1000
2-
No. of mol of CrO 4 ion = 0.2 X 5.0 = 0.001 mol
1
1000

No. of mol of X2+ ion : No. of mol of CrO 42- ion

1: 1 1

(ii) X2+ + CrO 42- XCrO4 1

------
4

157
 (b) 1. Fill a burette with 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. Record the initial reading. 1
2. By using a pipette, transfer 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide
solution into a conical flask. 1
3. Add three drops of methyl orange. 1
4. Slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and shake well, until the
Indicator changes colour from yellow to orange. 1
5. Record the final burette reading. Determine the volume of acid used, V cm3. 1
6. Pipette, 25.0 cm3 of the same potassium hydroxide solution into the
conical flask. Do not add any indicator 1
7. Add V cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the conical flask.
1
8. Pour the contents into an evaporating dish. 1
9. Heat the solution until saturated. 1
10. Cool the saturated solution to allow it to crystallise. 1
11. Filter the crystals. 1
12. Dry the crystals between two filter papers. 1
-----
Max 10

(c) 1. Copper(II) carbonate is dissolves in water and pour into two test tubes. 1
2. Add sodium hydroxide solution into the first test tube. 1
3. A blue precipitate is formed. 1
4. Add dilute hydrochloric acid into another test tube. 1
5. Pass the gas produced through lime water. 1
6. Lime water turns cloudy. 1
-------
6

158
ANS; 10(a)
1. Sulphur is bumt in the air to form sulphur dioxide 1m
2. S+O2 ---------------> SO2
1m
3. Sulphur dioxide is burnt in the air to form sulphur trioxide 1m
4. 2SO2 ---------------> 2SO3
1m
5. Temperature : 450- 550oC, Pressure1: atm
1m
6. Catalysed: Vanadium (V) Oxide,V 2 O 5
1m
7. Sulphur Trioxide is dissolved in concentrated of Sulphuric acid to form oleum. 1m
8. 2SO3+ H2SO4 -------------> H2S2O7 1m
9. Oleum is diluted with distilled water to form Sulphuric acid
1m
10. H2S2O7 + H2O -------------> 2 H2SO4
1m

10
marks

10(b)
1. Molar mass of ammonium sulphate = l32 gmol 1 1m
2. Percentage of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate
= 28/132 x 100
= 21.2 %
1m

3. Molar mass of urea = 60 gmol-1

1m
4. Percentage of nitrogen in urea
= 28/ 60 x l00
= 46.7%
1m

159
 5. Molar mass of hydrazine = 32g/mol 1m
6. Percentage of nitrogen in hydrazine :
=28/132 x l00
= 85.7%
1m

7.Hydrazine has the richest source of nitrogen compares with other fertilizers. 1m

8. The farmer should choose hydrazine 1m

8 marks

10(c)

1. The gas produced is Sulphur dioxide. It is acidic and poisonous. 1m

2. Can cause acid rain which corrodes buildings and metallic structures /
It pollutes the air which causes bronchitis and lung diseases.
1m

2marks

Total : 20 marks

160
 CHAPTER 10: RATE OF REACTION

(a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan rajah berlabel bagi alat radas yang digmakan untuk eksperimen.
[ 2 marks]

Buratte
buret

(ii)

Volume of carbon dioxide gas/ cm3

Isipadu gas karcon dioksida / cm3

Time/ s
2 marks
Masa/ s
(b)(i)

CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O -----------1m

No. Of moles acid = (0.1)( 50)

1000
= 0.005 mole ------------1m
2 mol of HCI reacted evolve I mol of CO2 4 marks
0.005 mol of HCl reacted evolve 0.005/ 2 mole CO2
= 0.0025 mole CO2 -----------1m

Volume of CO2 gas = 0.0025 mole x 24dm3/ mole

= 60 cm3 -----------1m

161
(ii) Overall rate of reaction = Total volume of CO2 gas
Time taken
= 60 cm3 -------------------1m
300 s 2
= 0.2 cm3 s-1 -------------------1m marks

