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Article history: As the sixth largest energy consuming industry sector in China, the textile industry is encountering great
Received 21 February 2016 challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Considering the existing studies have the limita-
Received in revised form 16 May 2016 tion of lacking updated data and include limited energy sources, this study will conduct a comprehensive
Accepted 17 June 2016
analysis of the GHG emissions in Chinas textile industry and analyze the emission characteristics. The
Available online 2 July 2016
results show that coal consumption is the main source of GHG emissions in Chinas textile industry. The
second largest GHG emission source is electricity consumption, which is primarily from the Eastern China,
Keywords:
Central China and Northern China Power Grids. A driving force factor analysis reveals that the order of
Textile industry
Greenhouse gas
intensity for the driving forces is the production scale, the energy intensity, the energy structure and the
Energy saving emission factors. In particular, the increasing scale of production is the main factor driving increasing
Scenario analysis GHG emissions; however, energy intensity reduction and energy structure optimization can effectively
reduce GHG emissions. This study also summarizes the main energy saving measures being used by the
textile industry in China. The measures used in the spinning, weaving and wetting processes are found
to have high energy saving potential and a short payback period. Scenario analysis indicates that under
the optimal technology application scenario, GHG emissions would be 34.3% less than emissions under
the baseline scenario in 2030. Furthermore, GHG emissions per unit output value would be 0.18 t/million
RMB, which approaches the advanced international level of 0.14 t/million RMB. Corresponding polices for
reducing GHG emission in the textile industry need to be considered based on the implications indicated
in this study.
2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.013
0921-3449/ 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
70 B. Huang et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119 (2017) 6977
that the proportion of carbon emission raw materials is the highest the non-energy related GHG emissions of Scope 1 are emissions in
(64.54%), the carbon emissions resulted from wastewater discharge the industrial process caused by chemical reaction, such as nitrous
and energy consumption account for 34.33%. Germanys Systain oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4 ) from the chemical treatment of chem-
International Environmental Consulting Firm calculated the life ical products, and wastewater treatment. Because the non-energy
cycle GHG emissions of three types of clothing for Germanys Otto related GHG emissions contribute less than 1% of the total GHG
Group (BASF, 2009). Researchers have conducted inuence factor emissions, they are not included in our study (Tong et al., 2012).
analysis for GHG emissions in the textile industry. For instance, Indirect GHG emissions are caused by company activities but
Wang et al. (2011) established a factorization model of Chinas tex- occur from sources owned or controlled by other companies in
tile industry using the LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Division Index) the textile industry. Indirect emissions can be further divided into
method. His results show that the expansion in industrial scale was Scope 2 and Scope 3. Scope 2 emissions are emissions from the
the main reason for the increase in GHG emissions from the textile generation of purchased electricity, heat, steam and other energy
industry. Zhao (2012) analyzed the carbon footprint of the textile consumption. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of textile indus-
supply chain and declared that electricity consumption and ther- try activities but occur from sources not owned or controlled by
mal energy consumption are the main sources of GHG emissions. textile industry companies (refer to Table 1). Because scope 3
Regarding the research on GHG emission reduction measures for carbon emission behavior is very different and the energy con-
the textile industry, Li et al. (2013) mainly discussed the accounting sumption proportion is limited, our research solely considers the
boundary setting methodology for the carbon footprint calculation. energy-related GHG emissions of scope 1 and scope 2. Furthermore,
Yao (2014) explored calculation methods for the carbon footprint because of statistical data limitations, the indirect energy-related
of cotton ber based on Publicly Available Specication (PAS) 2050 GHG emissions of scope 2 solely include GHG emissions from pur-
and proposed carbon emission reduction measures for textile pro- chased electricity.
