CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Wireless sensor network is one of the category of wireless network which belongs to ad-hoc
networks. Sensor networks are composed of nodes, actually the node has a specific name that is
Sensor because these nodes are equipped with smart sensors. Nodes of wireless sensor
networks are less mobile than ad-hoc networks so the mobility in case of ad-hoc is more. In
wireless sensor network, data are requested based on certain physical quantity, so wireless sensor
network is data centric. A sensor consists of an embedded processor, a transducer, small memory
unit and a wireless transceiver and all of these devices run on the power supplied by an attached
battery.

1.2 Sensor
The sensor is basically an electromechanical device which senses or measures a physical
property, stores and converts it into a signal then which can be collected or read out by a user or
observer.
Modern sensors are tiny electromechanical devices they are modern MEMS (Micro
Electronics Mechanical System) [1][14]. Modern advanced technologies in microelectronic
mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies have developed low-
cost, low-power, small sized, multifunctional and bi-directional smart sensor nodes in a wireless
sensor network. Sensor usually sense the physical conditions like light, motion, vibration,
temperature, sound, moisture, magnetic fields, electrical fields, gravity, humidity, pressure,
radiation and other physical aspects and parameters of the external environment. A sensor node
usually measures the physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read out or
noticed by an observer or by an electronic instrument. For example, a mercury glass thermometer
normally converts the measured temperature into some expansion and contraction of mercury
liquid which can be read out on a calibrated glass tube. As an example of a sensor thermocouple
converts temperature into an output voltage which can be read out by a voltmeter. For more
accuracy, most sensor nodes are calibrated against known standards.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons called
tactile sensor and lamp which brightens or dims by touching the base. Also there are many
innumerable applications of sensors for which most people are not aware. Applications of sensor
include cars, aircrafts, machines, space shuttle, industry, robotics, automation and

2
manufacturing. Another very common example of sensor is infrared sensor, there are so many
applications of infrared sensor like flame detection, alcohol testing in industry, gas pipe leakage
detection, petroleum exploration and space operation. A sensor responds to a normal input
quantity by generating a functionally related observed output usually in the form of an optical or
electrical signal. The sensitivity of a sensor indicates how much the output of sensor changes
when the measured quantity changes. The sensors also have a significant impact on what
measurement they take, for example, when a normal room temperature thermometer is inserted
into a hot cup of liquid then it usually cools the liquid while that liquid generally heats the
thermometer. The sensor device needs to be designed to have a slightly low effect on what
measurement is taken, making the sensor some smaller usually improves this and it introduces
other advantages. Scientific and technological progress allows more and more sensors to be
manufactured on the microscopic scale as micro-sensors using MEMS (Micro Electronics
Mechanical System) technology [1][14]. In most cases, a micro-sensor reaches a significantly
higher speed and sensitivity compared with traditional approaches.
1.3 Wireless Sensor Network
A wireless sensor network (WSN) [1] is basically spatially distributed autonomous sensors to
monitor the environmental or the physical conditions such as humidity, temperature, sound,
radiation, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data values through the network to its
main location. Todays modern networks are usually bi-directional, they have the ability
to control the activity of the sensing node. The modern development of wireless sensor networks
was originally motivated by military applications such as in battlefield surveillance, today this
type of networks are widely used in many industrial, commercial and consumer applications,
such as automation control, industrial process monitoring and control, agriculture, machine or
instrument health monitoring, and so on.
The wireless sensor network (WSN) is built of "nodes" from some hundreds to
thousands, where each node is usually connected to one or so many sensor nodes. In the network,
each such sensor network device has basically several parts: a radio transceiver with an
internal antenna or connection to a microcontroller, an external antenna, an electronic circuit for
interfacing with the sensors and an power source, usually a main battery backup or an embedded
form of energy harvesting. The sensed data records from all sensors are sent to gateway sensor
node or base station from where user or observer can receive data records as shown in figure 1.1.

3
 User

Sensor Node

Gateway
Sensor Node

Figure 1.1 Wireless Sensor Network [1]

A sensor node device might vary in size from that of a one cube feet box to the size of a
one cube centimetre box. The cost of sensor nodes are similarly variable, depending on the
complexity, application and functionality of the individual sensor node device. Size and cost
limitations on sensor nodes result in corresponding limitations on resources such as
computational speed, energy, memory, range and communications bandwidth. The geographical
topology of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) can vary from a very simple star network to a
modern advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.