(c)
Rate of reaction in Exp. II is higher than Exp. 1
Experiment II is at the higher the temperature
The kinetic energy of the reacting particles increases and the particles move faster
5
Frequency of collision between marble and Hydrogen ion increases
marks
Frequency of effective collision increses

Rate of reaction in Exp. III is higher than Exp. 1

Powdered marble in Exp. III has greater total surface area
Pqwdered marble is more exposed to collision
Frequency of collision between marble and Hydrogen ion increases
Frequency of effective collision increses 5
marks

(a) 2H+ + S2O32- S + SO2 + H2O

- All formulae correct
[1m]
- Equation balanced [1m]

(b) Rate of reaction = Fixed mass of sulphur formed

Time taken
[2m]

162
 (c)

Factor Effect
Concentration of The higher the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate
1+1
Sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the rate of reaction
m
solution

Temperature of Sodium The higher the Temperature of Sodium thiosulphate 1+1

thiosulphate solution solution, the higher the rate of reaction m

( d) [The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction]

1. Measure 50 cm3 of 0.2 rnol dm-3 Sodium thiosulphate solution with a rneasuring
cylinder and pour into a conical flask.
[1m]

2. The conical flask is placed on top of a filter paper marked with a .X' mark.
[1m]

3. Measure 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid with a l0 cm3 measuring cylinder. [1m]

4. Pour the acid into the conical flask quickly and carefully at the same time start stopwatch
[1m]

5. Swirl the rnixture in the conical flask slowly [1m]

6. Observe the 'X' mark on the filter paper from vertically above through the solution.[1m]

7. When X' marked is not visible through the mixture stop the stopwatch and

record the time taken [1m]

8. Repeat step I to 7 by using the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution , distilled water
and acid as shown
[1m]

163
 9.Result:

Volume of solution Volume of distilled water Volume of acid Time taken

/cm3 /cm3 / cm3 /s
45 5 5
40 10 5
35 15 5
30 20 5

[ Table showing the above with volume of acid fixed and time recorded ] [1m]

10 Skecth a graph of concentration against time

Concentration mol dm-3

[1m]

Time /s

11.[ inference from graph]

As the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate solution increase, the time
taken of fixed mass of sulphur formed decrease [1m]

12.[ Conclusion]
The higher the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher
the rate of reaction
[1m]

[12m]

Total: [20 m]

164
 CHAPTER 11: CARBON COMPOUND

No. Marking Scheme Mark

2(a)

1+
1

4
1+
Butan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol
1

2(b (i) 100 85.7 = 14.3 1

) (ii) C : H
Mole 85.7/12 14.3/1
= 7.14 = 14.3 1
Simplest mole 7.14/7.14 14.3/7.14
=1 =2 1
Hence, empirical formula: CH2 1
(iii) Let, (CH2)n = molecular formula
14n = 56
n = 56/14 = 4 1
Hence, molecular formula = (CH2)4 / C4H8 1
(iv) But-2-ene(major product)/ But-1-ene(minor product) 1 6

(c) 1. Latex particle has negatively charge protein membrane. 1

2. Ammonia is a weak alkali.//In water, ammonia produces OH- ion. 1
3. Ammonia/ OH- neutralises acid produced by bacteria. 1
4. The latex particles remain repels to each other. 1
10
5. Latex particles do not collide. 1
6. Butanoic acid is a weak acid// In water,butanoic acid produces H+. 1
7. H+ neutralises the negative charge on the protein membrane. 1
8. The latex particles collide to each other. 1
9. The protein membrane break. 1
10.The rubber molecules inside the latex particle release and coagulate.
1
Total 20

165
 No. Marking Scheme Mark
2(a) (i) Molar mass = (12x57 + 6x16 + 104)/(684+96+104)/ 884 gmol-1 1

2(a)(ii) Fatty acid P: HOOC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3/ 1