duction at the raw materials stage. Zabaniotou and Andreou (2010)
analyzed energy consumption in the cotton ginning process of 2.1. GHG emission calculation
Greek National textile and discussed the feasibility of applying
alternative energy options in the ginning process. Hong et al. (2010) 2.1.1. Direct GHG emissions
conducted an investigation regarding textile enterprises energy The energy-related GHG emissions of the textile industry can
consumption efciency, energy consumption structure and uti- be estimated by referring to the IPCC national GHG inventory
lization in Taiwan and proposed several energy saving strategies. guidelines(Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006)
Bevilacqua et al. (2010) calculated the carbon footprint of a Merino and the GHG protocol tool for energy consumption in China (Song
wool sweater based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) theory and Yang, 2011). Although the textile industrys energy-related
and indicated that strengthening industry clusters could effec- GHG emissions are generated in various chemical processes, the
tively reduce the carbon footprint of textile products caused by carbon content of different fuels and materials are very different.
transportation. Ma and Lu (2015) estimated the factors inuencing Therefore, the three types of GHG emissions, including carbon diox-
carbon emissions of the textile and garment industry and found the ide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O), are investigated
main inuencing factor is the GDP of the textile industry and the by converting them into carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 e). The
energy consumption per unit of GDP. M.H. Wang et al. (2015) and carbon footprint of the textile industry is indicated by its global
Z.Z. Wang et al. (2015) calculated the CO2 emission of Chinas tex- warming potential (GWP), which means the global warming effect
tile industrial. His results show that the carbon intensity of Chinas from a per unit mass of certain GHG emissions in a xed period
textile industry is decreasing. (Reisinger et al., 2011). The total direct energy-related GHG emis-
The literature review nds that there are several related stud- sions within the textile industrys boundary are estimated based
ies concerning the carbon footprint calculation and GHG emission upon energy consumption and emission factors (EF) (Tian et al.,
reduction for the textile industry; however, most of them targeted 2013; Yue et al., 2015). The following equation presents the calcu-
specic textile products or typical enterprises. Few studies have lation method:
been conducted to investigate the GHG emissions of the Chinas
textile industry. The only three studies calculating the GHG emis- Ctotal-direct = Ei EFi Oi (1)
i
sion in Chinas textile industry (M.H. Wang et al., 2015; Z.Z. Wang
et al., 2015; Wang and Wu, 2011) have the limitation of lacking Where Ctotal-direct represents the total direct energy-related GHG
updated data, and consider limited energy sources. In order to over- emissions (in million tons, t), subscript i represents energy fuel type
come these research gaps, this study will conduct a comprehensive i; Ei represents the energy consumption (in million tons, t) of fuel
analysis of the GHG emissions in Chinas textile industry and ana- type i; EFi represents the Emission Factors (EF) of fuel type i; and
lyze its emission characteristics. Emission predictions will also be Oi represents the oxidation rate of fuel type i. According to China
conducted to foresee the GHG emission under an optimal technol- Statistics Yearbook (NBS, 2015) and China Energy Statistics Year-
ogy scenario in the near future. Suggestions for reducing the GHG book (NBS, 20012015), there are eight types of energy resources
emissions of Chinas textile industry will be proposed based upon for the textile industry: coal, coke, crude oil, gasoline, kerosene,
our ndings. diesel oil, fuel oil and natural gas. Their emission factors are shown
in Table 2 (Tian et al., 2013).
Table 1
Boundary denition and examples of energy-related GHG emissions.
Direct Emissions Scope 1 Direct GHG emissions that occur from Emissions from combustion in owned
sources that are owned or controlled or controlled boilers, furnaces,
by companies within the textile vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical
industry production in owned or controlled
process equipment
Indirect Emissions Scope 2 GHG emissions from the generation of Emissions occur at the facility where
purchased electricity, heat, steam, etc., purchased electricity, heat and steam
consumed by these companies are generated
Scope 3 Emissions as a consequence of the Emissions from the extraction and
activities of the textile industry but production of purchased materials;
occurring from sources not owned or transportation of purchased fuels; and
controlled by these companies use of sold products and services
Sources: The Greenhouse Gas ProtocolA Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Bhatia and Ranganathan, 2004)
Table 2
GHG emission factor of different energy sources.
