3.

WALLIS FORMULA :
/ 2

sinnx . cosmx dx = ( n 1 ) ( n 3 ) ( n 5 ).... 1or 2 ( m 1) ( m 3 ).... 1or 2 K

0 ( m n ) ( m n 2 ) ( m n 4 ).... 1or 2

Where K = if both m and n are even (m, n N) ;
2
= 1 otherwise

4. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE FUNCTION :

If h(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions of x then ,
h( x)
d
f(t) dt = f [h (x)] . h(x) f [g (x)] . g(x)
dx g( x )

5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM :

b

f(x) dx = Limit
n h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ..... + f a n 1 h ]
a

n 1
= Limit
h 0 h f (a + rh) where b a = nh
r0

n 1 1
If a = 0 & b = 1 then , Limit
n h f (rh) = f(x) dx ; where nh = 1 OR
r0 0

1
Limit 1 n 1 f r = f(x) dx .
n
n r1 n 0

6. ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

b

(i) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a , b) ; f(b).(b a) < f(x) dx < f(a).(b a) &
a

(ii) For a monotonic increasing function in (a , b) ; f(a).(b a) < f(x) dx < f(b).(b a)
a

7. SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
(i) 1 ..... ln 2 (ii) .....
2 3 4 5 12 22 32 42 6

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(iii) ..... (iv) .....
12 2 2 3 2 4 2 12 12 3 2 5 2 7 2 8

1 1 1 1 2
(v) .....
22 42 62 82 24

Bansal Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [6]

 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
b

1. f(x) dx = F(b) F(a) where f(x) dx = F(x) + c

a

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : If f(x) dx = 0 then the equation f(x) = 0 has atleast one
a

root lying in (a , b) provided f is a continuous function in (a , b) .

2. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :
b b b a

P1 f(x) dx = f(t) dt provided f is same P2 f(x) dx = f(x) dx

a a a b

b c b

P3 f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx , where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b] . This property
a a c

to be used when f is piecewise continuous in (a, b) .

a

P4 f(x) dx = 0 if f(x) is an odd function i.e. f(x) = f(x) .

a

= 2 f(x) dx if f(x) is an even function i.e. f(x) = f(x) .

0

b b a a

P5 f(x) dx = f(a + b x) dx , In particular f(x) dx = f(a x)dx

a a 0 0

2a a a a

P6 f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(2a x) dx = 2 f(x) dx if f(2a x) = f(x)

0 0 0 0

=0 if f(2a x) = f(x)
na a

P7 f(x) dx = n f(x) dx ; whereais the period of the function i.e. f(a + x) = f(x)
0 0

b nT b
P8 f(x) dx = f(x) dx where f(x) is periodic with period T & n I .
a nT a

na a
P9 f(x) dx = (n m) f(x) dx if f(x) is periodic with period 'a' .
ma 0

b b

P10 If f(x) (x) for a x b then f(x) dx (x) dx

a a

b b

P11 f ( x )d x
a
f(x)dx .
a

P12 If f(x) 0 on the interval [a, b] , then f(x) dx 0.

a

Bansal Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [5]

 dx
(viii) take xn common as x and put 1 + xn = t .
n 1/ n
n
x 1 x
dx dx dx
(ix) a b sin 2
x
OR a b cos 2
x
OR a sin 2
x b sin x cos x c cos 2
x
r r
Multiply N. . & D. . by sec x & put tan x = t .
dx dx dx
(x) a b sin x
OR a b cos x
OR a b sin x c cos x
x
Hint :Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles , put tan =t
2
a .cos x b .sin x c d
(xi) .cos x m .sin x n
dx . Express Nr A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed .

x 2 1 x 2 1
(xii) x 4 K x 2 1
dx OR x 4 K x 2 1
dx where K is any constant .