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Alcohol Q:
CH2OH
1
CHOH

CH2OH
2(a)(iii) 3 1 4

2(b)(i) Rubber X: unvulcanised 1

Rubber Y: vulcanised 1

2(b)(ii) 1.Rubber Y is harder than X. // Rubber X is soft while Y is strong

2.Rubber Y is more resistance to oxidation.// Rubber X is easily
oxidised while Y is not easily oxidised.// Rubber X is easily attack by
oxygen/UV light while rubber Y is not easily attack by oxygen/UV
light.
3.Rubber X is less resistant to heat than Y // Rubber X easily to
become sticky/soft at high temperature than Y. 1+
(any two) 1
2(b)(iii)
1. Sulphur atoms form cross-linkages/ sulphur bridges between rubber 1
molecules/ polymers.
2. The cross-linkages prevent the rubber molecules from sliding over 1 Max
one another when the rubber is stretched. 6
3. Rubber becomes more elastic. 1

2(c) Suggested answers:

Material and apparatus:
1.Rubber strips, X and Y // Unvalcanised and vulcanised rubber strips.
2.Bulldog clip 1+
3.Weight [10 100]g 1
4.Retort stand and clamp
5.Metre rule
accept: material and apparatus from labelled diagram and procedure.

Procedure:
1.Clip the rubber X/Y strip and hang.
2.Measure the initial length of rubber strip. 1

166
3.Hang a 50g weight to the end of rubber strip. 1
4.Let aside for [30-60] minutes. 1
5.Take off the weight. 1
6.Measure the final length of rubber strip. 1
7.Repeat the experiment using rubber Y/X strip. 1
Result: 1
Type of Initial Final Extension(cm
rubber length(cm) length(cm) )
X/ 1
Unvulcanised 5.0 5.1 0.1
rubber
Y/ Vulcanised
5.0 5.0 0.0
rubber

8.Vulcanised rubber will return to its initial length when weight is

taken off while unvulcanised rubber does not. 1

Conclusion:
9.Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber.
1
Total 20

167
 CHAPTER 12 : OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Question No. Explanation Mark Total of

mark
2 (a) Able to draw a functional labeled diagram that
shows:
1. Label for iron, water(droplet) and oxygen 1

Sample answer:
Water droplet

O2 O2

Iron

Able to describe the reaction that happens at the

positive terminal during the rusting of iron by
stating:
1. Fe 2+ and OH ions combine to form
iron(II) hydroxide / Fe(OH) 2 1
2. Iron(II) hydroxide is oxidized iron(III)
hydroxide // Fe(OH)2 is oxidized to form
Fe(OH)3 // Fe 2+ is oxidized to Fe 3+ 1
3. Iron(III) hydroxide form hydrated iron(III)
oxide/rust // Fe(OH)3 form Fe2O3,xH2O
1
4
(b) Able to suggest metal X and give reason
Sample answer:
1. X: copper/silver
[any metal less electropositive than iron] 1
2. X is less electropositive than iron// x is
lower than iron in electrochemical series
3. Iron rust/oxidised/lose electron to form [Fe 1
2+
] ions
Ie: Iron rust, Fe Fe 2+ + e. 1

Able to suggest metal Y and give reason

Sample answer:
4. Y: magnesium/aluminium/zinc
[any metal more electropositive than iron]
5. Y is more electropositive than iron // Y is 1
higher than iron in electrochemical series
6. [Y] oxidised/lose electron to form [Y] ions
// prevent /inhibit iron from being 1
oxidised/rusted

168
 1

6
1. Able to name a metal as a reducing agent
2. Able to name a halogen as an oxidising
agent
3. Able to describe the procedure for the
conversion
4. Able to describe a test to show the present
of Fe 2+
5. Able to describe a test to show the present
of Fe 3+

