Hydrological & Hydraulic Report - Volume 1 (June 2004-Final) PDF

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN
TEBATAN BANJIR (PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KELANG

DAN SUNGAI LANGAT DI MUKIM TELOK PANGLIMA GARANG,
MUKIM TANJUNG DUA BELAS DAN MUKIM BANDAR, DAERAH
KUALA LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
Volume 1
HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC
ANALYSIS OF THE CANAL
Final Report
CIVIL & STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT:

DR YG TAN JURUTERA PERUNDING
5-1, JALAN 2/115A,
TAMAN PAGAR RUYONG, JALAN KUCHAI LAMA,
58200, KUALA LUMPUR
TEL : 03-7083 6150 FAX : 7981 2991 JUNE 2004
PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TEBATAN BANJIR (PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KELANG DAN SUNGAI LANGAT DI MUKIM TELOK PANGLIMA GARANG, MUKIM TANJUNG
DUA BELAS DAN MUKIM BANDAR, DAERAH KUALA LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is an initiative by the Selangor State
Government and the private sector lead by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad
(PNSB), a Selangor State Agency in joint-venture with Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd and is
herewith referred to as :-
PROJECT PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN TEBATAN BANJIR

(PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KLANG AND SUNGAI LANGAT IN THE MUKIM OF
TELOK PANGLIMA GARANG, MUKIM TANJUNG DUABELAS AND MUKMI BANDAR,
DAERAH KUALA LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.
The proposed PPTATTB Project Site is geographically located at a longitude of of

25206N to 25834N and a longitude of 1012831E to 1013437E. The Project
involved a total of 5439.29 acres (2,201.20 hectares) of land in three Mukims, namely
Mukim of Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas and Mukim Bandar in
Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The location of proposed Canal City
Develoment is shown in Figure 1.1.
The PPTATTB Project is under the jurisdiction of the Kuala Langat District Council.
The main objective of the PPTATTB Project as initiated by the Selangor State
Government and undertaken by a Selangor State Agency, PNSB in association with
Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd is :-
a) Reduce the Impact of Flooding of the Sungai Klang along the areas upstream
and downstream of the diversion canal by diverting 30% of its 100 years flood
flow into the Sungai Langat.
b) Reduce the Flood Level of potential development land in the vicinity of this
project.
DDr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG 1


c) Enhance the commercial values of the land under this project from a swampy
waste land into potential development land and revenue earner for the State of
Selangor.
d) Enhance the area into a TOURIST and TOURISM related project with the
introduction of water sports and other recreation facilities.
The PPTATTB Project will be developed through a DESIGN, BUILD and DEFERRED
Payment Reimbursable Method.
1.2 PROJECT LOCATION
The alignment of the proposed PPTATTB Project traverse from the North from the Elite
Highway to the Sungai Langat near Jenjarum Town as shown in the Figure 1.2 and
1.3. The diversion starts about 200 metres from the bridge across Sungai Klang at
kilometre 14.3 Km of the Elite Highway.
It is adjacent the proposed 1,000 acres mixed residential development of Putra Height
and Kota Kemuning in the North, and the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary in the
South. It is about 15Km East of Kuala Langat Town and on the South- Western sector
are the developed towns of Telok Panglima Garang and Jenjarom.
New highways have been planned and the West Coast Expressway (WCE) traverse
closed to the Eastern boundary of the site while the South Klang Valley Expresway
(SKVE) on the Southern borders traverse from the west to the east of the development
to Pulau Lumut and West Port. Proposals have been initiated to link the development
with both these expressways. Encompassed within the 5439.29 acres (2,201.20
hectacres) development are the former swamp forest reserve of the Kuala Langat
(North) Forest Reserve, which extends to the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary,
Agriculture with particular emphasis on oil palm plantation is the predominant
agriculture product in this area.

There are scattered families of orang asli in the Bukit Kemandul area. The State
Government have provided designated land and reserve to relocate the orang asli
settlement affected by this project.



1.3 PROJECT INITIATOR
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project has been assigned by the Selangor
State Government to be developed by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad (PNSB)
and Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd. Information on the proposed development can be obtained
from the Project Initiator at the following address:-
Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad (PNSB)

25th Floor, Wisma MBSA,
Persiaran Perbadanan,
40000 Shah Alam,
Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Tel : 03-55107105; Fax : 03-55107232
Attn : En. Azlan bin Kachong
In Joint-Venture With
Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd

st
21 Floor, Menara Maxisegar,
Jalan Pandan Indah 4/2,
Pandan Indah,
55100 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel : 03-42912298; Fax : 03-42969201
Attn : Mr Ong Choon Hoo
(Senior Vice President II-Project)

1.4 APPOINTMENT OF PROJECT CONSULTANTS
1.4.1 CIVIL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
The civil and geotechnical consultant appointed for the proposed Project is Dr. Y.G.
Tan Jurutera Perunding. Any inquiries and correspondences with regard to the civil
aspects of the proposed Project can be directed to :-
Dr. Y.G. Tan Jurutera Perunding

Civil, Structural & Geotechnical Engineers
5-1, Jalan 2/115A, Taman Pagar Ruyong,
Jalan Kuchai Lama, 58200 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 03-79810366; Fax: 03-79812991
Attn.: Ir. Dr. Tan Yean Guan
(Principal)
Ir Chia Khoon Khean / Ir Chong Soon Fa
(Associate)
1.4.2 PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT
The planner appointed for the proposed PPTATTB Project is JTC Planners Sdn Bhd
and the surveyor is Jurukur Terra Consult Sdn Bhd. Any inquiries and
correspondences with regard to the layout of the proposed Project can be directed to:
PLANNERS
JTC Planners Sdn. Bhd.
Consultant in Town Planning and Land Development
No. 91, Jalan Aminuddin Baki,
Taman Tun Dr. Ismail,
60000 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel : 03-77258924 Fax : 03-77278341
Attn.: En. Syed Azelan
(Planner)
and
SURVEYORS
Jurukur Terra Consult Sdn. Bhd.
60000 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 03-77258924 Fax : 03-77278341
Attn: En. Shahrezal
(Surveyor)
1.4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) consultant appointed to submit the

environmental studies to the Department of Environment is Europasia Engineering
Services Sdn Bhd. Any inquiries and correspondences with regard to the report can be
directed to :
Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. (239233-K)

36D, Jalan Petaling Utama 9,
Petaling Utama, 46000 Petaling Jaya,
Tel : 03-77833639/40, 77844382; Fax : 03-77843200
Attn.: Ms. Geetha P. Kumaran (I00161)
(Project Manager)

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA
2.1 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA
The Klang and Langat river basins are located in the State of Selangor and includes
the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia as
shown in Figure 2.1. The catchment area for the Sungai Klang river basin is
approximately 1,280 km2 while for the larger Sungai Langat river basin is about 2,500
km2, twice the size of the Klang river basin. In terms of drainage and flooding
problems, the Sungai Klang river basin experiences much more severe problems than
the Sungai Langat river basin due to the rapid urbanization experienced in the Federal
Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the adjacent towns like Shah Alam, Petaling Jaya and
Damansara in Selangor.
During the January 1971 flood, the floodwater inundated a vast area of the basin for
several days and in some low-lying areas, the depth of flooding was as high as 3m to
4m. Since then, the basin has experienced no less than ten major floodings, not to
mention the frequent flash flood occurrences. The flooding has not only inflicted great
losses to the properties adjacent to the river but also has caused severe disruption to
various social-economy activities in the Klang Valley itself. Traffic in the city grind to a
standstill as commuters grapple with the flood water and road congestion due to
impassable traffic at low-lying areas. The flood also caused damages to vehicles and
household.



The need for an integrated flood mitigation scheme for the Sungai Klang river basin was
apparent with the implementation of the Federal Territory Drainage Project. This project is
based on an earlier study on titled Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project - Drainage
Improvements - Master Drainage Plan which was initiated in 1978. The second stage of the
schemes to be integrated is the Sungai Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project which
derives from the report The Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Sungai Klang River Basin by
Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) in 1989. The third scheme is the on-going
Ten Year Programme for Cleaning up the Klang River that commenced in 1992. Follow-up
from these, the Klang River Basin Integrated Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia (KRBIFMPM)
which was commissioned by the Asian Development Bank was carried out and completed in
1996. The objectives of this study were :
to complete a feasibility study of the integration of the three on-going programs for
flood mitigation work, drainage work and environment enhancement activities; and
to assemble the feasible integrated works into one or more packages for
implementation purposes with the over riding objective of achieving flood mitigation
and environmental benefits for the Sungai Klang River basin.
Among other recommendations and findings, the KRBIFMPM had identified an urgent
flood mitigation plan for priority actions and implementation. The urgent flood mitigation
plan is the river improvement works of Klang river stretching from Jalan Klang Lama bridge
to Klang town (Kota bridge) which form the project component of this KRBIFMPM Project.
The urgency and importance of this project can be summarised as follows :
This stretch of the river is located at the downstream of the Klang valley basin and
improvement to the river conveyance capacity will not only solve the flooding problems
at the vicinity of it but will also alleviate flooding problems upstream of it including
Kuala Lumpur city.
The Taman Sri Muda residential area was then badly affected by flooding whenever
the flow of Klang River overtops its bank. The improvement of the river downstream of
it will definitely reduce the flood frequency of this area.
The damages caused by flooding are high due to the appreciation of land cost along
the Klang River. Not only this, the disruptions inflicted by flooding towards various
social-economic activities in the Klang valley have brought great losses to the economy
of the country as a whole.
Realising the urgent need to resolve the frequent flooding that caused huge economic
losses to the residential and commercial properties in the low-lying areas along the
Sungai Klang river basin, the Selangor State Government has initiated and embarked
on the proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Scheme to divert the flood water during a
100 year return period through a man-made canal with storage capacities for a
retention period during flooding and then discharge the flood water into the Sungai
Langat river basin near its river mouth.
The major benefits obtained from the construction of this man-made canal is flood
control in addition to serving as a transportation and recreation facility while the low-
lying land within this development will be greatly enhanced for development by proper
drainage.
2.1.1 Physical Environment
2.1.1.1 Geomorphology
The topography of the Project Site in relation to the surroundings is shown in Figure
2.2 in general, the Project Site is located within the low-relief plain between Sungai
Kelang and Sungai Langat. The entire Project Site is flat with the existing ground
levels varying between +RL5.0 to RL7.0 as shown in Figure 2.3, and these constitute
the inland lowland forest which grades southwestwards beyond the Site to the
freshwater swamp forest of the Kuala Langat (North) Forest Reserve and this where
the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary is located. From soil investigation works in the
adjacent site and correlationship with existing geological maps, the project site can be
divided into the following geomorphological units :-
a) Lowland Forest underlain by Alluvial Sediment;
b) Residential Hills of the Kenny Hill Formation.


2.1.1.2 Lowland Forest Underlain by Alluvial Sediments
Geomorphologically, the Project Site constitutes the inland alluvial flat that was
formerly covered by the lowland forest. The entire alluvial flat has been cleared of its
original vegetation for planting or left vacant, overgrown with shrub and grass. Below
the secondary and primary vegetation, a thin layer of decaying vegetation that was
derived from the former lowland forest now covers the alluvial plain. The flat alluvial
land on the eastern part of the Project Site has been used for sand mining and the
dumping of the overburden. The on-going sand mining within the Project Site is
changing the landscape and creating burrow pits more than 40m deep together with
sand mound. The burrow pits are being dewatered and therefore have not filled up
with water.
The lowland forest in the middle portion of the Project Site is gradually converting to oil
palm plantations with better economy values as observed at the middle and south-
western portions of the Project Site.
2.1.1.3 Residual Hills
The small hillocks are found in the western portion of the Project Site which is a
continuation from the irregularly shaped hilly terrain of Bukit Kemandul. This irregular
shaped hill is one of the many residual hills that were left exposed when the rest of the
land were deposited over by the alluvial sediments that formed the Alluvial Plain. Like
the rest of the residual hills, the small hillocks within the Project Site are composed of
residual soil of the Kenny Hill Formation. The Grade IV and V materials are found
beneath the top Grade VI residual soil. The Bukit Kemandul areas were cultivated with
rubber and oil palm trees due to the suitable characteristic of the natural soil, however,
now this soil is being intensively mined as fill material for the urban developments in
the surrounding areas.