Oxidation rate (%) EF (ton CO2 /ton) EF (g CH4 /ton) EF (g NO2 /ton) GHG EF (ton
CO2 e/ton)
Sources: GHG Protocol Tool for Energy Consumption in China (Song and Yang, 2011).
Where CElectricity represents the energy-related GHG emissions of ing force factor decomposition of energy-related GHG emissions
electricity consumption and k represents the region that receives for Chinas textile industry is provided as the following equation:
power supply from the state power grid. EFke represents the emis- C
i Ei E
sion factor of GHG emissions from electricity generation, Pe denotes C= Ci = ( P) (3)
electricity power consumption in the textile industry, Psk denotes Ei E P
i i
the yield of textile products in region k and Pstotal denotes the total
yield of textile products in China. where C represents total energy-related carbon emissions; Ci rep-
Currently, there are six state power grids in China: the Northern resents carbon emissions from fuel i; E represents total energy
China Power Grid, the Northeast China Power Grid, the Northwest consumption; Ei represents the consumption of energy source i;
China Power Grid, the Central China Power Grid, the Eastern China P represents the consumption volume of textile products; Fi = Ci /Ei
Power Grid, and the Southern China Power Grid (Ma, 2012). The is the mean GHG emissions factor of energy source i, Si = Ei /E is the
state grid electricity emission factors refer to the GHG protocol tool share of energy source i in total energy consumption; and B = E/P is
for energy consumption in China (Song et al., 2013) and are listed the energy consumption per unit of textile products. Because the
in Table 3. textile industry mainly adopts electricity and coal as energy sources
The textile industrys electricity consumption can be collected in China, the driving force analysis involves carbon emissions from
from China Statistics Yearbook (NBS, 2015). The production quan- electricity and coal.
tity of textile products in the six power grid regions can be collected According to the LMDI method, the result of factor decomposi-
from Textile Industry Development Report (20002013) (NBS, tion can be expressed as follows:
2014).
C = C r C0 = C F + C S + C B + C P (4)
Fi,r
CF L Ci,0 Ci,r ln , emission factor effect
2.2. Driving force factor analysis Fi,0
i
Table 3
GHG electricity emission factors for different power grid regions.
Region CO2 EF (ton CO2 /kwh) EF (g/kwh) EF (g/kwh) EF (ton CO2 /kwh)
2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011 2007 2009 2011
Northeast China 1.14 1.11 1.14 12.53 12.24 11.85 17.50 16.98 17.35 1.14 1.11 1.14
Northwest China 0.86 0.82 0.81 9.28 8.81 8.65 13.36 12.72 12.69 0.87 0.82 0.82
Central China 0.76 0.65 0.70 8.30 7.08 7.23 11.86 9.90 10.45 0.77 0.65 0.71
Northern China 1.07 1.06 1.13 11.71 11.74 11.69 16.45 16.08 16.92 1.07 1.06 1.13
Eastern China 0.84 0.80 0.78 9.38 8.88 8.51 12.69 12.09 11.99 0.84 0.81 0.79
Southern China 0.74 0.67 0.67 8.83 7.59 7.18 11.08 10.00 10.04 0.74 0.67 0.67
Sources: Getting every ton of emissions right: An analysis of emission factors for purchased electricity in China (Song et al., 2013).
9000 8000
million ton
7000
million tons
6000 Natural gas
6000 Fuel oil
5000
5000 Diesel oil
4000
Texle producon
4000
GHG emission
Kerosene
3000
3000 Gasoline
2000 Coke
2000
1000 Coal
1000
Textile production
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
textile exports and others (Lu, 2013). The GHG emissions of differ- trend in the near future (Bai, 2012). Regarding the nal step of the
ent textile products are estimated based on the proportion of their textile industry chain, recycling, our analysis nds that there is lim-
production quantity. Fig. 4 shows the nal result of the GHG emis- ited recycling activities in the textile industry in China. Luo et al.
sion ow. The width of each line indicates the quantity of the GHG (2013) reveals that there are more than 2400 million tons of waste
emissions. textiles each year in China, while the recycling rate is less than 30%.