Sample answer:
Fe 2+ Fe 3+

1. [suitable metal]
1
Magnesium/zinc //
[any other suitable metal more
electropositive than iron]
1
2. Add the [metal] to [solution containing Fe
3+ 1
]
1
3. Heat/shake/stir
1
4. Decant/filter the mixture/solution
5. Add sodium hydroxide /potassium
1
hexacynoferate(II)/(III) solution
6. Green/blue/dark blue precipitate is formed
[note: if insoluble iron(III) compound is
used, no marks for P2,P4 and P6. Ie.
Fe2(CO3)3

Fe 3+ Fe 2+

7. [suitable halogen]
1
Chlorine/bromine/iodine
1
8. Add chlorine/bromine water to [solution
1
containing Fe 2+ ]
1
9. Heat/stir/warm
10. Add sodium hydroxide /KSCN/Potassium
hexacynoferate(II)/(III) solution
11. Brown /blood red solution/blue/dark blue
1
precipitate formed

169
 10

Total mark 20

Question No. Explanation Mark Total of

mark
4 (a) Chemical Equations : II and III 1+1

Reasons : Involving oxidation and reduction 1

occurring simultaneously/at the same time
Reaction II
Oxidation: Cu loses electron to form Cu2+
Reduction: Ag+ gain electron to form Ag
// Electron transfer from Cu to Ag+
or
Oxidation: Oxidation number of Cu increase from
0 to 2+ 1+1
Reduction: Oxidation number of Ag+ decrease
from +1 to 0

Reaction III
Oxidation: Zn loses electron to form Zn2+
Reduction: 2H+ gain electron to form H2
or
Oxidation: Oxidation number of Zn increase from 1+1
0 to 2+
Reduction: Oxidation number of H+ decrease Max 6
from +1 to 0
// Electron transfer from Zn to H+
Bromine water 1

Terminal Half- equation Observation

negative Fe2+ Fe3+ Green to 1+1
+e brown/yellow

positive Br2 + 2e brown to 1+1

2Br- colourless
/decolourises 5

1
3
Draw out 1 cm of the solution from terminal
negative into a test tube. 1

170
Add NaOH / NH3 solution / 1
Potassium Hexanocyanoferrate(II) solution to the
test tube
Observation: Brown ppt / brown ppt / dark blue ppt
respectively.
Shows that iron(II) ion is changed / oxidised to
iron(III) ion 3

Electrolytic Chemicals
Cells Cells
Energy Electrical Chemical
change energy Energy 1+1
Chemical Electrical
energy Energy
Half- Cu Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + 1+1
equation at 2e 2e
anode
Electron Electrons flow Electrons flow 1+1
flow from anode to from zinc to
cathode. copper./ 6

20

171
 CHAPTER 14: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

Question Description/answer Marks

1 (a) (i) Cleaning agent P soap 1
Cleaning agent T detergent 1
Part X soluble in grease, insoluble in water 1
Part Y soluble in water , insoluble in grease 1
4
(ii) 1. Soap anion consists of hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. 1
. 1
2. Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. 1
3. Hydrophobic dissolves// penetrates in oils/grease. 1
4. Soap reduces surface tension of water.
5. Rubbing/scrubbing helps pull the oily stains free/lifted off the
surface 1
6. Soap anions break the grease into small droplets/ emulsify oil 1
or 7
grease.
7. During rinsing, the grease is removed
(iii) 1. Hard water contains Mg 2+ ion and Ca 2+ ions 1
2+ 2+
2. In Expt 1, soap anions reacts with Ca ion and Mg ion to
form 1
insoluble salt//precipitate/scum 1
3. No foam// amount soap anion available for cleansing is reduced
4. In Expt II, detergent anion react with Ca 2+ ions and Mg 2+ ion 1
to
1
form soluble salt/ no precipitate/no scum
1
5. foam is formed 6
6. detergent is more effective than soap
(b)
Ingredients Food additives
1
aspartame sweetener
tartazine Colouring 1
octyl butanoate Flavouring agent 1
citric acid anti oxidant