2.1.1.4 Surface Hydrology
The hydrological regime of the proposed site was determined based on field
investigation and inspection of the adjacent development. The flat terrain has resulted
in waterlogging and the absence of natural watercourses at the Site. Based on the
secondary data from the adjacent site, standpipes were installed on site to measure
the fluctuation of water table over a duration of six (6) months as well as the
topographical maps (1:50,000) for the Telok Datok (Sheet 3756) and Sepang (Sheet
3755) areas were used to interpret the drainage basin and determine the possible
drainage divide.
2.1.1.5 General Drainage Pattern of the Project Area
The site is generally flat and low-lying and majority of the existing ground levels varies
between ODL +5m at the lowest to a high of +7.0m ODL. Low residual hills (i.e. Bukit
Kemandul and Bukit Cheeding) sandwich the site and directs water flow from these low
hills into the low-lying areas. There is no defined stream within the flat plain covered
generally with secondary forest and thick undergrowth, as well as some young oil palm
trees. This low-lying area is drained by a series of drainage channels with slow flowing
water which flows towards north through the Malay villages prior to discharges into
Sungai Kelang. The low-lying area is generally water logged and during the wet
season covers a large area of the site.
The eastern part of the Project Site is disturbed by the sand mining operation. The
sand mining operations in the Project site are actively pumping out water to dewater
the mining pits, to pump the sand slurry and to separate and wash the sand particles.
The sand washing water discharged into the drainage channels that flow towards the
north into Sungai Kelang too.

However, the surface drainage for the low-lying are in the south-western portion of the
Project Site is criss-crossed with a series of drainage channel for the oil palm estate.
The site has generally being disturbed and the drainage pattern takes the form of a
fish bone central channel to drain the high water table (saturated surface) for the
palm oil estate from northeast to the southwest. The dark slow flowing water flows
south-westerly across State Route B5 prior to discharging into Sungai Langat.
2.1.1.6 Drainage Divide and Surface Water Flow Direction
Based on the drainage patterns shown on topographic maps (Telok Datok, Sheet
3756), the general area that surrounds the Site is influenced by the two river systems;
the Sungai Klang system in the north and the Sungai Langat system in the south. A
Surface Drainage divide between these two river systems is interpreted to occur about
middle portion of the Project Site. On this basis, the surface drainage of the whole Site
is towards the north towards the Sungai Klang system and south towards the Sungai
Langat system. This agrees very well with the field observations. The surface flow
directions of the surface water for the general area around the Site and the Surface
Drainage Divide are clearly marked on Figure 2.2.
There are no water intake points located in the Sungai Klang and Sungai Langat
downstream of the Project Site discharge.
2.1.1.7 Geological Aspect
The geological information of the Project area was obtained from the Geological Map
of Peninsular Malaysia (1985) and Quaternary Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia
(1989), both published by the Geological Survey of Malaysia as shown in Figure 2.4.


In the flat parts of the Project Site, the bedrock is not exposed as they are underlain by
the unconsolidated and semi-consolidated Quaternary alluvial sediments of varying
thickness that is made up of the Holocene Beruas Formation (i.e., Peat, Humic Clay
and Silt Deposits) in the north portion, or and the marine Gula Formation (i.e. Clay and
Silt Deposit with locally very clayey or silty sand) in the south-western portion.
However, the Kenny Hill Formation is encountered as hillock located at Bukit Kemandul
in the western portion of the Project Site.
The alluvial sediments are found over a large area of the proposed development site
and underlie the vast former lowland swamp forest. The top layer of the alluvial
sediment consist of layer of decaying vegetation varying in thickness between 0.5m
6m. The thick alluvial sediments underlying are generally from the Beruas and the
Simpang Formation.
Limited sand mining activities were carried out at the eastern portion of the Project Site
for a long duration of time. This sand mining operation has changed the landscape of
the proposed development drastically. The characteristic of the exposed material
washed is generally a thick layer of fine white sand interbedded with silt and clay.
Figure 2.5 showed the reconnaissance soil map of the project area.


2.2 THE FLOODING PROBLEM
The Klang Valley basin is the most developed and populated area in Malaysia where
the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is located. At the upper reach are the major
residential, commercial and industrial development areas such as Petaling Jaya,
Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang town. Due to the rapid development and
urbanisation in the Valley, drainage and flooding problems have become more frequent
and severe especially along both banks of the Klang River, the main river that drains
the Klang Valley catchment. The floodings have not only inflicted great losses to the
properties adjacent to the river due to high land value but have frequently caused
severe disruption to various social-economic activities in and around the Klang Valley
itself.
In the Klang valley, flooding is caused both by depression-type monsoon storms and
convective thunderstorms. Depression-type monsoon storms are of long duration,
widespread over the whole basin and relatively low intensity. They usually do not
cause serious flooding to small tributaries, but long duration flooding over a large area
adjacent to the downstream portion of the Sungai Klang can occur. On the other hand,
thunderstorms are typically of short duration with high intensity rainfall and can cause
serious damages to the low-lying areas of small catchments. This type of flooding is
termed as flash flood and normally strikes several times each year at different location
in the basin.
Over the years, Klang valley has been hit by several major flooding and one of the
most severe floods ever recorded was in January 1971 which lasted for 5 days. During
this flood, approximately 122 km2 of the basin was inundated, causing an estimated
total damage of RM36 million with nearly 180,000 people affected. In the mid 90s,
with the implementation of Flood Mitigation Project in the upper Klang Valley and the
rapid development of lower catchment of Sungai Klang, flooding in the lower catchment
became more frequent and severe. Figure 2.6 show the flood prone area in Klang
River Basin.

Figure 2.6 - Flood Prone Areas in Klang River Basin

On December 1995 another severe flood struck the Klang Valley and the most affected
area was the Taman Sri Muda residential area. The causes of the flooding at this area
were mainly due to prolong rainy season, siltation of the Sungai Klang and its location
at the low-lying flood plain on the left bank of Sungai Klang. It was reported that the
depth of flooding was over 2m and the damage was estimated at RM20 million.
2.3 THE KLANG RIVER BASIN FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT
There are currently two (2) major on-going flood mitigation projects being implemented
in the basin, i.e. the Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project being undertaken by
the Federal Territory Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) and the Selangor
Flood Mitigation Project undertaken by DID Selangor. The ongoing programme of
works has been underpinned by a number of flood mitigation studies, including Kuala
Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project - Drainage Improvements- Master Plan 1978, The
Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin 1989 by JICA, Klang River
Basin Integrated Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia, 1994 by Kinhill in association with
Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd, 1994, Review Report for Klang River Improvement Works,
1996 by Dr. Nik & Associates and Rehabilitation of the Klang River from Jalan Sultan
Ismail Bridge to Jalan Sulaiman Bridge, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur by Erinco
Sdn Bhd 1998. Recently, through the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan, DID has
completed a more comprehensive study and review as well as proposed additional
flood mitigation projects to resolve the frequently flooding problems in the Klang river
basin. The project title is the Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement and
Flood Mitigation Project carried out by Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd (DNA). in
association with Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) and Snowy Mountain Engineering
Cooperation (SMEC). The project completed in 2002 is todate the most thorough
project where it not only addresses the flood mitigation components but also the flood
forecasting and warning system as well as the improvement of the river environment.
In the Selangor Flood Mitigation Project, it includes flood mitigation sub-projects of the
Klang River tributaries including Sg. Damansara, Sg. Penchala, Sg. Kayu Ara, Sg.
Rasah, Sg. Gombak, Sg. Batu, Sg. Kerayong and other smaller sub-tributaries. The
main sources of funds is provided by the Federal as well as State Governments.
However, due to funding constraints, improvement works are being carried out in
phases, focusing on critical areas and immediate needs.

2.4 JICA STUDY IN 1989
Following the 1971 major flood, the implementation of the Federal Territory Drainage
Project (FEDP) was launched based on the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project
Drainage Improvements Master Drainage Master Plan, 1978. The project focused
on the City of Kuala Lumpur. This was later expanded to cover the whole river basin
following the Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin, 1989 by Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The designed level of protection is for a 100
years return period. The major works included the following :-
the construction of Batu Dam,

raising of Klang Gates Dam,
construction of Gombak Diversion and Batu Retention Pond,
construction of Kg. Baru Pump House,
river improvement works for 11 rivers with a total length of 185km,
removal of Puchong Drop, and
utilisation of ex-mining ponds as flood retention storage ponds.
The original design of utilising Rasau Swamp for flood storage has been abandoned
because the majority of the land were alienated by the state for development or
commercial purposes. As such, the current on-going Sungai Klang improvement works
for the downstream section is based on a re-design without considering the Rasau
Swamp as a storage pond. The total project cost is estimated to be Ringgit Malaysia 1
billion. The Project is scheduled to be completed by the year 2005.
The majority of the works, especially in the City of Kuala Lumpur have been completed.
However flooding frequently occurs despite the massive improvement works. Several
reviews have shown that the protection level for many areas, especially those in the
Kuala Lumpur City center, is well below the design level of 100 years. These studies
have concluded that constrictions to flood flow arising from encroachment, temporary
works in river channels, permanent road crossings, trapped solid waste and shortage
of available land resulting in channel constrictions restrict further river improvement
works. It is also a fact that the actual development had exceeded the planned
development rate resulting in higher flood run-off and hence reducing the protection
level against flood.

2.5 KINHILL & RANHILL STUDY IN 1994
Subsequently, DID has commissioned the Klang River Basin Integrated Flood
Mitigation Project, Malaysia, 1994 by Consultants Kinhill in association with Ranhill
Bersekutu Sdn Bhd in 1994. This was a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance
(PPTA) commissioned by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), comprising a feasibility
study to integrate the three ongoing flood mitigation projects in the Klang River Basin
into one project for the Government of Malaysia. The integration of the three ongoing
projects were to be packaged for implementation purposes and the overall objective of
the integrated project was to mitigate major flooding problems in the Klang River Basin.
As an outcome of the technical studies and feasibility study phases of the PPTA, seven
sub-projects were identified for inclusion in the Project that are briefly detailed below:
Table 2 : Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA)

Sub-project 1 Klang River Channel Improvement
The sub-project would implement works to improve the existing
channel capacity of the Klang River from the Federal Highway bridges
to below the Damansara River junction over a distance of some 36 km.
Sub-project 2 Klang River Levee Extensions
The sub-project would implement the construction of low levees
extending from the levee embankments associated with Sub-project 1
downstream to link with existing levees and areas of higher natural
ground. The levees would provide protection against river or tidal
flooding in the transitional zone without the need for channel dredging.
Sub-project 3 Sediment Trapping
The sub-project would involve the continuation and extension of the
current program of sediment trap construction and operation to enable
removal of excessive sediment from the river system before it enters
and is deposited in the central city areas or downstream where its
subsequent removal is more difficult and costly.

Sub-project 4 Tributary River Channel Improvement

This sub-program would continue channel improvements in tributary
rivers and streams in identified high priority areas.
Sub-project 5 Flood Forecasting and Warning
Flood Forecasting and Warning. This sub-project would implement
improved instrumentation in the Klang River catchment and the
development of a flood forecasting and flood warning system based on
appropriate instrumentation and monitoring equipment.
Sub-project 6 Integrated Catchment Management Pilot Programme
This would involve setting up of an Integrated Catchment Management
Unit in the appropriate government agency and the selection of 4 or 5
appropriate sub-catchments for trial ICM groups.
Sub-project 7 Solid Waste Management
This sub-project would provide the facilities for operating a solid waste
collection and disposal system for currently underserviced areas and
particularly the squatter settlements or residential areas contributing to
solid waste in the river.
In general terms, the outcome of the PPTA can be considered as a consolidation of the
ongoing project into defined project packages and programs for future implementation.

2.6 DNA, DHI & SMEC STUDY IN 2002
The design return period for the ongoing Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project is
1 in 100-year ARI and a substantial portion of the proposed program of works
upstream of Kuala Lumpur City has been completed. However, recent floods (30th
April 2000, 26th April 2001 and 29th October 2001) have resulted in significant flooding
and substantial flood damages in many areas of Kuala Lumpur. This is consistent with
the results of the Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement and Flood Mitigation
Project by Dr. Nik & Associates in 2002 hydrological and hydraulic studies. To
increase the protection level to 1 in 100 ARI, the study of DNA proposed the followings
:
Construction of Sungai Klang/Sungai Kerayong bypass Tunnel and other

associated works;
Construction of Ampang Diversion channel connecting Ampang River to Ampang
Hilir pond and upgrade the outlet structure for Ampang Hilir pond;
Implementation of flood detention storage system in the Bunus catchment to control
the 100-year ARI peak discharge into Klang River to 45 m/s3;
Upgrading of Gombak Diversion System and enlargement of Batu Detention Pond
storage volume to 4.5 million m3;
Construction of Keroh Diversion and enlargement of Jinjang Ponds storage volume
to 2.5 million m3 with other related works;
Construction of deep storage ponds with pumping system at Benteng and Puah
ponds to increase the storage capacity to 400,000 and 250,000 m3 respectively;
Improvement of hydraulic flows of the constricted bridges at Kinabalu bridge, and
Tun Perak bridge on the Klang River crossings and Tun Razak bridge and Jln Raja
bridge on the Gombak River crossings;
Improvement of the hydraulic flows at the PWTC rock cascades at Batu and
Gombak Rivers, just upstream of the confluence; and
Upgrading the mechanical gate system at Klang Gate Dam.
Improvement of Klang River from the downstream of Klang Gate Dam to the
confluence with Ampang River;
Improvement of Batu River from downstream of Batu Dam to Batu Detention Pond;
Improvement of Damansara River from confluence with Kayu Ara River to 8 km
upstream;

Improvement of upstream stretch of Ampang River for 6.4 km;

Improvement of mid stretch of Kerayong River and construction of Sri Johor off-line
pond;
Maintenance and desilting works at river system to maintain the design river
sections.
It is vital to note that the proposed Flood Mitigation Master Plan for Kuala Lumpur is
formulated to provide the 100-year ARI protection level only when it is coordinated with the
best management practice as highlighted in the 2020 land use. If the traditional type of
land development is continued and developed as planned in the 2020 Pelawi land use, the
flood discharges will be much higher and from the results of the analysis, the flood
protection level in Kuala Lumpur will reduce to about 20-year ARI only. The following
Figure 2.7 shows the overall flood mitigation projects that are completed, on-going and
also proposed for the Klang River Basin.