1.4 Applications of Wireless Sensor Network

The applications of wireless sensor network (WSN) are very vast and wide, the future
applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are now continuously extending, and there are
some of the very common applications as follows:
Area Monitoring:
A very common example and its application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is area
monitoring. In region or area monitoring, the wireless sensor network is usually deployed in a
region where some physical condition is to be monitored. The live civilian example is the
industrial gas leakage detection or oil pipelines leakage detection and radiation detection in
nuclear power plant, a military example is the use of sensors to detect enemy intrusion.
Health Care Monitoring:
The medical applications can be categorized as two types, first type is wearable and second type
is implanted. Usually the wearable devices are used commonly on the body surface of a human
or may be just at near proximity of the user. Usually the implantable medical devices and

4
instruments are those that are usually inserted inside the human body. There are so many other
applications also for example body position measurement and location of the person, overall
monitoring of all sick patients in hospitals and at homes.
Air Pollution Monitoring:
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been deployed in several cities to monitor the quantity
and concentration of dangerous gases such as sulfur di-oxide, carbon mono oxide, carbon di-
oxide, etc. for citizens. These can take the advantage of ad hoc wireless links rather than wired
installations, which also provide them more mobility for testing readings in different areas.
Forest Fire Detection:
A network of sensor node devices can be deployed in a forest to watch and detect when a fire has
started to catch forest. The sensor nodes can be equipped with devices to measure temperature,
radiation, humidity, gases and smokes which are produced by fire in the trees or vegetation. The
early detection is crucial step for a successful action of the firefighters.
Landslide Detection:
The landslide detection system generally makes use of wireless sensor network (WSN) to detect
the slight movements of soil and changes in various physical parameters that usually occurs
before or during a landslide. Through the data collection it will be possible to know the
occurrence of landslides long before it actually to be happened.
Water Quality Monitoring:
Water quality monitoring involves the study and analyzing water properties in water pools, lakes,
dams, canals, rivers and oceans, as well as underground water reserves beneath the ground. The
use of many wireless scattered distributed sensors enables the creation of a more precise map of
the water status, and it allows the permanent deployment of monitoring stations in the locations
of difficult access, without any involvement of manual data retrieval.
Natural Disaster Prevention:
Wireless sensor network (WSN) can effectively take action to prevent the consequences of
natural disasters, like earthquake and floods. Wireless sensor nodes have successfully been
deployed in rivers and dams where changes of the water levels have to be monitored in real time.
Machine Health Monitoring:
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is widely developed in industry for machinery condition-based
maintenance as they offer significant cost savings and it enable new functionality. In wired

5
systems, the installation of plenty of sensors is often constrained by the cost of wiring.
Previously inaccessible locations, restricted or hazardous zone, rotating machinery, and mobile
assets can now be reached with the help of wireless sensors.
Data Logging:
Wireless sensor networks are also used for the collection of record for monitoring of
environmental information, this process can be as simple as the monitoring of temperature in a
fridge to the level of water in overflow tanks in the nuclear power plants. The statistical record
and information data can then be further used to represent that how sensor network systems have
been working fine in area. The advantage of wireless sensor network (WSN) over the
conventional loggers is the "live" recorded data feed is possible.
Water/Waste Water Monitoring:
Monitoring the quality level of water includes many activities like testing the quality of
underground or surface water and making ensure a regional water infrastructure for the benefit of
both human and animal.

1.5 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network

From the hundreds to thousands number of sensor nodes form a sensor network is deployed to
produce high-quality record and information about their environment. The functionalities like
sensing, processing, storing, location finding, data packet transmission, power consumption etc.
are available in each of the nodes.
The major components of wireless sensor network [1] (WSN) are:
Sensor Node: It is the prominent component of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Sensor node
devices take multiple tasks to work in the network, like as simple sensing, processing, data
storing, path searching, routing and data transmission.
Clusters: Basically sensor nodes are grouped into clusters. Clusters are the organizational unit
for wireless sensor network WSN. The dense nature of these networks requires them to be
broken down into multiple clusters and task is then simplified for a communication.
Cluster Heads: Cluster heads (CHs) are the organization head or leader of a cluster. In the
cluster, all the sensor node send their data record to the cluster head. CHs are required to
organize their activities in the cluster. These activities include data-aggregation and organizing

6
the communication schedule in a cluster. Cluster head directly communicates with the base
station.
Base Station: The base station (BS) is always at the top level of the network hierarchy of any
WSN. It provides the communication link between the sensor network and the end-user or
observer of the network. The base station receives data records from the cluster heads.
End User: The sensed data records in a wireless sensor network (WSN) can be used for various
applications. Therefore, a particular application may make the use of the network data over the
internet, using a Laptop, a desktop computer or PDA. In a queried sensor network where the
required data records are gathered from a query sent through the network and this query is
usually generated by the end user.
Each node primarily comprises of the following components as shown in figure 1.2
Sensing Unit: Generally used for converting analog signals to digital signals which are

mainly generated by sensor nodes.

Processing Unit: Used to manage the functions that are responsible for communication with

the other sensor nodes. This processing unit is usually associated with some small storage
capacity.
Transceiver Unit: Generally used to connect a node device to its sensor network.

Internet
BS

Sensor node

User

Position Finding System Mobilizer

Sensing Unit Processing Unit Transmission Unit

Processor Radio
Storage Transceiver
Sensor ADC
Storage

Power Unit (Battery)

Figure 1.2 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network [1]

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 Power Unit: This is the energy source of the node which determines the life time of a sensor

node. Power can be saved by switching the sensor node off when not necessary and bringing
up it only when it is usually required. Solar energy can also be used in some modern power
unit for charging or recharging itself.
Mobilizer: A mobilizer is needed in cases where a sensor nodes have to move from one

location to another location.