As shown in Fig. 4, the wetting process generates the most GHG Among which the majority is hidden salvaged for use again, and
emissions in the production process. Regarding the downstream very limited proportion of textile is really recycled through repro-
products, clothing and cotton textiles carry the most GHG emis- duction technologies. When looking at the countries with active
sions in Chinas textile industry. With the appearance of new textile textile recycling action such as USA, Germany and Japan, the tex-
products, such as new types of bers and functional textile mate- tile recycling system is operating more mature. For instance, the
rials, Chinas textile production is expected to maintain a growth Council for Textile Recycling in US is devoted to creating aware-
74 B. Huang et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119 (2017) 6977
100.00%
90.00% Coal power
80.00%
Water power
70.00%
60.00% New clear power
50.00%
40.00% Renewable energy
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
East China Central North China Northeast Northwest Southern
power grid China power grid power grid power grid power grid
power grid
ness about keeping clothing, footwear and textile out of landlls 1500
(Council for Textile Recycling, 2014) (http://weardonaterecycle.
org/index.html). 1000
CO2 million tons
500 C_P
3.2. Driving force factors
C_S
According to the method introduced in section 2.2, the driving 0 C_F
force factors of GHG emissions for Chinas textile industry dur- 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011
C_B
ing the 20062011 period is analyzed based on data including -500 C_
the annual yield of Chinas textile industry, the energy structure,
the energy consumption quantity and GHG emission factors. The
-1000
results are shown in Fig. 5:
The result shows that the order of intensity for the driving forces
is the production scale effect CP , the energy intensity effect CB , -1500
the energy structure effect CS , and the emission factor effect CF .
Fig. 5. Decomposition results of GHG emission factors of Chinas textile industry
The production scale effect CP has the most obvious positive effect (20062011).
on carbon emissions; the energy intensity effect CB has a nega-
tive inuence effect. In comparison, the inuence of the emission
factor effect CF is very small because the GHG emission factors of increase may be caused by the change of energy structure. If we
different energy sources are xed data. For instance, from 2010 to trace to Fig. 1, we can easily nd that the energy consumption quan-
2011, the production scale effect CP contributed 611.2% to GHG tity of fuel oil and gasoline decreased from 2009 to 2010, while the
emissions, the contribution rate of energy intensity effect CB was consumption rate of coal is increased.
215.9%, and the energy structure effect CS and the emission fac- Considering that textile production is expected to show an
tor effect CF contributed 214.3% and 80.7%, respectively. As increasing trend in the near future, the production scale is unlikely
shown in Fig. 5, the GHG emissions continued decreasing in most to be contained. Instead, effective energy saving measures should
years, excluding 20092010. The main cause of the GHG emission be promoted for increasing the energy intensity. Meanwhile, appli-
B. Huang et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119 (2017) 6977 75
70% 90000
80000
60%
GHG emission(104tCO2e)
Emission reduction potential
70000
50%
60000
percentage
40% 50000
30% 40000
30000
20%
20000
10% 10000
0% 0
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 2015 2020 2025 2030
Spinning Weaving Wetting Business as usual scenario
Optimal technology application scenario
Fig. 6. Energy-saving of GHG reduction measures during the textile production
process.
Fig. 7. Comparison of emission reduction between BAU scenario and OTA scenario.