D
Lampiran 2
BATU DAM GOMBAK DIVERSION

PETUNJUK
COMPLETED WORKS BATU RETENTION POND
tu
S
Ba
ON-GOING WORKS
g
k
Ji
g
ba
Sg.
nj
m
on
PROPOSED WORKS TO BE IMPLEMENTED Go
a. n
k
JINJANG POND .
g
ng
Sg
e lo
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN BOUNDARY KEROH/JINJANG
KLANG GATES
DIVERSION
Sg. B
Sg. K
Sg
.K
am
ero
h
unsin
g
us
g
FEDERAL
Bun
l an
Dr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG

.K
AMPANG HILIR
Sg.
TERRITORY
Sg
POND
BATU DIVERSION Sg. A
mpan
lang g
Sg . K
SULAIMAN
BRIDGE KG. BARU
ra
sa
PUMP HOUSE
an
am
.D
KLANG/AMPANG
Sg
KG PASIR ng
yo DIVERSION TUNNEL
PUMP HOUSE e ra
.K
h
Sg
sa
KOTA
ala
Ra
.
ch
BRIDGE SHAH KLANG LAMA U
Sg
Pen
g BRIDGE
.
Sg. Klan ALAM
Sg
lo
Sg
.K
Boh
BANDAR KLANG .
uy
Sg
oh
PUCHONG
DROP
PORT KLANG TAMAN SRI MUDA
Sg
SCEME
.K
o ng
lan ch
g
STRAIT OF . Pu
Sg
MALACCA
Sg. Rasau
PAYA RASAU
KEMAJUAN KERJA TEBATAN BANJIR LEMBAH SUNGAI KLANG

MA/ PROGRESS
18 MEI 2001
31
Figure 2.7 - Status of Flood Mitigation Project in Klang River Basin
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSAL FOR CANAL BY-PASS
3.1 THE PROPOSAL
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is to construct and create a man-
made canal with a length of approximately 16Km to connect the Sungai Klang at
14.3Km of the Elite Highway to Sungai Langat just 7Km upstream of its river mouth as
shown in Figure 3.1.
3.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
In order to achieve the objective of diverting flood flows from the Sungai Klang to the
Sungai Langat in the proposed canal, various structures and facilities are incorporated
into the design. The various structures and components of the man-made canal will
consist of the following :-
Intake structures at the inlet of the canal with Sungai Klang which are formed by
tilting gates (Figure 3.2) that controls the amount of water entering the canal;
Trash screen at the upstream inlet to trap debris and rubbish from Sungai Klang
from entering and polluting the canal (Figure 3.2);
Sediment basin immediately downstream from the intake structure to trap

sediment before flowing into the main canal (Figure 3.2);
The main canal section itself for a length of approximately 16 km (Figure 3.3);

Control weir using the rubber dam or equivalent immediately downstream of the
development areas to control the water level so that in normal time the canal can
be used for water transport, recreation and various water related activities;
A storage retention pond at the downstream end of the canal just before water is
discharge into Sungai Langat in order to attenuate the peak flow into Sungai Langat
(Figure 3.4); and
Outlet control gate controlling the discharge from the flood retention pond into
Sungai Langat and also preventing water from Sungai Langat to enter and fill up
the retention pond during high tide (Figure 3.5).






CHAPTER 4 FLOOD CONTROL FUNCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
As mentioned in the earlier section, extensive flood mitigation projects have been or
are being carried out by DID to improve the flood protection level in the Klang river
basin. The intended protection level adopted for the Klang river system is 1 in 100
year ARI. As shown in Figure 4.1, the downstream stretch of the Klang river has been
or are being improved based on the 100-year ARI and this means that if the whole
stretch has been fully implemented, it is expected that the flooding problems along this
area will be resolved.
Lampiran 2

PETUNJUK
atu
ON-GOING WORKS
.B
k
Sg
ba
Ji
Sg
g
PROPOSED WORKS TO BE IMPLEMENTED om
n
nj
JINJANG POND .G
ko
a. n
Sg
ng
g
el o
Sg. B
KLANG GATES
DIVERSION
Sg. K
Sg
.K
amun
er o
h
sing
us
Design for 100-yr ARI and under Construction

Bun
g
FEDERAL
l an
.K
Sg .
TERRITORY AMPANG HILIR

Sg POND
BATU DIVERSION Sg . A
m pan
lang g
Sg . K
SULAIMAN
BRIDGE KG. BARU
a
ar
PUMP HOUSE
s
an
am
.D
KLANG/AMPANG
ng
Sg
KG PASIR yo DIVERSION TUNNEL

PUMP HOUSE e ra
.K
Sg
ah
la
KOTA
as
ha
U
.R
BRIDGE SHAH KLANG LAMA

nc
Sg
g ALAM BRIDGE
Sg . Kl an
.P
Sg
ol
Sg
Boh
.K
BANDAR KLANG .
Sg
uy
o h
PUCHONG
DROP

Sg
SCEME
ng
.K
ho
la n
STRAIT OF uc
.P
g
Sg
MALACCA
Sg. Rasau
PAYA RASAU

MA/PROGRESS
18 MEI 2001
Figure 4.1 - The Downstream Stretch of Klang River is designed to cater for 100-year
ARI Flood Protection Level

4.2 CANAL BY-PASS AS FLOOD CONTROL FUNCTION
Although with the river improvement works that being and have been carried out to
achieve the 100-year ARI protection level along Sungai Klang downstream of the
diversion, the importance of the canal cannot be disregarded based on the following
considerations :-
4.2.1 Reduced Frequency Of Desilting
At this downstream stretch of Sungai Klang, the bed profile gradient is gentle and tidal
where the flow velocity is sluggish. The deepening and widening of the channel
section in order to cater for the 100-year ARI flood flows has aggravated the situation.
With the large amount of silt being washed down from the upper catchment where the
Kuala Lumpur city is located, siltation has become a major problem in this stretch of
the river. Figure 4.2 shows the river improvement works that has enlarged the river
section and resulted in lower flow velocity which encourage siltation to occur.
Figure 4.2 - River Improvement through deepening and widening will encourage
Siltation

Since the river is not sustainable and siltation will bring back the river section to the
original condition, the intended 100-year ARI protection level for this stretch of Sungai
Klang will be short span. Figure 4.3 illustrates the progressive reduction of the
channel flow area that has been improved due to severe siltation problem and Figure
4.4 shows the actual siltation happening at the stretch downstream of Taman Sri Muda.
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Figure 4.3 - Progressive Reduction of Flow Area due to Siltation

Figure 4.4 - Aerial Photograph showing the already Silted areas of the Improved Stretch
along Sungai Klang
With the capacity of PPTATTB Canal Project to divert part of the flood water from the
Sungai Klang, even though the Sungai Klang maybe silted up, the protection levels at
the downstream stretch can still be maintained at the 100-year ARI protection level
through the construction of this by-pass. The frequency of maintenance and desilting
works will be less and is a cost saving in the long run.
4.2.2 LOW-LYING AREAS
At this downstream stretches of the Sungai Klang, most of the flood flow are contained
using bunds due to surrounding low-lying areas as shown in Figure 4.5. Most of the
outlets that flows into the river are gated as shown in Figure 4.6. There are a few
major problems associated with bunds and gated outlets as described below :-
Risk of flood flow breaching the exiting bund levels;
If internal catchment is fully developed with high discharge volume, during high
flow conditions when the flood gates are closed, internal runoff will flood the
areas within the development; and
New developments required to backfill to the bund height in order to avoid
pumping drainage in future (eg. Taman Sri Muda as shown in Figures 4.7 and
4.8).
Figure 4.5 - Flood Protection using Bunds
Figure 4.6 - Typical Tidal Gate Structure

Figure 4.7 - High Bunds at Taman Sri Muda
Figure 4.8 - Schematic Illustration of Pumping System at Taman Sri Muda

With the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Scheme, the man-made canal will divert a portion
of the flood water away, the downstream water level during flood flow will be lower and
this will reduce the risk of bunds being breached. Closing up of the flood gates will
consequently be less frequent due to lower water level in the river and fewer developed
areas may require pumping drainage as experienced in Taman Sri Muda residential
scheme.
One of the major advantages is that future development platform levels for new
projects can be lowered as shown in Figure 4.9. This will generally reduce the
earthwork platform level and due to the scarcity of earth fill material in coastal
Selangor, this will result in overall cost savings for projects and the overall benefits to
the community. In the long term , it will be a cost saving to the State Government and
DID.

Development
Area
Development
Area
Bund
Bund 100 Yr. Design
Backfilled WL Backfilled Proposed
Proposed Platform
Platform
Development
Area
Development
Area
Bund
Bund
Reduced 100 Yr. Design

WL
Figure 4.9 - Lower Flood Level will reduce the height of backfill for the Development
Platform

4.2.3 Reduced Flood Level
At the areas adjacent to the intake point for the canal as well as the development areas
in the Canal City, generally the ground level is only between 5 to 6 mRL while the 100-
year ARI flood level at Klang river is 7.5 mRL (Figure 4.10). For new development, the
platform levels need to be raised to above 7.5 mRL and even higher for areas further
away for gravity drainage flow. This will increase the cost of construction particularly
for earthworks as the state has shortage of fill material particularly for low-lying areas
and may result in the land not viable for development. This will result in loss of
revenue for the State Government.
With the PPTATTB man-made canal which has a much lower point to discharge the
flow at the downstream stretch of Sungai Langat, the 100-year ARI water level in the
canal can be designed to be lowered as compared to the current situation. Figure 4.11
and Figure 4.12 show the longitudinal section between Sungai Kelang and Sungai
Langat with and without the 16km Canal by-pass. For new developments, minimum
filling is required for this areas and thus can enhance the value of land here. This will
also mean that portion of the Sungai Klang catchment will be diverted to Sungai Langat
and further reduce the flood flow in Sungai Klang basin. The construction of the
proposed canal will improve drainage in the low-lying areas adjacent the canal
enhancing the land for development as shown in Figure 4.13.

FIG.4.10

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TEBATAN BANJIR (PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KELANG DAN SUNGAI LANGAT DI MUKIM TELOK PANGLIMA GARANG, MUKIM TANJUNG DUA BELAS DAN MUKIM BANDAR, DAERAH KUALA LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.
Low lying area

Sg. Klang
Sg.
Langat
8.5mRL HWL
HWL
2.85mRL
7.4mRL +2
9.405mRL
+1.68mRL
Figure 4.11 - Profile Plot of the Canal Alignment and the Low-Lying Areas
adjacent to the Klang river
16km Canal By Pass
8.5mRL
HWL
HWL 7.4mRL
2.85mRL
+1.68mRL
+2
9.405mRL
Figure 4.12 - The Canal will divert a portion of Klang catchment Flood Flow
to Sungai Langat and improve the surrounding Drainage


4.2.4 Enhanced Flood Protection Level
Although the Sungai Klang has been improved to cater for 100-year ARI without
consideration of the PPTATTB canal, the construction of the canal will nevertheless
enhance the flood protection levels downstream. It is estimated that the canal will
increase the flood protection levels to 200 years ARI for the Sungai Klang. Many major
cities including Tokyo are designed to have protection level of 200-year ARI. This will
definitely provide a better assurance to the downstream stretch of Sungai Klang where
it passes through major cities and town such as Shah Alam and adjacent development
and Klang. Furthermore, if the flood mitigation measures implemented in the upper
Klang and Kuala Lumpur is non-functioning or operating as planned, the canal
diversion will provide an alternative and assurance at this lower stretch of river to be
guaranteed of the protection level that the PPTATTB canal was designed to cater.
With the lowering of flood levels, major tributaries such as Sungai Damansara with its
large development catchment upstream will directly benefit since it has a lower tail
water to discharge. As a whole, the canal diversion will provide a better flood
management control for the Selangor Government in resolving the existing flooding
problems in the lower Sungai Klang basin.
4.2.5 Cushion Impacts Of Over Development Of Klang River Basin
With the implementation of the Flood Mitigation Project (FMP) in the upper Klang
Valley and the rapid development of the lower catchments of the Sungai Klang,
flooding in these catchments will be more frequent and severe. Actual development
will eventually exceed planned development rate as the State of Selangor embank on
its objective to become a fully developed state by the year 2005. The opening of state
land for development will result in higher flood run-off and reduce the flood protection
levels against flooding. Figure 4.14 shows the Projected Land use until year 2020.