The architectural view of sensor network is shown in figure 1.2. Sensing unit, processing unit,
transmission unit and power unit are the four major components of sensor nodes assigned with
different jobs. Sensing unit is used to trace the condition of physical environment and tells the
CPU to compute or process and finally store the data it sensed. Transmission unit is tasked to
receive the record information from CPU and transmit it to the cluster head or base station.
Power unit regulate battery power to sensor node.
There are different strategies, algorithms and methods to achieve better lifetime which include
energy efficient routing. Routing in wireless sensor networks is very challenging task due to
several characteristics that distinguish these networks from other wireless networks like mobile
ad hoc networks (MANET) or cellular networks. These usually include dense deployment of
sensor nodes in some area, high data redundancy, limited bandwidth and limited transmission
power.

8
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

9
 There exists a considerable research effort for the development of routing protocols in
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The development of these protocols is based on the particular
application needs and the architecture of the network. However, there are several factors that
should be taken into consideration when developing routing protocols for WSNs. Energy
efficiency is the most important among these factors, since it directly affects the lifetime of the
network. There have been a few efforts in the literature pursuing energy efficiency in WSNs.

2.1 Review of Energy Optimizing Protocol

In this section, energy optimizing protocols [6][10] are reviewed based on their classifications.
The sensor nodes are constrained to limited one time battery power resources itself, so the main
purpose is how to design an effective and energy optimizing protocol in order to enhance the
networks lifetime for specific application environment [6].

Table 2.1: Categories of Routing Protocols [6]

CATEGORY REPRESENTATIVE PROTOCOLS

Data Centric Protocols Flooding and Gossiping, SPIN, Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing,
Gradient Based Routing, Energy-Aware Routing, CADR,
COUGAR & ACQUIRE.

Hierarchical Protocols LEACH, PEGASIS, H-PEGASIS, TEEN & APTEEN.

Location Based Protocol MECN & SMECN, GAF & GEAR.

Network Flow & QoS Aware Maximum Lifetime Energy Routing, Maximum Lifetime Data
Protocol Gathering, Minimum Cost Forwarding, SAR & SPEED.

Routing protocols [6][10 ] are generally classified into four categories as shown in Table
3.1: Data Centric Protocols, Hierarchical Based Routing Protocol (Clustering), Location-Based

10
Routing Protocol (Geographic) and Network Flow & QoS Aware Protocol depending on the
network structure in WSNs.
Among so many routing protocols, only four modern energy optimizing routing protocols
LEACH, SEP, ESEP, TEEN, TSEP and ASLPR are selected as a base for analysis and
comparison.

2.2 LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)

LEACH [2] was proposed by Ningbo Wang, Hao Zhu in An Energy Efficient
Algorithm Based on LEACH Protocol for wireless sensor network.
LEACH [2] is basically a proactive routing protocol. The proactive routing protocols
continuously try to send up-to-date sensed data to the base station in the wireless sensor network.
This has as advantage that network connection time is fast, because when the first data packet is
sent then routing information data is already available. A main disadvantage of proactive
protocols is that they continuously use resources to communicate routing information, even when
there is no traffic. In a network hundreds and thousands of sensor nodes dispersed randomly for
even distribution of work load among nodes. These nodes sense data, transmit it to their
associated cluster heads (CHs) which first receive, aggregate it and then send its data packets to
the Base Station (BS).
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy ("LEACH") is usually a TDMA -
based MAC protocol and which is integrated with concept of clustering and a simply routing
protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The goal of the LEACH strategy is to
considerably lower the energy consumption which is required to create and keep maintain the
clusters in order to increase and improve the network life time of a wireless sensor network.
LEACH is usually a hierarchical routing protocol in which most sensor nodes transmit data
packets to the cluster heads, and the cluster heads usually aggregate it in memory unit and
compress this data and simply forward it to the associated base station or sink. Each node
generally uses a stochastic algorithm at each round for determining whether it will next become a
cluster head in that round. LEACH usually assumes that each sensing node has a transmission
radio powerful more enough to directly approach the base station or its nearest cluster head
(CH), but by using this transmission radio at full power all the time would waste energy.

11
 All the sensor nodes deployed in an environment are homogeneous and constrained in
limited battery power. To distribute the burden or work among nodes, an improve network life
clusters are formed. The sensor node devices are made to become CHs on turns [2]. Nodes
randomly elect themselves as CHs and it is done in a way that each node becomes CH once in
the time period of 1/ round. CHs selection is done on probabilistic basis [2], each sensor node
generates a random number inclusive of 0 and 1, if the generated value is less than this
threshold computed by formula given below [2], and then this node becomes CH.