172
 1 4

Max
Total :
20

Question Description/Answer Marks

2 (a) (i)
Traditional medicine Modern medicine
They are usually not processed They are processed
chemically 1
They are derived from plants or They are synthesized based
animals on substances found in
nature 1
They are not tested They are tested to make
sure it is safe to be used
1
Any 2
two

(ii) Function:-
Stimulant to reduce fatigue 1
Antidepressant to reduce tension and anxiety 1
1
Antipsychotic to treat psychiatric illness 3

173
(b) Salt preservative 1
Ethyl butanoate flavour 4
1
Lecithin - stabilizer
Vitamin C antioxidant 1
1
Salt :
- Draws the water out of the cells of microorganism,
- Retard / slow down the growth of microorganism
1
- food can be kept for longer (period) of time
1
Monosodium glutamate:
1
- Improve the taste of food, 6
- Restore the taste loss because of processing, 1
- Enhance the taste of food
1
1

1
(c) Detergent is more effective
1
Hard water contains Mg 2+ ion and Ca 2+ ions

In Expt 1, soap react with Ca 2+ ion and

1
Mg 2+ ion to form insoluble salt//precipitate/scum
No foam 1
1
In Expt II, detergent react with Ca 2+ ions and Mg 2+ ion form soluble
salt/ no precipitate/no scum 1
Foam is formed 6

Max
:
Total
20

174
Question Description/Answer Marks
3 (a) Materials: palm oil/corn oil/olive oil/any vegetable oil, 1
concentrated sodium hydroxide
Procedure:
1. Pour (5-10 cm3 )of palm oil/corn oil/olive into a beaker.
2. Add 50 cm3 of (5-6) mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide/ NaOH / 1
Concentrated sodium hydroxide
3. Stir and heat the mixture until it boils 1
4. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and 3 spatulas of sodium
chloride / NaCl / Add 50 cm3 NaCl solution 1
5. Boil the mixture for another 5 minutes. 1
Filter out the soap
6. The soap is put into a test tube 1
7. the water is added and shake the test tube 1
8. foam is form 1
9

(b)
X Y
(i)Soap (i)Detergent, 1

(ii) Effective only in soft water (ii)Effective in soft water and 1

hard water,
(iii) Forms scum in hard water (iii)Does not form scum in hard 1
Water
(iv) Forms precipitate in acidic (iv) Does not form precipitate in 1
water acidic water,

(v) From natural sources (v) From synthetic sources such 1

as petroleum.
(vi) Biodegradable cause no (vi) Non-biodegradable kill 1
polution aquatic lives.
6
(c) Patient A : Antibiotic 1
The patient must complete the whole course 1
Immunization/Prevent the disease from coming back 1
Patient B: Antioxidant 1
Taken only when needed/Do not overdose/Stop when 1
calmer
Could cause addiction/death if overdose 1
Total marks Max:
20

175
Question Descriptipn/Answer Marks
4 (a)
Food additives How food additives reacts
Flavouring Makes food tastier 1+1

Colouring Colours food so that it looks 1+1

more attractive

Preservative Prevent the growth of 1+1

microorganism on food
1+1
Antioxidant Slow down the oxidation of
food 8

(b) (i) Process: Saponification 1

Name: Sodium/Potassium palmitate 1

Part X: Hydropbobic 1
PartY: Hydrophilic 1

Hydropobic disasolves in grease 1

Hydrophilic dissolves in water 1
6
(b) (ii) Anions of detergent are more effective than anions of soap 1
in hard water.

Anions of soap react with calcium ions/magnesium ion 1

to form scum / insoluble precipitate.

1
Amount of anions of soap is reduced /decreased.
1
Anions of detergent do not form scum/precipitate /the salts
formed are solubled 1

2 CH3(CH2)14COO- + Ca2+ [CH3(CH2)14COO]2Ca

1
- 2+
Or 2 CH3(CH2)14COO + Mg [CH3(CH2)14COO]2Mg

6
Total marks 20

176
177