Figure 4.14 Projected Land Use until Year 2020


The PPTATTB Canal Project will function to complement the existing flood mitigation
measures currently being implemented in the upper Sungai Klang basin and cushion
the impact of over development.
With the by-pass canal to divert the flood flows away from the Sungai Klang to
downstream of Sungai Langat (virtually to the sea), any impact from the increase in the
flood flow discharges in the Sungai Klang due to over development can be cushioned
off. This will definitely provide added assurance to the Selangor State in order to avoid
any increase in the flood flows that potentially can cause severe flooding towards the
downstream developed areas such as Shah Alam City.
4.2.6 MANUAL SALIRAN MESRA ALAM MALAYSIA (MASMA)
By creating a large water body from the main channel and a series of secondary canals
linking various locations within the potential development areas, the water body will
definitely be in line with the MASMA concept where any additional runoff generated
from the new development within this catchment can be attenuated by this vast water
body itself. For the new development areas surrounding the canal system, the canal
system itself will act as large flood detention storage before discharging into
downstream river and it is not necessary to provide any additional detention pond
storages within the new development itself.

CHAPTER 5 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrological analysis is carried out to obtain the design flood hydrographs with
reasonable accuracy using various rainfall-runoff models and with this information
hydraulic analysis is then performed to route the design flood hydrographs through
river channels to evaluate the capacity and conveyance of the rivers being considered.
Furthermore, the analysis which uses various mathematical models to obtain discharge
information of all the major river systems and other tributaries are necessary to be
used in developing and testing various proposed flood mitigation options and drainage
systems in the project area.
The main rivers relevant to the project as described in Chapter 2 have been
extensively studied and through the publication of the various reports from these
studies various recommendations are being implemented and are in the construction
stage while for others, either master plans or detailed design drawings are already
available for reference. In the design of the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project, all
these reports have been reviewed to avoid any ambiguity and duplication of works.
The hydrological analysis in deriving the design flood hydrographs for this project
which have been extensively reported by DNA, will not be carried out but rather to
adopt the results, findings and recommendations obtained from these documented
studies that have been submitted to the Malaysian Government.

5.2 SUNGAI LANGAT CATCHMENT
Previously, the development in the Sungai Langat catchment had been at a relatively
slow pace although it is located just south of Kuala Lumpur city. Most parts of the
catchment were covered with forests, rubber and oil palm estates except in town areas
such as Kajang, Semenyih, Bangi, Dengkil, Sri Kembangan, Banting, and along the
fringes of Kuala Lumpur. Due to the inherent economic activities which are mainly
agricultural, and the low land cost in the catchment area, the peak discharges has not
increased substantially due to urbanisation and even if flooding did occur at certain
low-lying areas, it had not contributed to major damages and economical losses.
The construction of the Sungai Langat and Sungai Semenyih dams for water supply
purposes have also contributed to attenuated flood discharges to the downstream
catchment, albeit, to a lesser extent than normally expected. Sungai Langat is also
extensively exploited for other economic purposes such as drainage, water abstraction
for industrial usage and sand mining. Hence, all major studies that have been
conducted for this catchment are concentrated on water resources studies and there is
no comprehensive study on the drainage and flooding problems or master plans
carried out for the development in this catchment.
The recent economic boom and the rapid development and transformation of
Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, KLIA and other adjacent areas in the Multimedia Super Corridor
(MSC), has spurred substantial development in the vicinity of Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC) especially in the upper catchment of Sungai Langat. Due to this rapid
development, DID has commissioned a drainage master plan study on the Multimedia
Super Corridor (MSC). The study was completed in 1999 by Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn
Bhd. DID has appointed KTA Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. to carry out the Sungai Langat river
basin catchment study and the project is currently on-going. The adopted design peak
flood hydrographs at the Sungai Langat for this project is based on the MSC master
plan study as listed in Table 5.0. This will subsequently be re-computed upon the
completion of the Sungai Langat catchment studies by KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd to
confirm the design peak discharges adopted.

Table 5.0 - Design Peak Discharges along Langat River

Location Average Recurrence Interval (year)
2-yr 5-yr 10-yr 20-yr 50-yr 100-yr
Bandar 1777 1904 2012 2179 2310 2450
Banting Bridge 1033 1193 1314 1490 1625 1763
Bukit Changgang
707 927 1077 1282 1433 1582
Bridge
Sg. Labu Confluence 547 922 1074 1279 1433 1581
Dengkil Bridge 530 707 827 996 1109 1236
5.3 SUNGAI KLANG CATCHMENT
The Sungai Klang river basin catchment has been thoroughly studied and investigated
in terms of its hydrological and hydraulic characteristics due to the economic and
administrative importance of this area where the Federal capital is located. Various
reports have been prepared not only by the DID but also by various government
agencies and their appointed consultants to address the findings of the flood mitigation
measures and river improvement works. River and drainage master plans for the
Klang river basin have also been prepared.
The more relevant and recent study related to the construction of the PPTATTB Flood
Mitigation Project that have considered the various aspects of flood mitigation works
and river management plan is the Klang River Environment Improvement and Flood
Mitigation Project in 2002 by DNA, DHI & SMEC. Thus, the design hydrographs that
are adopted in this project are based on this most recent study. Figure 5.0 shows the
design flood hydrographs of Sungai Klang river basin at the point of diversion for
various ARI.

[m^3/s] Sg. Klang Design Flood Hydrographs

1400.0
1300.0 100-yr ARI
1200.0
50-yr ARI
1100.0
1000.0 20-yr ARI
900.0
800.0 10-yr ARI
700.0
5-yr ARI
600.0
500.0 2-yr ARI
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:0 0:00
1-1-2020 2-1-2020
Figure 5.0 - Klang River Design Flood Hydrographs at Diversion Point

5.4 FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS ESTIMATION FROM LOCAL RUNOFF
The flood hydrographs from the surrounding development are estimated based on the
following assumptions :
2.1 The rainfall duration adopted is the same as the Sungai Klang which is 12 hours. This
assumption is considered conservative since the peak discharges for various rainfall
durations will be quite similar by using the temporal pattern recommended in MASMA.
This is because the long duration temporal pattern is formed by the shorter rainfall
duration that built within it. It is also a norm to adopt the same rainfall duration
throughout the same catchment when carrying out the hydrological analysis.
2.2 The development areas surrounding the secondary canals which are located upstream
of the rubber dam, about 8km long will not be provided with flood detention ponds since
the secondary canals can be utilized for the same function.
2.3 For downstream stretch of the Canal, the runoffs from surrounding developments are
assumed to have their own flood detention ponds to attenuate the peak flood
discharges. For modeling purpose, it is assumed that the attenuated peak discharges
are 50% lower than the un-attenuated peak discharges.
2.4 It is assumed that for the intended land use for the development of the surrounding
catchments along the Canal, the peak discharges for 100-year ARI is about 10
m3/s/km2.
2.5 For the preliminary analysis, it is assumed that the total catchment area to be discharged
into the Canal is 80 km2, with 40 km2 along the upper 8km stretch and 40 km2 along the
downstream 8 km stretch. With this and the above assumptions, a total of 400 m3/s will
flow into the upper 8 km stretch and 200 m3/s into the lower 8 km stretch of the Canal for
the 100-year ARI.
2.6 For the upper catchment, the flood discharges are assumed to flow into the secondary
canals while for the lower catchment, the flood discharges are assumed to flow directly
into the Canal. Since the local drainage networks have not been established at this
point of time, the inflow flood discharges are assumed to be distributed along the
canals.

CHAPTER 6 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The design flood hydrographs obtained from the hydrological analysis in Chapter 5
Hydrological Studies are adopted as input in the hydraulic analysis to evaluate the
capacity and conveyance of those particular rivers being considered. Subsequently,
various flood mitigation options and canal systems can be proposed and assessed for
their effectiveness to cater for the runoff from the present as well as the proposed land
use for the adjacent catchment. The main objectives for the hydraulic analysis are
summarised as follows :
To obtain the predicted design discharges of the Sungai Klang and Sungai Langat
as well as along the Canal;
To obtain the design water level profiles along the rivers being analysed;
To determine the flood protection levels at various stretches of the canals and
rivers being analysed under various conditions;
To analyse and evaluate flood diversion including sizing of canal and control
structures to cater for the intended design discharges.
6.2 CHOICE OF HYDRAULIC MODEL
In this analysis, the hydraulic consideration is mainly carried out using a computer
model. Computer modelling has been commonly used as one of the tools in the
simulation of flood flow conditions along rivers. It is adopted for the purpose of
predicting the design water levels and providing flow velocity in the sizing of improved
river cross sections and other hydraulic structures as well as assessing the riverbank
and riverbed erosion. Once the model has been set-up and calibrated, its main
advantages over other methods, such as physical modelling, are its great flexibility in
assessing various situations and proposals in a very short time and the cost incurred is
also less than others. With accurate data used in the calibration of the parameters
used for the modelling, the accuracy of the simulated results obtained is comparable
with other methods.

The basic data requirement for the hydraulic analysis of rivers using a computer model is
the river cross-sections survey and as discussed, the data collection being carried out
under this analysis is geared towards this purpose. The type of model being adopted in
this analysis is the hydrodynamic model instead of the steady state model such as the
Hec-Ras model. The reasons for the choice of the hydrodynamic model in this Study can
be summarised below :-
The design hydrographs for the whole river system until the river mouth are to be
routed using the hydrodynamic model. This is beyond the steady state model
capability;
The downstream reach being modelled is under tidal influence and hence required the
hydrodynamic model to correctly reflect this downstream phenomenon;
The flood diversion and various gates operation options being considered such as
detention ponds require the routing of design hydrographs with the runoff volume being
one of the important design parameters which again is better achieved with a
hydrodynamic model;
The hydrodynamic model will not only provide the routing of design hydrographs but
also the water levels along the rivers modelled so that an evaluation of the river
capacity and design of the river cross sections can be carried out; and
The results from the hydrodynamic analysis will also be used for the sediment transport
analysis and the velocity obtained from the analysis will also be used in the evaluation
of the bank erosion along the rivers.
From the above justifications, the model adopted in this Study is the Mike-11 computer
model developed by the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI). The Mike-11 model is a
professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows, water quality and
sediment transport in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water
bodies.

6.3 MIKE-11 HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL
The Mike-11 model is a computer software package developed by the Danish

Hydraulics Institute (DHI) for the simulation of water flows, sediment transport and
water quality in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems and similar water bodies. The
general description of the software is given in Figure 6.0. The software comes in
several modules and the relevant module for the hydraulic analysis of the flood flows in
rivers is the hydrodynamic module (HD).
Figure 6.0 - Mike 11 Model

The basic formulae used in the model is based on the one-dimensional unsteady state
gradually varied flow equations, which are also termed as the St. Venant equations:
- Continuity equation
Q A
+ =c (6.1)
x t
- Momentum Equation
2
Q
( )
Q A = g.A(S - ) - g.A y
+ Sf (6.2)
t x x
where Q is discharge for the overland or channel flow, c is lateral inflow per unit length of flow,
A is area of flow, x is distance in the direction of flow, t is time, g is acceleration of gravity, S is
bed slope of the flow, Sf is friction losses and y is depth of flow. In applying the Mike-11 in this
Study, the friction losses, , Sf are computed using the Manning equation, which is described as
below :
n 2Q 2
Sf = 2 5/3 (6.3)
AR
where n is the Mannings roughness and R is the hydraulic radius.
The above equations are normally solved numerically in order to provide the flexibility in
defining the boundary conditions, variable channel cross sections, hydraulic features, etc., so
that the model can be set-up to simulate the actual conditions as close as possible.
The HD module has adopted the implicit finite difference numerical method for the
computation of unsteady flows in rivers and estuaries. Furthermore, the model can describe
sub-critical as well as supercritical flow conditions through a numerical scheme which adapts
according to local flow conditions, in time as well as space. Advanced computational modules
are included for description of flow over hydraulic structures, including possibilities to describe
structures operation such as overflow weirs, gates, culverts, etc., as well as dam break
simulation. The formulations can be applied to looped networks and quasi two-dimensional
flow simulation on flood plains, extending from steep river flows to tidally influenced estuaries.