1
= 1

where,
TN = Threshold
P = desired change (probability) of being CH
r = current round number
G = set of nodes which are not became CH in 1/P round
Usually by using this threshold value, each sensing node will be a CH in 1/P rounds, thus
probability remaining nodes are CH must be increased, since there are fewer nodes that are
eligible to become CH.
All nodes that are not cluster heads usually communicate with the cluster head in
a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) fashion, and according to a schedule created by the
cluster head. They usually do this strategy using the minimum energy required to reach the
cluster head, and only require to keep the switch on their radios during their time slot interval.
LEACH strategy also uses CDMA scheme so that each cluster in a network uses a different set
of CDMA codes, to minimize the interference between the clusters.

Advantages of LEACH:
LEACH [2] strategy is completely distributed, it reduces energy consumption 4 to 8 times
lower in case where packets are relayed in multi-hop transmission, and at last, all the nodes
in the network die at about the same time due to LEACH fair distribution of CH role.

12
 In LEACH [2] method, usually the control information from the base station is not
required for sensor nodes.

LEACH [2] reduces 7 to 8 times low overall energy dissipation as compared to direct
transmissions and minimum transmission energy routing.

In a completely distributed sensor network, the sensing nodes do not require any
knowledge of global network.

Limitation of LEACH:

LEACH is basically not ideal for a large geographical region or areas.

LEACH protocol generally offers no guarantee at all on the placement of the cluster head
nodes.

During the set-up phase of LEACH, each node sends information about its current location
and energy level to the base station (BS).

Normally the clusters are formed by such that total sum of squared distances between all
the non-cluster head sensing nodes and its closest cluster head is minimized.

LEACHs cluster formation algorithm will end up by assigning more cluster member
nodes A. This could make cluster head nodes a quickly running out of energy.

2.3 SEP (Stable Election Protocol)

SEP [3] was proposed by Georgios Smaragdakis, Ibrahim Matta, Azer Bestavros in SEP: A
Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.
SEP [3] method is an improvement of LEACH [2] method which is based on the
heterogeneity of networks. In SEP method, some of the high energy nodes are referred to as
advanced nodes and the probability of advanced nodes to become cluster heads is more as
compared to that of normal nodes. SEP protocol is based on two levels of heterogeneity.
In SEP, the impact of heterogeneity of sensing nodes are studied, in terms of their energy, in
wireless sensor networks that are usually hierarchically clustered. Some of the sensing nodes
become cluster heads in these networks, they aggregate the data values of their cluster members
and transmit this to the sink. Authors assume that the percentage of the population of sensor node

13
devices is equipped with additional energy resourcesthis is a source of heterogeneity which
may result from the starting initial setting or as the normal operation of the network evolves.
They also assume that the sensors are randomly (uniformly) distributed and are usually not of
mobile nature, the dimensions of the sensor field and the coordinates of the sink are usually
known. They show that the behavior of such type of sensor networks becomes very unstable
once the first node became dead, especially in the presence of heterogeneity of sensing nodes.
Classical clustering outing strategies usually assume that all the node devices are equipped with
the same amount of energy and as given by result, they can never take full advantage of this
modern presence of node heterogeneity. They proposed SEP, a heterogeneous-aware protocol to
prolong or enhance the time interval before the death of the first which is crucial for many
applications where the feedback report from the sensor network must be reliable.
SEP is based on weighted election probabilities of each sensing node to become cluster head
(CH) according to the remaining energy in each node. They showed by simulation that SEP
always prolongs or enhance the stability period compared to the other clustering protocols and
that the overall average throughput is also greater. They concluded by studying the sensitivity of
the SEP protocol that they have heterogeneity parameters capturing the energy imbalance
situation in the network. They found that SEP yields longer stability area for higher values of
some extra energy brought by more powerful nodes.
Let, m = fraction of the total number of nodes n, which are usually deployed with times
more energy than the others.

These powerful nodes are considered as advanced nodes,

Remaining (1 m) n as normal nodes.

Probability of the normal sensor nodes to become the cluster (CH) is

Pnor =
1+.

Probability of advanced sensor nodes to become CHs is

.(1+ )
Padv =
1+.

14
where, Popt is the optimal probability of each node to become CH. In SEP [22] method, CHs
selection is done randomly on the probability basis of each node. Sensor nodes sense data and
transmit it to their CH and CH transmit it to the Base Station (BS). By increasing or P,
system can be further improved. SEP [3] method results in a high stability time period and
enhanced network lifetime due to advance nodes however two level heterogeneity also gives
increased throughput.

Advantage of SEP:
In SEP [3] strategy, sensor nodes do not need any global knowledge of energy at each
selection round.

Limitations of SEP:
The limitation of SEP [3] strategy is that the cluster head selection among sensor nodes is
not dynamic, which results that the sensor nodes that are far away from the powerful nodes
will die first.