cation of cleaner energy need to be encouraged both for direct duction quantity will be 9989.12 million tons, 16087.57 million
and indirect GHG emission energy sources in order to optimize the tons, 25909.19 million tons and 41727.01 million tons in 2015,
energy structure. 2020, 2025 and 2030, respectively. The corresponding output val-
ues in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030 will be 7.3 108 million RMB,
4. Emission reduction predictions 1.2 109 million RMB,1.9 109 million RMB and 3.0 109 million
RMB, respectively. (2) The energy consumption per unit of output
4.1. Energy saving measures value was 0.11 tce/million RMB in 2012, and we assume that the
energy consumption per unit output value will maintain its current
The driving force factor analysis shows that reducing energy level through 2030. (3) Based on the previous two assumptions, the
intensity is one of the essential means to reducing GHG emissions GHG emissions under the BAU scenario in 2015, 2020, 2025 and
for the textile industry. Thus, it is necessary to nd the energy sav- 2030 can be calculated (refer to Table 4). For the OTA scenario, (1)
ing potential in the process and improve energy efciency (Ozturk, according to the National Key Energy-saving Technology Extension
2005; Kong et al., 2015). Based on research ndings from Lawrence Directory (2013) and China National Textile And Apparel Council
Berkeley National Laboratory (Hasanbeigi, 2010), the main energy (2015), the extension rate of energy saving technologies in the tex-
saving measures and their payback period in the spinning, weaving, tile industry in China is approximately 30% in 2015, assuming that
and wetting processes are summarized in The emission reduction the application rate will rise to 45%, 65%, and 90% in 2020, 2025,
potential of these energy saving measures is illustrated in Fig. 6. and 2030, respectively. (2) Referring to the Energy Saving Tech-
The uctuation range is the extent of the general emission reduc- nology Guide for the Textile Industry energy consumption rate for
tion potential, and the middle dot represents the average emission the spinning, weaving and wetting process is 22%, 20%, and 58%,
reduction potential for a specic energy saving measure. respectively. The original energy consumption for each technology
As shown, the energy saving measures with the highest poten- is further established as equal in each process. Furthermore, assume
tial are installing energy saving control systems in humidifying that the energy saving potential of all of the technologies achieves
systems, replacing mercury lamps with high pressure sodium the highest level as indicated in Fig. 5. (3) Based on the previous
lamps and applying counter-current washing. The payback period two assumptions, the energy savings for each technology can be
for the primary energy saving measures is close to within 3 calculated. The results of the GHG emissions for 2015, 2020, 2025
years. Currently, certain energy saving measures such as speed and 2030 under the OTA scenario are shown in Table 5.
motor drives, heat recycling from ues and hot washing water The comparison of GHG emissions under the two scenarios is
are frequently practiced in Chinas textile industry. However, most shown in Fig. 7:
measures listed in Table 3 have not yet been widely applied (Li et al., Results show that GHG emissions are 82402.07 million tons in
2011; Chou, 2014). 2030 under the BAU scenario. GHG emissions under the OTA sce-
nario are 54160.87 million tons, 34.3% less than the GHG emissions
4.2. Scenario analysis under the BAU scenario. From the perspective of GHG emissions per
unit output value, the quantity in 2030 under the OTA scenario will
To estimate the potential energy savings and GHG emissions for be 0.18 t/million RMB, which nearly approaches the international
Chinas textile industry, two scenarios are designed in our study. advanced level of 0.14 t/million RMB (Chen and Fu, 2011).
Due to data availability, the year 2012 was chosen as the baseline,
whereas the year 2030 was chosen as the nal year for scenario 5. Conclusions and recommendations
analysis because Chinas economic development will reach a rel-
atively steady phase by then (Jiang and Hu, 2007; Juntueng et al., The textile industry is one of Chinas traditional pillar indus-
2014). A designed business-as-usual (BAU) scenario assumes that tries and has maintained rapid growth after Chinas reform and
energy consumption per unit output value will maintain the 2012 opening. Consequently, a detailed analysis on Chinese textile indus-
level. The optimal technology application scenario (OTA) assumes try is necessary so that the energy related GHG emission features
that all of the technologies in Table 4 will be applied with the high- can be uncovered. After the GHG emissions calculation, the driving
est energy saving potential indicated in Fig. 5. Furthermore, the force analysis and emission reduction scenario analysis, the main
energy saving technologies will have a high popularization rate in conclusions are provided as follows. Corresponding GHG emission
the future. reduction recommendations are also presented.
For the BAU scenario, (1) the average growth rate of Chinas
textile production from 2000 to 2012 is approximately 10%. If (1) Coal consumption is the main source of GHG emissions in
this growth rate is maintained, it can be predicted that the pro- Chinas textile industry, representing 80% of the total GHG from
76 B. Huang et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119 (2017) 6977
Table 4
Energy saving measures in the production process.