6.4 GENERAL APPROACH TO ANALYSIS
The sequence of approach to be used in the Mike-11 modelling can be broadly

summarised as follows:
Data Collection
- Data is collected for the use of model setup, calibration and simulation;
Model Set Up
- In order to use the Mike-11 computer model, the establishment and setting up
of the model are vital in the overall simulation process. It will form the
backbone of the Study where various requirements of the model to provide
accurate simulation have to be complied. Limitations of the model will also be
observed in order to avoid any unreasonable results and computational stability
problem;
Calibration and Verification

- These processes have to be carried out to test the model that has been
established and set up. Various model parameters will be calibrated to fit the
simulated results with the observed data and these parameters will be verified
using another set of observed data; and
Simulation of Extreme Conditions

- After fulfilling the above two processes, the model will then be used to carry out
various simulations to analyse the extreme conditions. In this particular Study
for the proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project, the extreme conditions in
question are the design flood flows for various return periods under high tide
condition. This is important to establish the database under the existing
condition of the rivers being modelled. Subsequently, river improvement works
and flood mitigation measures can be introduced into the model to evaluate
their effectiveness in mitigating the flooding situation.

6.5 DATA COLLECTION
The data collected for the hydrodynamic analysis using the Mike-11 model are
summarised as below :-
Topographical maps, survey layout and alignment plans of the canal;

River cross sections for Klang and Langat rivers are obtained from Dr. Nik &
Associates Sdn. Bhd.;
Design flood hydrographs obtained from Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd.; and
Relevant previous reports and studies as follow:-
a) The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Macro Drainage Master Plan by Dr
Nik & Associate Sdn Bhd 1999.
b) Klang River Environment Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project by Dr
Nik & Associate Sdn Bhd, DHI & SMEC 2002.
6.6 MODEL SET UP
The Mike-11 model set up is geared towards the intended requirements for the
analysis as well as in accordance to the stipulations in the Mike-11 manual. In this
Study, the HD Module from the Mike-11 model was used for flood flow analysis. The
basic data input for the setting up of the HD module is listed as below :
Cross sectional data of the river at intervals from the river mouth to the upstream
boundary limit of the Project area. To simulate the improved river conditions,
design cross sections are used to replace the existing cross sections at the
stretches of rivers that require improvement;
Hydraulic structures or other features such as control structures, weirs, gates,
bridges and culverts that have significant influence on the hydraulics of the river
flow;
Boundary conditions of the model system are necessary to define the conditions of
the simulations. Although the Mike-11 model can simulate various types of preset
boundary conditions, the optimum conditions normally applied to river systems are
with the downstream boundary defined by the variation of water level with time and
inflow discharge hydrographs at all the upstream boundaries for the main river and
all the tributaries;

Channel roughness factor;

Initial conditions of the model such as water levels and flow discharges; and
Configuration and hydraulic parameters of each hydraulic structures and if any, the
operation procedures of the hydraulic structures.
The network of the river system is initially digitised or scanned into the model either
from the topographical maps or survey plans. Either the existing or designed river
cross sections of the river to be modelled are then keyed into the model in accordance
to the chainages provided in the survey plans. All the hydraulic structures and
waterway crossings such as weirs, bridges and culverts which affect the flow
hydraulics of the river are also required to be defined and located at the specified
chainages of the river. The hydraulic simulations for the river system are carried out as
a single network.
Subsequently, the points and chainages where the inflow hydrographs should be
discharged into the river are identified with the time series water level as the boundary
condition at the downstream cross section.
Finally, the initial conditions of the river and channel roughness of the river are
specified. In this Project, the widely used Mannings roughness, n is adopted. From all
the data listed above, normally only the channel roughness is used as the parameter to
be calibrated.
As mentioned above, the existing conditions are simulated using the cross section data
obtained from the surveys. If the stretch of the river requires to be improved, the
designed sections can be introduced into the model and evaluated for their
effectiveness in reducing the flood levels. Other features such as bridge constriction
can also be modelled and the recommendations to improve the features hydraulically
such as widening bridge span can be tested for their ability in lowering the flood levels.
Introduction of on-line or off-line detention ponds will also be considered in the
modelling as part of the flood mitigation options in reducing the flood discharges
downstream. All these hydraulic features will be captured in the model set up and in
the formulation of the flood diversion using the canal. The set-up of the model for the
Sungai Klang, Sungai Langat and the Canal alignment as well as the structures
location is given in Figures 6.1 and 6.2.

Figure 6.1 - Model Setup for the Project


CHAPTER 7 MODEL SIMULATION & SIZING
7.1 SIZING OF CANAL, PONDS AND STRUCTURES
The results of the hydrodynamic routing for the flood event of 100-year ARI using the
Mike-11 model are obtained for the Sungai Klang, Sungai Langat and the canal itself.
Based on the model setup that has been elaborated earlier, the sizing of the structures
is carried out in order to obtain the required flood flow diversion. The required
diversion from the Sungai Klang into the canal is approximately 30% of the 100-year
ARI peak flood discharge in the Sungai Klang. As given in Chapter 5, the 100-year
ARI peak discharge is about 1,425 m3/s and thus, the Canal should at least have to be
sized to cater for 430 m3/s. Thus the following sizes of the structures are obtained.
Intake structure Using tilting gates with the invert of the structure set at 2.5 mRL.
The crest of the gates when they are fully closed is 7.5 mRL. Thus, the height of
the gates is 4.5 m. In order to divert approximately 430 m3/s, the number of gates
required is 6 numbers with the width of 6 m (Figure 7.1);
The surface area for the siltation pond is approximately 10 ha with the bed level
set at 1.0 mRL, 3.5 m lower than the invert level of the intake structure;
The canal size in order to divert 430 m3/s has a bottom width of 40 m with side
slope of 1V : 4 H. The invert upstream is set at 2.5 mRL while the invert at the
downstream end is set at 1.0 mRL. Generally, the bed gradient of the canal is 1 in
4500 (Figure 7.4).
The rubber dam when fully deflated should have a crest level of 1.1 mRL and when
it is fully inflated, the crest level should be 3.5 mRL. The total width of the rubber
dam is 40 m (Figure 7.2).
The detention storage at the downstream end of the canal is set to have an invert
level of 3 mRL in order to have a minimum water depth for recreational purposes.
The size of the pond is designed to have an effective surface area of approximately
18 ha.
The outlet gates to control the flow discharges from the canal and detention pond
before discharging into Sungai Langat is designed to have an invert level of 0.9
mRL and the type of gates adopted is the sliding roller gates. Three numbers are
required and the width is 6 m with height of 4 m. Thus when the gates are fully
closed, the crest of the gates is 2.9 mRL (Figure 7.3).

+7.5m
+2.5m
-1.0m
Figure 7.1 Intake Gate Structure and Dimensions

Figure 7.2 - Rubber Dam Structure and Dimensions

Figure 7.3 - Outlet Gate Structure and Dimensions



7.2 OPERATION CRITERIA
Besides the sizing of the hydraulic structures and the channel, the other important
requirement is the operation criteria. If the condition is set to divert the Sungai Klang
flood flow too early, the storage in the Canal and storage ponds will be filled up pre-
maturely and will not be effective to subsequently store the peak flow which comes in
the later stage. If the situation is vice-versa where the diversion is only allow at the
later stage, the peak flow may be missed out and the attenuation effect will be
minimum. The optimum operation criteria will also avoid frequent diversion to occur.
With the above in mind, Table 7.1 lists out the gate opening levels that are to be
adopted for the simulation of the diversion.
Table 7.1 - Gate Operation Criteria

Water Level Gate Level
Inlet Gates < 6.4 mRL (Klang river) 7.5 mRL (fully close)
>= 6.4 mRL (Klang river) 2.5 mRL (fully open)
Rubber Dam < 5.0 mRL (Klang river) 3.5 mRL (fully inflated)
>= 5.0 mRL (Klang river) 1.1 mRL (fully deflated)
Outlet Gates < 1.5 mRL (Canal) -0.9 mRL (fully close)
>= 1.5 mRL (Canal) 2.9 mRL (fully open)
The requirement of the operation is also taking into account the navigational needs.
The rubber dam is set to open earlier than the inlet gates is because the water level in
Canal needs to lower first before the diversion begins for effective diversion.

7.3 SIMULATION ASSUMPTIONS AND CRITERIA
Prior to the simulation runs for the Mike-11 model, the assumptions and criteria
adopted in the simulation have to be discussed and agreed upon in order to preset all
the boundary conditions and to eliminate any discrepancy during the interpretation of
results. The assumptions and criteria that are considered to be vital for the Study are
as follows :
Design flood obtained from the Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd. studies;
hydrographs
Channel and The channel roughness, n is assumed to be 0.03 for all the
flood plain rivers while the flood plain roughness is assumed to be three
roughness times larger than the channel roughness which is n = 0.09;
Tide levels Hydrodynamic modelling using Mike-11 model and river bank
designs for the reach that is under tidal influences require
tidal information at the river mouth. The tidal data are
obtained from the Royal Malaysian Navy;
River mouth tail The proposed condition to evaluate the channel capacity is
water level for the Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) level. MHHW is used
flood as the design tail water level to meet with the various return
period flood events in determining the design flood level in the
river channel due to its fairly frequent occurrences as
compared to the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT);
In all the above cases, the tide cycle is adopted for the river
mouth instead of the constant level with the peak discharges
of the design flood hydrographs set to coincide with the
proposed tail water level discussed above. The possible rise
in the sea level due to storm surge is considered to be
negligible and hence it is ignored in the analysis. Other
causes such as the green house effect that may increase the
sea level is also ignored; and
Simulation return The river and canal system is modelled as one system and
periods the assumption is that the rainstorm for the whole catchment
for each simulation event will have the same rainstorm return
period

7.4 SIMULATION RESULTS
From the sizing of all the critical structures, ponds and canal as well as the operation
criteria highlighted in the preceding section, the results of the simulation are as given in
Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 - Design Peak Discharges with the Canal Diversion

Flood Event Klang River Canal
Upstream Qp Downstream Qp
2-yr ARI 556 m/s3 556 m/s3 0 m/s3
5-yr ARI 655 m/s3 655 m/s3 0 m/s3
10-yr ARI 793 m/s3 793 m/s3 0 m/s3
20-yr ARI 1001 m/s3 834 m/s3 185 m/s3
50-yr ARI 1215 m/s3 864 m/s3 386 m/s3
100-yr ARI 1425 m/s3 1008 m/s3 433 m/s3
From the above simulation results, the Canal could be used for diversion of flood flow
from Sungai Klang for event larger than 10-year ARI. This will enable the Canal to be
utilized for other activities, similar to the SMART project which is used as motorway.
The peak discharge for the 100-year ARI at Sungai Klang just upstream of the Canal is
1425 m3/s and the diverted flow has a peak discharge of 433 m3/s at the Canal. Thus
the peak discharge at Sungai Klang will be reduced accordingly to 1008 m3/s at the
downstream of the diversion. Figure 7.5 illustrate the design hydrographs for the 100-
year ARI.