2.4 ESEP (Extended Stable Election Protocol)

ESEP was proposed by Islam, M. M. Matin, M. A. Mondol in Extended Stable
Election Protocol (SEP) for three-level hierarchical clustered heterogeneous WSN for
wireless sensor network.
ESEP [6] is the extension and improvement of SEP method. ESEP has three levels of
heterogeneity unlike SEP has two levels. ESEP [6] considers three types of nodes, normal nodes,
intermediate nodes and advance nodes. Where, advance nodes are usually some of total nodes
with an additional energy as in SEP. Intermediate nodes are some nodes with some extra energy
greater than normal nodes and less than advance nodes, and normal nodes are the remaining
nodes. As in SEP, in ESEP CHs are selected depending on basis of probability of each type of
node.
In heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, some sensing nodes usually become cluster
heads (CHs) which aggregate the data value of their cluster nodes and transmit this to the base
station or sink. Here, the authors present an Extended Stable Election Protocol (ESEP) algorithm
for cluster head selection in a hierarchically clustered heterogeneous network to reorganize the
network topology efficiently. This presented algorithm basically considers that the sensor nodes

15
are static and randomly distributed in the heterogeneous network, the dimensions of the sensor
field and the coordinates of the sink are previously known. The simulation result shows that the
Extended SEP algorithm achieves better performance than the existing SEP algorithm in terms of
network lifetime and throughput.

Heterogeneous ESEP Model for Wireless Sensor Network:

The authors of ESEP describe the heterogeneous wireless sensor network model which
includes cluster formation and maintaining optimum number of clusters.

Creation of a Cluster:
In ESEP, authors have considered a three tier hierarchical clustered network. The Low
Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) [2] is a protocol which is hierarchically
clustered where clusters are re-established in each round. In this strategy, the new cluster heads
get elected in each round and as a result the load becomes well distributed and balanced among
the nodes of the network. An optimal percentage of sensing nodes Popt is considered that has to
become cluster head in each round. Authors have assumed the same distributed algorithms as in
LEACH to form clusters in the network. To decide whether a node to become cluster head or not
a threshold T(s) is addressed which is as follows:

1
= 1

Where r is the current round number and G is the set of nodes that have not become
cluster head within the last 1/Popt rounds. Now, at the beginning of each round, each sensing
node which belongs to a set G selects a random number 0 or 1. If the selected random number is
less than the threshold Ts then the sensor node becomes a cluster head (CH) in that current
round.
In ESEP, a three-tier clustered heterogeneous network has been considered where the
moderate and advanced nodes elect themselves as cluster heads for the increasing number of
rounds based on their higher initial energy relative to other nodes. As the energy drop rate is less
in moderate and advanced nodes, it usually extends the lifetime of the network. The result also

16
confirmed that the ESEP approach provides a longer network lifetime as compared to the
existing SEP protocol having two types of nodes.

Advantage of ESEP:
The advantage of ESEP is that, the power saving is little enhanced due to three levels of
heterogeneity as compared to SEP.

The limitation of ESEP strategy is same as in SEP strategy.

2.5 TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol)

TEEN was proposed by Arati Manjeshwar, D.P. Agrawal, in TEEN: a routing protocol
for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
TEEN [5] is a reactive routing network protocol which is used for time critical
applications. In TEEN [14] protocol, nodes sense the medium continuously, but the data packets
are transmitted less frequently. In TEEN [5] method, data packets are transmitted only when
there is an only change occurs in their environment. TEEN [5] is threshold sensitive protocol
based on two levels of threshold, first hard threshold and second soft threshold. In the hard
threshold mode, the sensing nodes transmit data packets if the sensed data value is in the limited
range and thus it minimizes the number of data packet transmissions. In soft threshold mode, the
sensor node devices transmit data packets if there are any little changes in the value of the sensed
data. The nodes sense their environment continuously and store the sensed data value for
transmission up to the hard threshold value. Usually, whenever the sensed data value becomes
equal or greater than hard threshold, then sensor nodes transmit the data packets to their CHs.
For the next time, data packets are transmitted if there is any difference between the sensed data
value and previously saved data value is greater than or equal to soft threshold. So, in TEEN [5]
routing protocol, energy consumption as well as throughput is reduced, network lifetime is
enhanced and stability time period are improved than other protocols.

TEEN Features
The prominent features of this strategy and scheme are as follows:
Time critical data generally reaches the user almost instantaneously. So, this strategy is

prominently suited for any time-critical data sensing applications.

17
 Message transmission consumes much more energy than data sensing. So, however even

though the node device continuously sense the environment, the energy consumption in this
strategy can potentially be much less compared to that proactive network, because of less
frequent rate of data transmission.
The soft threshold value can be varied, basically depending on the critical condition of the

sensed attribute and certain target application.

A smaller value of the soft threshold gives a more accurate picture of the network, at the very

expense of increased power consumption. So, the trade-off can be controlled by the user
between energy efficiency and accuracy.
At every cluster change time, the attribute values are broadcast very afresh and so, but as per

requirement, the user can change them to different values.

In TEEN [5], author presented a formal classification of sensor networks. They also
introduced a new network protocol, TEEN for reactive networks. TEEN is well suited for time
critical applications and also it is quite efficient in terms of energy consumption and its response
time. It also allows the user to manipulate and control the energy consumption and accuracy to
suit the application.