Processes Energy saving measures Code Emission reduction potential Payback Period (Year)
Sources: summarized from Energy-Efciency Improvement Opportunities for the Textile Industry (Hasanbeigi, 2010).
Table 5
GHG emissions of BAU and OTA scenarios.
Output valuem (million RMB) 7.30 106 1.20 107 1.90 107 3.00 107
GHG emissions under BAU scenario (million tons) 19726.40 31769.56 51165.19 82402.07
OTA Extension rate of energy saving technologies (%) 30 45 65 90
Sce- GHG reduction (million tons) 5260.44 13283.22 12664.57 28241.20
nario GHG emissions under nBT scenario (million tons) 14465.96 18486.34 38500.62 54160.87
primary energy resources. The second largest GHG emission (4) Analysis of the emission predictions nds that there is high
source is electricity consumption. The proportion of electric- energy saving potential in the spinning, weaving and wetting
ity consumption by Chinas textile industry has obviously processes, and the payback period of the primary energy sav-
increased since 2006. The textile industrys three largest elec- ing measures is within nearly 3 years. Our scenario analysis
tricity GHG emission sources are the Eastern China Power Grid, reveals that if the extension rate of the energy saving mea-
the Central China Power Grid and the Northern China Power sures in Table 3 can attain 90% in 2030, the GHG emissions will
Grid; of these, the Eastern China Power Grid has the high- be 34.3% less than the GHG emissions under the baseline sce-
est proportion at 51%. Currently, the GHG emission factor in nario. Furthermore, the GHG emissions per unit output value
Chinas Power Grids is high because electricity depends largely in 2030 under the optimal technology application scenario is
on coal consumption. If the source of electricity power can be 0.18 t/million RMB, which nearly approaches the international
transferred from coal to cleaner energy such as water power, advanced level of 0.14 t/million RMB. While, the GHG emission
nuclear power and renewable energy, the GHG emission factor in the future will depend on the real popularization condition
can be expected to be reduced. Because the GHG emission cal- of the energy saving technologies.
culation in our analysis covers relatively comprehensive energy
sources, the CO2 emission is higher than that the results in other
researches such as Ma et al. (2011), M.H. Wang et al. (2015) and The analysis of the GHG emission characteristics and the discus-
Z.Z. Wang et al. (2015). sion of the energy saving scenarios instruct blueprint for reducing
(2) A GHG emission ow analysis reveals that there are three main GHG emission in Chinas textile industry. Corresponding polices
energy consumption processes, namely spinning, weaving and for the textile industry need to be considered based on the implica-
wetting. Clothing, cotton textiles and textile exports are found tions from this study. However, one limitation of this study is that
to be the primary downstream items that are allocated high the GHG emission resulting from the manufacturing technologies
GHG emissions. It is expected that with the increasing demand have not yet been considered. More comprehensive GHG emission
for new types of textile products such as new bers and func- for the textile industry need to be carried out when GHG emission
tional textile materials, Chinas textile production will maintain factors during the complicated production process can be identied
a high growth rate. We also found that textile recycling barely in the future.
exists in China currently. Considering textile have high reused
potential, recycling should be encouraged through legislation
establishment and market supporting in order to promote GHG
emission reduction.
Acknowledgements
(3) The driving force factor analysis reveals that the order of inten-
sity for the driving forces is the production scale, the energy
The research work of this paper was supported by a grant from
intensity, the energy structure and the emission factors. Effec-
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 71403170,
tive energy saving measures should be promoted for increasing
71461137008; 71325006, 71402016), and Fudan Tyndall Centre of
the energy intensity. Meanwhile, application of cleaner energy
Fudan University (FTC98503B09a). The advice for revisions from
need to be encouraged both for direct and indirect GHG emis-
Hao Han of Tsinghua University China Automotive Energy Research
sion energy sources in order to optimize the energy structure.
Center is highly valued. The authors are responsible for the remain-
ing errors.
B. Huang et al. / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119 (2017) 6977 77
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