[m^3/s] Time Series Discharge

1400.0
Upstream of Diversion at Klang River
1300.0
1200.0
1100.0 Downstream of Diversion at Klang River
1000.0
900.0
800.0
700.0 At the Canal
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:00
1-1-2020 2-1-2020
Figure 7.5 - 100-year Design Flood Hydrographs at Klang river

7.5 ADOPTED SCENARIO AND ARI FOR CANAL DESIGN
To access the impact of the local runoff from surrounding anticipated catchment
developments, four scenarios are simulated and they are as below :
Scenario 1 Flood diversion from Sungai Klang for various ARI without local
runoff;
Scenario 2 Local runoff for various ARI without any flood diversion from
Sungai Klang;
Scenario 3 100-year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang with various ARI
local runoff; and
Scenario 4 100-year ARI local runoff with various ARI flood diversion from
Sungai Klang.
The water level profiles simulated are shown in Figure 7.6.
The peak discharges entering Sungai Langat through the Canal are as given in Table
7.3 for the four scenario.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4

2-yr ARI 0 m3/s 128 m3/s 312 m3/s 286 m3/s
5-yr ARI 0 m3/s 155 m3/s 319 m3/s 286 m3/s
10-yr ARI 0 m3/s 180 m3/s 325 m3/s 286 m3/s
20-yr ARI 54 m3/s 200 m3/s 332 m3/s 296 m3/s
50-yr ARI 140 m3/s 252 m3/s 341 m3/s 328 m3/s
100-yr ARI 195 m3/s 286 m3/s 346 m3/s 346 m3/s
Table 7.3 Peak Discharges into Sg. Langat
Since the Sungai Klang diversion involves the flood flows of larger catchment being
diverted into a smaller catchment, the adoption of 100-year ARI local flood runoff to
meet the 100-year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang into the Canal will be
conservative. In accordance to MASMA as given in Table 46.3 in Chapter 46, the
recommended ARI to be adopted depends on the catchment ratio between the larger
catchment area and the smaller catchment area. In this case, the ratio between the

Sungai Klang catchment area upstream of the diversion point and the local runoff
catchment area is approximately 10 to 1. From the Table 46.3 in MASMA, the
recommended ARI to be adopted is 100-year ARI meet with 50-year ARI. In this
condition, the flood levels for the event where the 100-year ARI diversion into the
Canal meets with the 50-year ARI local runoff are adopted for the Canal design since
the flood levels are higher than when the ARIs are reversed. Check will be performed
on the event where the both ARIs are 100-year.
Hence, the flood levels adopted are under Scenario 3 for the case of 50-year ARI and
check is based on Scenario 3 for the case of 100-year ARI (same as Scenario 4 for the
case of 100-year ARI).

Below are the water profile along the Canal for the four scenario under various ARI.
[m e te r] Maximum
Maxim
Min im uum
m
9 .0
8 .0 100 year
50 year ARI
7 .0
20 year ARI
6 .0 10 year ARI
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
C A NA L C A NA L 1 6 0 0 - 7 5 0 0 C A NA L 7 5 0 0 - 1 6 0 0 0
0 .0 2 0 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .0 6 0 0 0 .0 8 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0 1 2 0 0 0 .0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(a) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 1
[meter] Maximum
9.0
100 year ARI
8.0
50 year ARI
7.0
20 year ARI
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2 year ARI
-1.0
5 year ARI
-2.0
10 year ARI
-3.0
CANAL CANAL 1600 - 7500 CANAL 7500 - 16000
0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0
[meter]
Figure 7.6(b) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 2
D Dr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG 78

[m e te r] M axim u m
9 .0
100 year ARI
8 .0
50 year ARI
7 .0
20 year ARI
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0 10 year ARI
5 year ARI
0 .0
2 year ARI
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
0 .0 2 0 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .0 6 0 0 0 .0 8 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0 1 2 0 0 0 .0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(c) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 3
[m e te r] Maxim u m
9 .0 100 year ARI
8 .0 50 year ARI
7 .0
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0 20 year ARI
2 .0 10 year ARI
1 .0
0 .0
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
C A NA L C A NA L 1 6 0 0 - 7 5 00 C A NA L 7 5 00 - 16 0 0 0
0 .0 2 0 00 .0 4 0 0 0.0 6 0 0 0.0 8 0 0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0.0 1 2 0 0 0.0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(d) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 4

7.6 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION LEVEL FOR SUNGAI KLANG
With the diversion of flood flows from Sungai Klang into the Canal, the downstream of
Sungai Klang will have higher protection level as highlighted in the main report. Since
at present stage without the Canal, the Sungai Klang has been improved to cater for
the 100-year ARI flood flow, it is anticipated that the protection level downstream of the
diversion point will attain a protection level higher than the 100-year ARI level.
In estimation of the increase in flood protection level downstream of Sungai Klang, a

simple correlation and extrapolation method is employed. From the analysis carried
out, the flood flow diversion from Sungai Klang into the Canal for the 100-year ARI
event is approximately 400 m3/s. This means that if a flood of 400 m3/s higher than the
100-year ARI peak discharge is flowing from the upper catchment of Sungai Klang at
the diversion point, with the 400 m3/s being diverted into the Canal, the downstream
stretch of Sungai Klang will be able to cater for it. The ARI for the flood flow of 400
m3/s higher than the 100-year ARI peak discharge is estimated by extrapolating the
peak flood discharges using the Gumbel EV1 distribution table. The 2-year to 100-year
ARI events of the peak discharges are plotted into the distribution table as shown in
Figure 7.7 and the ARI for the event of 400 m3/s higher than the 100-year ARI peak
discharge is obtained through the linear extrapolation of the event distribution. From
Figure 7.7, the protection level at Sungai Klang immediately downstream of the
diversion point is about 400-year ARI. It is expected that the increase in the protection
level will be diminished as the flow go downstream and the approximated increase
protection level at Shah Alam city area will be 200-year ARI and become insignificant
when it reaches Klang town area.

CHAPTER 8 PROJECT IMPACTS & CONCLUSIONS
8.1 IMPACT TO KLANG RIVER
A comparison is made on the water level profiles for the 100-year ARI flood event
between the case of with and without the bypass canal (Figure 8.1). It is clearly
indicated that with the bypass canal, the water level immediately downstream can be
lowered by 0.6 m and at Sungai Damansara confluence, the water level can be
lowered by 0.5 m. This has clearly shown that the advantages that have highlighted
earlier are proven through the hydrodynamic simulation run.
8.2 IMPACT ON LANGAT RIVER
A subsequent check is also carried out on the impact towards Sungai Langat with the
additional runoff from the local runoff into the Canal system. The impact towards
Sungai Langat is found to be not significant although under the worst scenario where
the 100-year ARI local runoff meets with the 100-year ARI diversion from Sungai
Klang. During high tide, the maximum increase in the water level is less than 0.1 m.
The increase of velocity in the Sungai Langat due to the Canal is also not significant.
The highest increase in the velocity is during low tide and the increase is less than 0.02
m/s (figure 8.2). The reasons are obvious and explained below :
The storage in the Canals is sufficiently large to store the flood volume that is
diverted into the canal; and
The outlet point to Sungai Langat is at the downstream stretch which is only about
7Km from the river mouth. The slight additional flow from the bypass canal is
negligible as compared to the tidal and flood flows in the Sungai Langat itself.

[meter] Maximum
Point of Intake
Without Bypass
8.0 Klang River Mouth
6.0
4.0
2.0
With Bypass
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Shah Alam City
Klang Town
-6.0
-8.0
-10.0
SGKLANG 87463 - 43835
-12.0
0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0
[meter]
Figure 8.1 - Water Level Profiles along Sungai Klang with and without the Bypass Canal

[meter] Time Series Water Level (CANALCITY.res11)

2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 With Bypass Canal

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Without Bypass Canal
-0.2
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:0

1 1 2020 2 1 202
Figure 8.2 - Water Level Time Series Plots at Sungai Langat, immediately downstream of the Bypass Canal

8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is a Selangor State Government initiative to

minimise the flooding along the Sungai Klang and in the low-lying areas in Mukim of
Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas and Mukim Bandar in Daerah
Kuala Langat. This project is undertaken by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad
(PNSB) in a joint-venture with Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd. The location of the intake is
about 100 metres from the existing bridge over Sungai Klang at the 14.3Km milestone
of the Elite Highway.
Many studies have been conducted and implemented by Jabatan Pengairan dan
Saliran Malaysia and their Consultants such as the Review Report for the Klang River
Improvement Works by Dr Nik and Associates Sdn Bhd (DNA). The study on the
Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin 1989 by JICA and the Klang River Basin
Environmental Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project by Dr Nik and Associates
Sdn Bhd in association with Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) and Snowy Mountain
Engineering Cooperation (SMEC) are among the many reports published.
The hydrodynamic simulation on the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project have taken
due considerations of reports and the many available published documents in the
analysis. It can be shown from computer simulation that the construction of the man-
made canal to divert flood water from the Sungai Klang have minimal impact on the
Sungai Langat.
The PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project with its man-made canal and sub-canals will
provide retention capacities for flood flow in the Sungai Klang that will benefit the
downstream catchments as follows :-
a) Improving the flood protection levels adjacent this development.
b) Reduce the bund heights at various stretches along the Sungai Klang.
c) Reduce the platform levels along the low-lying areas resulting in savings for
earthworks and other development cost.

d) Reduce the dependence on flood gates and pumping systems.
e) Improvement on the general drainage of the low-lying land around the canal
and sub-canals.
f) The Canal system with the secondary canals is designed to cater for a local
catchment area of 80 km2 with the adopted flood levels for the event of 100-
year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang meets with 50-year ARI local runoff
from the 80 km2 catchment.
g) The approximate increase in the protection level for Sungai Klang immediately
downstream of the diversion point is up to 400-ARI to about 200 ARI at Shah
Alam city area.
It can be anticipated that the construction of the canal and the related development will
improve the drainage system around the catchment. Flooding can be mitigated with a
lower flood level at the Sungai Klang.
In addition to the objective of providing protection to the low-lying areas, the state
agency, Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad and Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd have
proposed that the canal and sub-canals be developed as a tourist destination for water
related sports in Selangor.
The construction of the Canal and the adjacent project will enhance and catalyst the
development of the adjacent properties thus improving the social and economic status
in the Daerah Kuala Langat. It is envisage that this development can be the Little
Venice of Malaysia.

REFERENCES
Abdullah, S., 1991. Geologi dan Sumber Mineral Kawasan Sepang Teluk Datok,
Selangor (Topo Syit 101 & 102). Geologi Survey Department, 170 pp.
Drainage and Irrigation Department. 2000. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia. Malaysia.
Dr Nik & Associates, 1996. Review Report for Klang River Improvement Works.
Dr Nik & Associates, 1999. The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Macro Drainage Master
Plan.
Dr Nik & Associates (DNA) in association with Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) and Snowy
Mountain Engineering Cooperation (SMEC). 2002. Klang River Basin Environmental
Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project.
Erinco Sdn Bhd, 1998. Rehabilitation of the Klang River from Jalan Sultan Ismail Bridge
to Jalan Sulaiman Bridge, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.
Europasia Engineering Services Sdn Bhd. 2004. Preliminary EIA for the Cadangan Projek
Pembangunan Terusan Air untuk Tujuan Tebatan Banjir di antara Sungai Kelang dan
Sungai Langat di Mukim Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas, dan Mukim
Bandar Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Geological Survey of Malaysia. 1985. Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia.
Geologi Survey of Malaysia. 1989. Quarternary Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia.
Geoplanner Consulting Sdn. Bhd. 2004. Kajian Trafik bagi Cadangan Projek Terusan Air
untuk Penebatan Banjir di antara Sungai Kelang dengan Sungai Langat di Mukim Teluk
Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas dan Mukim Bandar, Daerah Kuala Langat,
Jabatan Pengaliran Dan Saliran, Wilayah. 1978. Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project
Drainage Improvements Master Drainage Plan.
Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA). 1989. The Study on the Flood Mitigation
of the Sungai Klang River Basin.
JTC Planners Sdn. Bhd. 2004. Kajian Penilaian Sosial bagi Cadangan Projek Terusan Air
JTC Planners Sdn Bhd. 2004. Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan bagi Cadangan Projek
Terusan Air untuk Penebatan Banjir di antara Sungai Kelang dengan Sungai Langat di
Mukim Teluk Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas dan Mukim Bandar, Daerah
Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Kirhill in associated with Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd 1994. Klang River Basin Integrated
Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia (KRBIFMPM).
Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1968. Reconnaissance Soil Map.
Mohamad, H. and Rashid, B.A., 1999. Sustainable development of Groundwater

Resources in the Telok Datuk Olak lempit Area. Kuala Langat, Selangor.
Wong, I.F.T. 1970. Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Selangor. Ministry of Agriculture and
Lands, Kuala Lumpur.