Advantages of TEEN:
TEEN [5] is usually well suited for any time critical data sensing applications because of
its reactive routing strategy

It is quite energy efficient in the terms of energy consumption and response time because
of its reactive routing nature.

Soft threshold [5] value can be varied, depending on the condition of criticality of the
sensed data value and the target application. A smaller soft threshold value usually gives a
more accurate result of the sensor network.

Limitations of TEEN:
If the threshold values are not reached to its defined level, the sensing nodes will never
communicate. The network user will not get any data from the sensor network at all and it
will not come to know even if all the sensor nodes die.

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 Cluster heads (CHs) always wait for data packets from their nodes by keeping its
transmitter on.

2.6 TSEP (Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol)

TESP was proposed by A. Kashaf, N. Javaid, Z. A. Khan, I. A. Khan in TSEP: Threshold-

sensitive Stable Election Protocol for WSNs .

TSEP [4] combines the features of ESEP and TEEN protocols. TSEP is also a reactive
routing protocol and it has three different levels of energies. Cluster head (CH) selection is done
by threshold value, due to three levels of node heterogeneity and being reactive network routing
protocol, it produces increased stability period and network lifetime. By comparing TSEP with
SEP, LEACH, ESEP and TEEN it is concluded that TSEP protocol performs well in small as
well as large geographical networks.
Advantages of TSEP:
TSEP [4] combines the best features of ESEP and TEEN protocols.

The performance of TSEP is better than LEACH, SEP, ESEP and TEEN protocols.
Limitation of TSEP:
There is no calculation of energy levels for cluster head (CH) selection, CH is still
probability based in TSEP protocol.

2.7 ASLPR (Application Specific Low Power Routing Protocol)

In ASLPR [7], to calculate energy consumptions, the first order radio communication model is
used. In this model, a radio dissipates Eelec (per a bit) to run either the transmitter or the receiver
circuitry. Also, depending on the transmission distance the free space and the multi-path fading
channel models are used for the transmitter amplifier. To transmit an l-bit data packet from the
transmitter node to the receiver node with a distance d between them, the energy consumption
for the transmitter node and receiver node, respectively can be calculated as follows [7]:

(, ) = _ () + _ (, )

+ 2 0
=
+ 4 > 0

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 () = _ () =

where, the threshold distance d0is defined as

0 =

The electronic energy Eelec depends on such electronic factors as digital coding, modulation,
filtering, and spreading of the signal, whereas the amplifier energy in free space Efs or in
multipath environment Eemp depends on the distance from the transmitter to the receiver.

CH-election via ASLPR routing protocol [7]

As mentioned above, residual energy of nodes, their location in the network, etc. are not taken
into account for CH-election in LEACH protocol. On the other hand, if the node with lower
residual energy and large distance from sink decides to become a CH, it will be rapidly dead.
Each qualified node in set G has an identical opportunity to become CH per round, in LEACH
protocol. It is obviously that this mechanism leads to unbalanced energy consumption. On the
other hand, this incurs more energy consumption for those nodes that are farther from the sink. In
this paper, an application-specific clustering-based routing protocol named ASLPR is introduced,
that takes into account some concepts from the current situation of sensor nodes in the network
(e.g., the distance from the sink, the residual energy, the number of previously became CH, the
distance from the other CHs, etc.). By considering the sensor node situation in the network,
ASLPR, an extension of LEACH is introduced here. The adaptive threshold TASLPR(n) for node n
in ASLPR is calculated as follows:

() 1
() 1 ()

=1
() =
1
0 () < 1 ()

=0

Advantages of ASLPR:
ASLPR [7] protocol can be used with genetic algorithm techniques and methods to
improve the energy efficiency.
ASLPR [7] combines the best features of TSEP and TEEN protocols.
The performance of ASLPR is better than LEACH, SEP, TEEN and TSEP protocols.

20
Limitation of ASLPR:
There is no calculation of energy levels for cluster head (CH) selection, CH is still probability
based in TSEP protocol.

The Table 2.2 presents the summarized review of modern energy efficient protocols including
their advantages and limitations.
Table 2.2: Summarized Review of Modern Energy Efficient Protocols

S.No. Protocols Year Type Max Advantages Limitations

Throughput
1. LEACH 2000 Proactive 1.5104 Packets Clustering Not ideal for
large areas
2. SEP 2004 Proactive 1.5104 Packets 2 level of CH Selection
heterogeneity is not dynamic
3. ESEP 2012 Proactive 1.5104 Packets 3 level of CH Selection
heterogeneity is not dynamic
4. TEEN 2001 Reactive 2.5104 Packets Hard & Soft Threshold
Threshold Limitation
5. TSEP 2012 Reactive 2.5104 Packets Hard & Soft Still
Threshold with 3 probability
level of based CH
heterogeneity selection
6 ASLPR 2015 Reactive 3104 Packets Better energy Still
Efficiency probability
among protocols based CH
available upto selection
date

LEACH, SEP, ESEP, TEEN, TSEP and ASLPR protocols still use probability based
cluster head (CH) selection. On probability based cluster head selection, low energy nodes may
be selected as cluster head and high energy nodes may not be selected as cluster head. LEACH,
SEP and ESEP are proactive network routing protocols where nodes continuously transmit data
to base station and transmission consumes more energy compared to sensing. SEP and ESEP are
basically node heterogeneity aware protocols which improve network lifetime but the limitation
of node heterogeneity is this that throughput is also increased which decrease lifetime of WSN.
TEEN, TSEP and ASLPR are prominent reactive network routing protocols where frequent data
3transmission is limited by threshold value.