Hint : Divide Nr & Dr by x & proceed .

dx dx
(xiii) & ; put px + q = t2 .
(ax b) px q 2
ax bx c px q

dx 1 dx 1
(xiv) , put ax + b = ; , put x =
t t
(ax b ) px 2 qx r ax 2
bx c 2
px qx r

x
(xv) x
dx or x x ; put x = cos2 + sin2

x
x
dx or x x ; put x = sec2 tan2

dx
; put x = t2 or x = t2 .
x x

Bansal Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [4]

 x a2 x
(xxviii) a 2 x 2 dx =
2
a 2 x 2 +
2
sin1 + c
a
x a2 x
(xxix) x 2 a 2 dx =
2
x 2 a 2 +
2
sinh1 + c
a
x a2 x
(xxx) 2
x a dx = 2
2
x a 2 2
2
cosh1 + c
a
e ax
(xxxi) eax. sin bx dx =
a 2 b2
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c

e ax
(xxxii) eax . cos bx dx =
a 2 b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c

3. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION :
(i) Substitution or change of independent variable .
Integral I = f(x) dx is changed to f( (t)) f (t) dt , by a suitable substitution
x = (t) provided the later integral is easier to integrate .
du
(ii) Integration by part : u.v dx = u v dx
d x . v d x dx where u & v are differentiable

function . Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that
du
(a) v dx is simple & (b)
d x . v d x dx is simple to integrate.

This is generally obtained, by keeping the order of u & v as per the order of the letters in ILATE,
where ; I Inverse function, L Logarithmic function ,
A Algebraic function, T Trigonometric function & E Exponential function
(iii) Partial fraction , spiliting a bigger fraction into smaller fraction by known methods .
4. INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE :
f ( x )
(i) [ f(x)]n f (x) dx OR dx put f(x) = t & proceed .
f ( x )n
dx dx
(ii) 2
, , ax 2 bx c dx
2
ax bx c ax bx c
Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results .
px q px q
(iii) 2 dx , dx .
ax bx c ax 2 bx c
Express px + q = A (differential co-efficient of denominator) + B .

(iv) ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex . f(x) + c (v) [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c

dx
(vi) n N Take xn common & put 1 + xn = t .
x ( x n 1)
dx
(vii) ( n 1)
n N , take xn common & put 1+xn = tn
2

x x 1 n
n

Bansal Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [3]

 KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION :
If f & g are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x) then the function g is called a PRIMITIVE OR
ANTIDERIVATIVE OR INTEGRAL of f(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as
d
f(x) dx = g(x) + c
dx
{g(x) + c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.

2. STANDARD RESULTS :
ax bn 1 dx 1
(i) (ax + b)n dx =
a n 1
+ c n 1 (ii) ax b
= ln (ax + b) + c
a

1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii) eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv) apx+q dx =
p n a
(a > 0) + c

1 1
(v) sin (ax + b) dx =
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi) cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

1 1
(vii) tan(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sec (ax + b) + c (viii) cot(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sin(ax + b)+ c

1
(ix) sec (ax + b) dx = tan(ax + b) + c (x) cosec(ax + b) dx = 1 cot(ax + b)+ c
a a
1
(xi) sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx = sec (ax + b) + c
a

(xii) cosec (ax + b) . cot (ax + b) dx = 1 cosec (ax + b) + c

a

(xiii) secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c OR ln tan x + c

4 2
x
(xiv) cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR ln tan
2
+ c OR ln (cosecx + cotx)

(xv) sinh x dx = cosh x + c (xvi) cosh x dx = sinh x + c (xvii) sechx dx = tanh x + c

(xviii) cosechx dx = coth x + c (xix) sech x . tanh x dx = sech x + c

dx x
(xx) cosech x . coth x dx = cosech x + c (xxi) = sin1
a
+c
a 2 x 2
dx 1 x dx 1 x
(xxii) 2
a x 2
= tan1 + c
a a
(xxiii) x x a 2 2
=
a
sec1 + c
a

dx x
(xxiv) = ln x x 2 a 2 OR sinh1 +c
2
x a 2 a

dx x
(xxv) = ln x x 2 a 2 OR cosh1 +c
x 2 a 2 a

dx 1 ax dx 1 x a
(xxvi) 2
a x 2 =
2a
ln
ax
+c (xxvii) 2
x a 2
=
2a
ln
xa
+c

Bansal Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [2]

BANSAL CLASSES
TARGET IIT JEE 2007

MA
THE
M A
TIC
S
STERLING

DEFINITE
&
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

CONTENTS
KEY-CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - I
EXERCISE - II
EXERCISE - III
EXERCISE - IV
ANSWER KEY