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN TEBATAN BANJIR

(PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KLANG DAN SUNGAI LANGAT DI MUKIM TELOK
PANGLIMA GARANG, MUKIM TANJUNG DUA BELAS DAN MUKIM BANDAR, DAERAH
ITEM CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1-2

1.2 Project Location 3 -6
1.3 Project Initiator 7
1.4 Appointment of Project Consultants 8
1.4.1 Civil and Geotechnical Consultants 8
1.4.2 Planning & Development Consultant 8
1.4.3 Environment Consultant 9
Chapter 2 Background and Project Area
2.1 Background and Project Area 10-12

2.1.1 Physical Environment 13- 21
2.2 The Flooding Problem 22-23
2.3 The Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Projects 24
2.4 JICA Study in 1989 25
2.5 Kinhill & Ranhill Study in 1994 26-27
2.6 DNA, DHI & SMEC Study in 2002 28- 30
Chapter 3 Proposal for Canal By-Pass
3.1 The Proposal 31

3.2 Project Components 31-37
Chapter 4 Flood Control Function
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Canal By-Pass as Flood Control Function 39
4.2.1 Reduced Frequency of Desilting 39-41
4.2.2 Low-Lying Areas 41-45
4.2.3 Reduced Flood Level 46-49
4.2.4 Enhanced Flood Protection Level 50
4.2.5 Cushion Impacts of Over Development of Klang River Basin 50-52
4.2.6 MASMA 52


ITEM CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter 5 Hydrological Analysis
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 Sungai Langat Catchment 54
5.3 Sungai Klang Catchment 55-56
5.4 Flood Hydrographs Estimation from Local Runoff 57
Chapter 6 Hydraulic Analysis
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Choice of Hydraulic Model 58-59
6.3 Mike-11 Hydrodynamic Model 60-61
6.4 General Approach to Analysis 62
6.5 Data Collection 63
6.6 Model Set Up 63-66
Chapter 7 Model Simulation & Sizing
7.1 Sizing of Canal, Ponds and Structures 67-72

7.2 Operation Criteria 73
7.3 Simulation Assumptions and Criteria 74
7.4 Simulation Results 75-76
7.5 Adopted Scenario and ARI for Canal Design 77-80
7.6 Additional Protection Level for Sungai Klang 81
Chapter 8 Project Impacts & Conclusions
8.1 Impact on Sungai Klang 82

8.2 Impact on Sungai Langat 82-84
8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 85-86
9.0 Appendices
9.1 Appendix A - Photographs
Appendix B - Design Discharge & Flood Level
Appendix C - Q Peak at Canal Outlet for Various Scenario
From Mike 11 Output
Appendix D - List of Drawings


APPENDIX A
PHOTOGRAPHS

APPENDIX B
DESIGN DISCHARGE & FLOOD LEVEL
A) 20 YEAR ARI
B) 50 YEAR ARI
C) 100 YEAR ARI

APPENDIX C
Q PEAK AT CANAL OUTLET FOR VARIOUS

SCENARIO FROM MIKE 11 OUTPUT

APPENDIX D
LIST OF DRAWINGS


ITEM CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1-2

1.2 Project Location 3 -6
1.3 Project Initiator 7
1.4 Appointment of Project Consultants 8
1.4.1 Civil and Geotechnical Consultants 8
1.4.2 Planning & Development Consultant 8
1.4.3 Environment Consultant 9
Chapter 2 Background and Project Area
2.1 Background and Project Area 10-12

2.1.1 Physical Environment 13- 21
2.2 The Flooding Problem 22-23
2.3 The Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Projects 24
2.4 JICA Study in 1989 25
2.5 Kinhill & Ranhill Study in 1994 26-27
2.6 DNA, DHI & SMEC Study in 2002 28- 30
Chapter 3 Proposal for Canal By-Pass
3.1 The Proposal 31

3.2 Project Components 31-37
Chapter 4 Flood Control Function
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Canal By-Pass as Flood Control Function 39
4.2.1 Reduced Frequency of Desilting 39-41
4.2.2 Low-Lying Areas 41-45
4.2.3 Reduced Flood Level 46-49
4.2.4 Enhanced Flood Protection Level 50
4.2.5 Cushion Impacts of Over Development of Klang River Basin 50-52
4.2.6 MASMA 52
DDr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG i


ITEM CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter 5 Hydrological Analysis
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 Sungai Langat Catchment 54
5.3 Sungai Klang Catchment 55-56
5.4 Flood Hydrographs Estimation from Local Runoff 57
Chapter 6 Hydraulic Analysis
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Choice of Hydraulic Model 58-59
6.3 Mike-11 Hydrodynamic Model 60-61
6.4 General Approach to Analysis 62
6.5 Data Collection 63
6.6 Model Set Up 63-66
Chapter 7 Model Simulation & Sizing
7.1 Sizing of Canal, Ponds and Structures 67-72

7.2 Operation Criteria 73
7.3 Simulation Assumptions and Criteria 74
7.4 Simulation Results 75-76
7.5 Adopted Scenario and ARI for Canal Design 77-80
7.6 Additional Protection Level for Sungai Klang 81
Chapter 8 Project Impacts & Conclusions
8.1 Impact on Sungai Klang 82

8.2 Impact on Sungai Langat 82-84
8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 85-86
9.0 Appendices
9.1 Appendix A - Photographs
Appendix B - Design Discharge & Flood Level
Appendix C - Q Peak at Canal Outlet for Various Scenario
From Mike 11 Output
Appendix D - List of Drawings
DDr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG ii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is an initiative by the Selangor State
Government and the private sector lead by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad
(PNSB), a Selangor State Agency in joint-venture with Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd and is
herewith referred to as :-
PROJECT PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN TEBATAN BANJIR

(PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KLANG AND SUNGAI LANGAT IN THE MUKIM OF
TELOK PANGLIMA GARANG, MUKIM TANJUNG DUABELAS AND MUKMI BANDAR,
DAERAH KUALA LANGAT, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.
The proposed PPTATTB Project Site is geographically located at a longitude of of

25206N to 25834N and a longitude of 1012831E to 1013437E. The Project
involved a total of 5439.29 acres (2,201.20 hectares) of land in three Mukims, namely
Mukim of Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas and Mukim Bandar in
Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The location of proposed Canal City
Develoment is shown in Figure 1.1.
The PPTATTB Project is under the jurisdiction of the Kuala Langat District Council.
The main objective of the PPTATTB Project as initiated by the Selangor State
Government and undertaken by a Selangor State Agency, PNSB in association with
Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd is :-
a) Reduce the Impact of Flooding of the Sungai Klang along the areas upstream
and downstream of the diversion canal by diverting 30% of its 100 years flood
flow into the Sungai Langat.
b) Reduce the Flood Level of potential development land in the vicinity of this
project.


c) Enhance the commercial values of the land under this project from a swampy
waste land into potential development land and revenue earner for the State of
Selangor.
d) Enhance the area into a TOURIST and TOURISM related project with the
introduction of water sports and other recreation facilities.
The PPTATTB Project will be developed through a DESIGN, BUILD and DEFERRED
Payment Reimbursable Method.
1.2 PROJECT LOCATION
The alignment of the proposed PPTATTB Project traverse from the North from the Elite
Highway to the Sungai Langat near Jenjarum Town as shown in the Figure 1.2 and
1.3. The diversion starts about 200 metres from the bridge across Sungai Klang at
kilometre 14.3 Km of the Elite Highway.
It is adjacent the proposed 1,000 acres mixed residential development of Putra Height
and Kota Kemuning in the North, and the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary in the
South. It is about 15Km East of Kuala Langat Town and on the South- Western sector
are the developed towns of Telok Panglima Garang and Jenjarom.
New highways have been planned and the West Coast Expressway (WCE) traverse
closed to the Eastern boundary of the site while the South Klang Valley Expresway
(SKVE) on the Southern borders traverse from the west to the east of the development
to Pulau Lumut and West Port. Proposals have been initiated to link the development
with both these expressways. Encompassed within the 5439.29 acres (2,201.20
hectacres) development are the former swamp forest reserve of the Kuala Langat
(North) Forest Reserve, which extends to the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary,
Agriculture with particular emphasis on oil palm plantation is the predominant
agriculture product in this area.

There are scattered families of orang asli in the Bukit Kemandul area. The State
Government have provided designated land and reserve to relocate the orang asli
settlement affected by this project.



1.3 PROJECT INITIATOR
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project has been assigned by the Selangor
State Government to be developed by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad (PNSB)
and Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd. Information on the proposed development can be obtained
from the Project Initiator at the following address:-
Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad (PNSB)

25th Floor, Wisma MBSA,
Persiaran Perbadanan,
40000 Shah Alam,
Tel : 03-55107105; Fax : 03-55107232
Attn : En. Azlan bin Kachong
In Joint-Venture With
Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd

st
21 Floor, Menara Maxisegar,
Jalan Pandan Indah 4/2,
Pandan Indah,
55100 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel : 03-42912298; Fax : 03-42969201
Attn : Mr Ong Choon Hoo
(Senior Vice President II-Project)

1.4 APPOINTMENT OF PROJECT CONSULTANTS
1.4.1 CIVIL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
The civil and geotechnical consultant appointed for the proposed Project is Dr. Y.G.
Tan Jurutera Perunding. Any inquiries and correspondences with regard to the civil
aspects of the proposed Project can be directed to :-
Dr. Y.G. Tan Jurutera Perunding

Civil, Structural & Geotechnical Engineers
5-1, Jalan 2/115A, Taman Pagar Ruyong,
Jalan Kuchai Lama, 58200 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 03-79810366; Fax: 03-79812991
Attn.: Ir. Dr. Tan Yean Guan
(Principal)
Ir Chia Khoon Khean / Ir Chong Soon Fa
(Associate)
1.4.2 PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT
The planner appointed for the proposed PPTATTB Project is JTC Planners Sdn Bhd
and the surveyor is Jurukur Terra Consult Sdn Bhd. Any inquiries and
correspondences with regard to the layout of the proposed Project can be directed to:
PLANNERS
JTC Planners Sdn. Bhd.
Consultant in Town Planning and Land Development
60000 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel : 03-77258924 Fax : 03-77278341
Attn.: En. Syed Azelan
(Planner)
and
SURVEYORS
Jurukur Terra Consult Sdn. Bhd.
60000 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 03-77258924 Fax : 03-77278341
Attn: En. Shahrezal
(Surveyor)
1.4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) consultant appointed to submit the

environmental studies to the Department of Environment is Europasia Engineering
Services Sdn Bhd. Any inquiries and correspondences with regard to the report can be
directed to :
Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. (239233-K)

36D, Jalan Petaling Utama 9,
Petaling Utama, 46000 Petaling Jaya,
Tel : 03-77833639/40, 77844382; Fax : 03-77843200
Attn.: Ms. Geetha P. Kumaran (I00161)
(Project Manager)

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA
2.1 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA
The Klang and Langat river basins are located in the State of Selangor and includes
the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia as
shown in Figure 2.1. The catchment area for the Sungai Klang river basin is
approximately 1,280 km2 while for the larger Sungai Langat river basin is about 2,500
km2, twice the size of the Klang river basin. In terms of drainage and flooding
problems, the Sungai Klang river basin experiences much more severe problems than
the Sungai Langat river basin due to the rapid urbanization experienced in the Federal
Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the adjacent towns like Shah Alam, Petaling Jaya and
Damansara in Selangor.
During the January 1971 flood, the floodwater inundated a vast area of the basin for
several days and in some low-lying areas, the depth of flooding was as high as 3m to
4m. Since then, the basin has experienced no less than ten major floodings, not to
mention the frequent flash flood occurrences. The flooding has not only inflicted great
losses to the properties adjacent to the river but also has caused severe disruption to
various social-economy activities in the Klang Valley itself. Traffic in the city grind to a
standstill as commuters grapple with the flood water and road congestion due to
impassable traffic at low-lying areas. The flood also caused damages to vehicles and
household.


The need for an integrated flood mitigation scheme for the Sungai Klang river basin was
apparent with the implementation of the Federal Territory Drainage Project. This project is
based on an earlier study on titled Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project - Drainage
Improvements - Master Drainage Plan which was initiated in 1978. The second stage of the
schemes to be integrated is the Sungai Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project which
derives from the report The Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Sungai Klang River Basin by
Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) in 1989. The third scheme is the on-going
Ten Year Programme for Cleaning up the Klang River that commenced in 1992. Follow-up
from these, the Klang River Basin Integrated Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia (KRBIFMPM)
which was commissioned by the Asian Development Bank was carried out and completed in
1996. The objectives of this study were :
to complete a feasibility study of the integration of the three on-going programs for
flood mitigation work, drainage work and environment enhancement activities; and
to assemble the feasible integrated works into one or more packages for
implementation purposes with the over riding objective of achieving flood mitigation
and environmental benefits for the Sungai Klang River basin.
Among other recommendations and findings, the KRBIFMPM had identified an urgent
flood mitigation plan for priority actions and implementation. The urgent flood mitigation
plan is the river improvement works of Klang river stretching from Jalan Klang Lama bridge
to Klang town (Kota bridge) which form the project component of this KRBIFMPM Project.
The urgency and importance of this project can be summarised as follows :
This stretch of the river is located at the downstream of the Klang valley basin and
improvement to the river conveyance capacity will not only solve the flooding problems
at the vicinity of it but will also alleviate flooding problems upstream of it including
Kuala Lumpur city.
The Taman Sri Muda residential area was then badly affected by flooding whenever
the flow of Klang River overtops its bank. The improvement of the river downstream of
it will definitely reduce the flood frequency of this area.
The damages caused by flooding are high due to the appreciation of land cost along
the Klang River. Not only this, the disruptions inflicted by flooding towards various
social-economic activities in the Klang valley have brought great losses to the economy
of the country as a whole.
Realising the urgent need to resolve the frequent flooding that caused huge economic
losses to the residential and commercial properties in the low-lying areas along the
Sungai Klang river basin, the Selangor State Government has initiated and embarked
on the proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Scheme to divert the flood water during a
100 year return period through a man-made canal with storage capacities for a
retention period during flooding and then discharge the flood water into the Sungai
Langat river basin near its river mouth.
The major benefits obtained from the construction of this man-made canal is flood
control in addition to serving as a transportation and recreation facility while the low-
lying land within this development will be greatly enhanced for development by proper
drainage.
2.1.1 Physical Environment
2.1.1.1 Geomorphology
The topography of the Project Site in relation to the surroundings is shown in Figure
2.2 in general, the Project Site is located within the low-relief plain between Sungai
Kelang and Sungai Langat. The entire Project Site is flat with the existing ground
levels varying between +RL5.0 to RL7.0 as shown in Figure 2.3, and these constitute
the inland lowland forest which grades southwestwards beyond the Site to the
freshwater swamp forest of the Kuala Langat (North) Forest Reserve and this where
the Paya Indah Wetland Sanctuary is located. From soil investigation works in the
adjacent site and correlationship with existing geological maps, the project site can be
divided into the following geomorphological units :-
a) Lowland Forest underlain by Alluvial Sediment;
b) Residential Hills of the Kenny Hill Formation.