21
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES

22
3.1 Objectives

The objective for this dissertation preliminary work is to create an energy efficient and robust
wireless network of sensors which can effectively transmit data with minimal energy loss. Once
a wireless sensor network (WSN) is deployed, the network continuously works until battery of
the all nodes become dead. Sometime sensor networks are deployed polluted area or high
radiation zone where battery recharges or replacement and human manipulation is not possible.
So the objectives is achieved by energy efficient strategies by which the energy consumption of
battery can be reduced and network lifetime can be enhanced. One of the prominent advantages
of wireless sensor network (WSN) is its ability to eliminate the gap between logical world and
physical environment, by collecting certain useful data and information from the environment
and communicating that information to more powerful logical devices that can process or
estimate that information. It is envisioned that now WSNs can minimize or eliminate the need for
human involvement in information gathering and processing in certain civilian, industrial and
military applications. In future, smart sensor devices will be produced in large quantities and
varieties at a very low cost and densely deployed to improve robustness and reliability. They can
be miniaturized into a size of cubic millimeter package in order to be stealthy into a hostile
environment. The energy or power constraints on the other hand are more important and
fundamental. In modern sensors, battery capacity only doubles in around 35 years. Power
constraints of sensor node are unlikely to be solved in the near future with the slow progress in
sensor node battery capacity and energy dissipation. Moreover, the nature of sensor nodes are
untended as well as the polluted or hazardous sensing environment prevents manual battery
replacement. For these reasons, the energy awareness represents itself as the important and key
research challenge for wireless sensor network efficient protocol design. Several industries and
researchers have addressed and proposed energy conservation recently. Most of the researchers
focus on particular protocols and investigate whether their energy conservation strategy can be
achieved. Generally their approaches and strategies can be evaluated through simulations.

23
 CHAPTER 4
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION &
METHODOLOGY

24
4.1 Problem Statements
The problem statement is basically not problems in the energy efficient routing protocols
rather these are limitations of the routing protocols. In this chapter of the dissertation report,
limitations of modern energy efficient routing protocols are pointing out which was analyzed in
the chapter of literature survey.
4.1.1 Probability Based Cluster Head Selection:
The cluster head (CH) selection in LEACH, SEP, ESEP, TEEN, TSEP and ASLPR
protocols is on the bases of the probability. There are no calculations of energy level of the
sensor nodes from cluster during the cluster head selection. Because the ratio of current energy to
initial energy among the sensor nodes are different so cluster head selection on probability based
create unbalancing in selection of cluster head.
4.1.2 Proactive Routing Protocol:
LEACH, SEP and ESEP protocols work as a proactive routing protocol, where all sensor
node devices continuously sense the environment and continuously send the data packets to the
base station. Because transmission of data packets consumes more energy as compared to
sensing so proactive routing protocol has this limitation.
The continuously received sensed data packets have same repeated attributed or values in
the data which may be useless for the observer of the sensor network.
4.1.3 Limitation of Heterogeneity:
SEP and ESEP protocols are heterogeneity aware protocols which improve stability
period and network lifetime but here a limitation of heterogeneity is this that throughput is also
increased which decrease network lifetime. To improve and enhance energy efficiency, accuracy
and also to enhance network lifetime, the proposed protocol is observed to be better than other
protocols.

4.2 Methodology
In this section, theoretically a new proposed protocol is discussed which is based on
energy level calculation as well as three levels of node heterogeneity and threshold estimation.
Cluster head (CH) selection is based on energy level of nodes in the proposed protocol unlike
LEACH, SEP, ESEP, TEEN, TSEP and ASLPR as cluster head is selected on probability bases.

25
 Clustering method provides an efficient and effective way to increase the network
lifetime of a WSN. The clustering algorithms discussed in literature review basically utilize two
techniques, first the selection of a cluster head (CH) with more residual energy and second the
rotation of cluster heads (CHs) on the probability basis periodically, for an equal distribution of
energy consumption among sensor nodes in each cluster and enhance the lifetime of the WSN.
To forward data packets to the base station, cluster heads usually cooperate with other cluster
heads, the cluster heads is selected basically on the probability bases and high residual energy
node may not be selected as cluster head (CH) and low residual energy node may be selected as
cluster head (CH).

4.2.1 Formation of Cluster:

In Wireless Sensor Network, all sensor nodes are grouped into many clusters and one
cluster head is selected in each group of cluster. All sensor nodes sense their environment and
the sensed values are transmitted to their associated cluster heads (CHs) and finally the collected
sensed data packets are transmitted to the base station (BS).
Clustering provides an efficient and effective way to enhance the lifetime of a wireless
sensor network. The clustering algorithms discussed in previous section usually utilize two
techniques, selection of cluster heads with more residual energy and rotating cluster heads (CHs)
on the probability basis periodically, for distribution of energy consumption among sensor nodes
in each cluster and enhance the network lifetime. When cluster heads cooperate with other
cluster heads to forward their data packets to the base station, usually the cluster heads nearer to
the sink or base station of the network are loaded with high data packet transmission traffic and
it tend to discharge or die early, leaving remaining region of the network uncovered and causing
network partition.
For cluster formation in the WSN, the base station (BS) broadcasts a signal at a fixed
energy level. Each node in the network computes its approximate distance from base station
based on received signal strength. It provides the sensor nodes to estimate the proper power
strength level to communicate with base station. Clusters are produced by this clustering formula
given below in equation.

= 1

26
 Rci = the range of radius in the network for cluster formation,
dmax = maximum distance from sensor node to base station,
dmin = minimum distance from sensor node to base station,
di = distance from node i to base station in WSN,
c = weighted factor (value is between 0 to 1),
Rmax = maximum competition radius.
The competition radius of the sensor node is estimated by di. If di is bigger, then Rci will
be smaller. The diameter of the cluster in the WSN dominated by node i is

= 2

27
 CHAPTER 5
PROPOSED SOLUTION

28
5.1 Proposed Solution
Energy Level Based Cluster Head Selection Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network is the
proposed protocol.
5.1.1 Formation of Cluster Heads:
The optimal probability is the probability without considering any normal, intermediate and
advanced nodes, all nodes considering same nodes.
The cluster head selection in this proposed protocol, some improvements over ESEP
method are introduced. The threshold level are taken as a parameter for consideration. Each node
usually generates a random number between [0, 1], if this generated value is less than the
threshold value then this sensor node becomes cluster head (CH).
The threshold level for the normal nodes is calculated by the equation as

1
= 1

0

G = set of those normal nodes that have not became a cluster head in the previous round.
= Energy of node at current time.
= Energy of node at initial time.

The threshold level for the intermediate nodes is calculated by the equation as

1
= 1

0

G = set of those intermediate nodes that have not became a cluster head in the previous round.

The threshold level for the advanced nodes is calculated by the equation as


1
= 1

0

29
G = set of those advanced nodes that have not became a cluster head in the previous round.
Here is an improvement in the proposed protocol by considering the ratio of energy of node at
current time to energy of node at initial time.

The average total number of cluster heads (CHs) per round =

.(1 ).Po + ..P + ..Pv = .P

5.1.2 Functioning of Network:

In proposed protocol, at the beginning of each round, node by node cluster head (CH) changes
take place usually. At the time of the cluster change, the cluster head (CH) transmits the
following parameters [26]:

Report Time: The time period during which each sensor node successfully transmits the
reports.

Attributes: The set of physical parameters about which information data is being sent.

Hard Threshold: The upper limit of the value for the sensed attribute beyond which the
nodes switch their transmitter on and send reports to their cluster head.

Soft Threshold: The lowest limit of the value below which the nodes switch their
transmitters on and transmit data to their cluster head (CH).

30
 CHAPTER 6
RESOURCES REQUIRED

31
6.1 Software Resource and Tools

MATLAB/Simulink will be used as the simulation software and tool to build the simulation
environment of wireless sensor network. The strength of this MATLAB simulation method falls
in the ability to study the effect of different physical parameters on the system behavior. The
other advantage of this method is its flexibility in building the end nodes and sensors. This
simulation methodology could be used to build different WSN types and opens the doors to use
the MATLAB in this new field.

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:

Mathematics and Computation

Algorithm Development

Modeling, Simulation, and Prototyping

Data Analysis, Exploration, and Visualization

Scientific and Engineering Graphics

Application Development, including Graphical User Interface

MATLAB Version:

MATLAB (8.3) 2014a Unix version will be used in this dissertation work for simulation of
proposed protocol in wireless sensor network.

Platform:

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS operating system will be used as a platform of MATLAB simulation of this
work.

32
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

33
7.1 Conclusion and Future Work
In this dissertation preliminary report, a reactive routing protocol is proposed where
nodes with three different levels of energies. The concept of unequal clustering is used and
cluster head selection is threshold as well as energy level based, due to three levels of
heterogeneity and being reactive routing network protocol, it produces increase in energy
efficiency and enhanced network lifetime. It can be concluded that our protocol will perform
well in small as well as large sized networks and best suited for time critical applications.
However proposed protocol is not suitable where frequent information is received from
wireless sensor network. Our future direction will be to overcome this limitation in this protocol.
Finally, in future, the concept and implementation of mobile base station can be introduced in
proposed protocol to perform the next level of technology of wireless sensor network.

34
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