2.1.1.2 Lowland Forest Underlain by Alluvial Sediments
Geomorphologically, the Project Site constitutes the inland alluvial flat that was
formerly covered by the lowland forest. The entire alluvial flat has been cleared of its
original vegetation for planting or left vacant, overgrown with shrub and grass. Below
the secondary and primary vegetation, a thin layer of decaying vegetation that was
derived from the former lowland forest now covers the alluvial plain. The flat alluvial
land on the eastern part of the Project Site has been used for sand mining and the
dumping of the overburden. The on-going sand mining within the Project Site is
changing the landscape and creating burrow pits more than 40m deep together with
sand mound. The burrow pits are being dewatered and therefore have not filled up
with water.
The lowland forest in the middle portion of the Project Site is gradually converting to oil
palm plantations with better economy values as observed at the middle and south-
western portions of the Project Site.
2.1.1.3 Residual Hills
The small hillocks are found in the western portion of the Project Site which is a
continuation from the irregularly shaped hilly terrain of Bukit Kemandul. This irregular
shaped hill is one of the many residual hills that were left exposed when the rest of the
land were deposited over by the alluvial sediments that formed the Alluvial Plain. Like
the rest of the residual hills, the small hillocks within the Project Site are composed of
residual soil of the Kenny Hill Formation. The Grade IV and V materials are found
beneath the top Grade VI residual soil. The Bukit Kemandul areas were cultivated with
rubber and oil palm trees due to the suitable characteristic of the natural soil, however,
now this soil is being intensively mined as fill material for the urban developments in
the surrounding areas.

2.1.1.4 Surface Hydrology
The hydrological regime of the proposed site was determined based on field
investigation and inspection of the adjacent development. The flat terrain has resulted
in waterlogging and the absence of natural watercourses at the Site. Based on the
secondary data from the adjacent site, standpipes were installed on site to measure
the fluctuation of water table over a duration of six (6) months as well as the
topographical maps (1:50,000) for the Telok Datok (Sheet 3756) and Sepang (Sheet
3755) areas were used to interpret the drainage basin and determine the possible
drainage divide.
2.1.1.5 General Drainage Pattern of the Project Area
The site is generally flat and low-lying and majority of the existing ground levels varies
between ODL +5m at the lowest to a high of +7.0m ODL. Low residual hills (i.e. Bukit
Kemandul and Bukit Cheeding) sandwich the site and directs water flow from these low
hills into the low-lying areas. There is no defined stream within the flat plain covered
generally with secondary forest and thick undergrowth, as well as some young oil palm
trees. This low-lying area is drained by a series of drainage channels with slow flowing
water which flows towards north through the Malay villages prior to discharges into
Sungai Kelang. The low-lying area is generally water logged and during the wet
season covers a large area of the site.
The eastern part of the Project Site is disturbed by the sand mining operation. The
sand mining operations in the Project site are actively pumping out water to dewater
the mining pits, to pump the sand slurry and to separate and wash the sand particles.
The sand washing water discharged into the drainage channels that flow towards the
north into Sungai Kelang too.

However, the surface drainage for the low-lying are in the south-western portion of the
Project Site is criss-crossed with a series of drainage channel for the oil palm estate.
The site has generally being disturbed and the drainage pattern takes the form of a
fish bone central channel to drain the high water table (saturated surface) for the
palm oil estate from northeast to the southwest. The dark slow flowing water flows
south-westerly across State Route B5 prior to discharging into Sungai Langat.
2.1.1.6 Drainage Divide and Surface Water Flow Direction
Based on the drainage patterns shown on topographic maps (Telok Datok, Sheet
3756), the general area that surrounds the Site is influenced by the two river systems;
the Sungai Klang system in the north and the Sungai Langat system in the south. A
Surface Drainage divide between these two river systems is interpreted to occur about
middle portion of the Project Site. On this basis, the surface drainage of the whole Site
is towards the north towards the Sungai Klang system and south towards the Sungai
Langat system. This agrees very well with the field observations. The surface flow
directions of the surface water for the general area around the Site and the Surface
Drainage Divide are clearly marked on Figure 2.2.
There are no water intake points located in the Sungai Klang and Sungai Langat
downstream of the Project Site discharge.
2.1.1.7 Geological Aspect
The geological information of the Project area was obtained from the Geological Map
of Peninsular Malaysia (1985) and Quaternary Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia
(1989), both published by the Geological Survey of Malaysia as shown in Figure 2.4.


In the flat parts of the Project Site, the bedrock is not exposed as they are underlain by
the unconsolidated and semi-consolidated Quaternary alluvial sediments of varying
thickness that is made up of the Holocene Beruas Formation (i.e., Peat, Humic Clay
and Silt Deposits) in the north portion, or and the marine Gula Formation (i.e. Clay and
Silt Deposit with locally very clayey or silty sand) in the south-western portion.
However, the Kenny Hill Formation is encountered as hillock located at Bukit Kemandul
in the western portion of the Project Site.
The alluvial sediments are found over a large area of the proposed development site
and underlie the vast former lowland swamp forest. The top layer of the alluvial
sediment consist of layer of decaying vegetation varying in thickness between 0.5m
6m. The thick alluvial sediments underlying are generally from the Beruas and the
Simpang Formation.
Limited sand mining activities were carried out at the eastern portion of the Project Site
for a long duration of time. This sand mining operation has changed the landscape of
the proposed development drastically. The characteristic of the exposed material
washed is generally a thick layer of fine white sand interbedded with silt and clay.
Figure 2.5 showed the reconnaissance soil map of the project area.


2.2 THE FLOODING PROBLEM
The Klang Valley basin is the most developed and populated area in Malaysia where
the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is located. At the upper reach are the major
residential, commercial and industrial development areas such as Petaling Jaya,
Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang town. Due to the rapid development and
urbanisation in the Valley, drainage and flooding problems have become more frequent
and severe especially along both banks of the Klang River, the main river that drains
the Klang Valley catchment. The floodings have not only inflicted great losses to the
properties adjacent to the river due to high land value but have frequently caused
severe disruption to various social-economic activities in and around the Klang Valley
itself.
In the Klang valley, flooding is caused both by depression-type monsoon storms and
convective thunderstorms. Depression-type monsoon storms are of long duration,
widespread over the whole basin and relatively low intensity. They usually do not
cause serious flooding to small tributaries, but long duration flooding over a large area
adjacent to the downstream portion of the Sungai Klang can occur. On the other hand,
thunderstorms are typically of short duration with high intensity rainfall and can cause
serious damages to the low-lying areas of small catchments. This type of flooding is
termed as flash flood and normally strikes several times each year at different location
in the basin.
Over the years, Klang valley has been hit by several major flooding and one of the
most severe floods ever recorded was in January 1971 which lasted for 5 days. During
this flood, approximately 122 km2 of the basin was inundated, causing an estimated
total damage of RM36 million with nearly 180,000 people affected. In the mid 90s,
with the implementation of Flood Mitigation Project in the upper Klang Valley and the
rapid development of lower catchment of Sungai Klang, flooding in the lower catchment
became more frequent and severe. Figure 2.6 show the flood prone area in Klang
River Basin.

Figure 2.6 - Flood Prone Areas in Klang River Basin

On December 1995 another severe flood struck the Klang Valley and the most affected
area was the Taman Sri Muda residential area. The causes of the flooding at this area
were mainly due to prolong rainy season, siltation of the Sungai Klang and its location
at the low-lying flood plain on the left bank of Sungai Klang. It was reported that the
depth of flooding was over 2m and the damage was estimated at RM20 million.
2.3 THE KLANG RIVER BASIN FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT
There are currently two (2) major on-going flood mitigation projects being implemented
in the basin, i.e. the Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project being undertaken by
the Federal Territory Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) and the Selangor
Flood Mitigation Project undertaken by DID Selangor. The ongoing programme of
works has been underpinned by a number of flood mitigation studies, including Kuala
Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project - Drainage Improvements- Master Plan 1978, The
Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin 1989 by JICA, Klang River
Basin Integrated Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia, 1994 by Kinhill in association with
Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd, 1994, Review Report for Klang River Improvement Works,
1996 by Dr. Nik & Associates and Rehabilitation of the Klang River from Jalan Sultan
Ismail Bridge to Jalan Sulaiman Bridge, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur by Erinco
Sdn Bhd 1998. Recently, through the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan, DID has
completed a more comprehensive study and review as well as proposed additional
flood mitigation projects to resolve the frequently flooding problems in the Klang river
basin. The project title is the Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement and
Flood Mitigation Project carried out by Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd (DNA). in
association with Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) and Snowy Mountain Engineering
Cooperation (SMEC). The project completed in 2002 is todate the most thorough
project where it not only addresses the flood mitigation components but also the flood
forecasting and warning system as well as the improvement of the river environment.
In the Selangor Flood Mitigation Project, it includes flood mitigation sub-projects of the
Klang River tributaries including Sg. Damansara, Sg. Penchala, Sg. Kayu Ara, Sg.
Rasah, Sg. Gombak, Sg. Batu, Sg. Kerayong and other smaller sub-tributaries. The
main sources of funds is provided by the Federal as well as State Governments.
However, due to funding constraints, improvement works are being carried out in
phases, focusing on critical areas and immediate needs.

2.4 JICA STUDY IN 1989
Following the 1971 major flood, the implementation of the Federal Territory Drainage
Project (FEDP) was launched based on the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project
Drainage Improvements Master Drainage Master Plan, 1978. The project focused
on the City of Kuala Lumpur. This was later expanded to cover the whole river basin
following the Study on the Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin, 1989 by Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The designed level of protection is for a 100
years return period. The major works included the following :-
the construction of Batu Dam,

raising of Klang Gates Dam,
construction of Gombak Diversion and Batu Retention Pond,
construction of Kg. Baru Pump House,
river improvement works for 11 rivers with a total length of 185km,
removal of Puchong Drop, and
utilisation of ex-mining ponds as flood retention storage ponds.
The original design of utilising Rasau Swamp for flood storage has been abandoned
because the majority of the land were alienated by the state for development or
commercial purposes. As such, the current on-going Sungai Klang improvement works
for the downstream section is based on a re-design without considering the Rasau
Swamp as a storage pond. The total project cost is estimated to be Ringgit Malaysia 1
billion. The Project is scheduled to be completed by the year 2005.
The majority of the works, especially in the City of Kuala Lumpur have been completed.
However flooding frequently occurs despite the massive improvement works. Several
reviews have shown that the protection level for many areas, especially those in the
Kuala Lumpur City center, is well below the design level of 100 years. These studies
have concluded that constrictions to flood flow arising from encroachment, temporary
works in river channels, permanent road crossings, trapped solid waste and shortage
of available land resulting in channel constrictions restrict further river improvement
works. It is also a fact that the actual development had exceeded the planned
development rate resulting in higher flood run-off and hence reducing the protection
level against flood.

2.5 KINHILL & RANHILL STUDY IN 1994
Subsequently, DID has commissioned the Klang River Basin Integrated Flood
Mitigation Project, Malaysia, 1994 by Consultants Kinhill in association with Ranhill
Bersekutu Sdn Bhd in 1994. This was a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance
(PPTA) commissioned by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), comprising a feasibility
study to integrate the three ongoing flood mitigation projects in the Klang River Basin
into one project for the Government of Malaysia. The integration of the three ongoing
projects were to be packaged for implementation purposes and the overall objective of
the integrated project was to mitigate major flooding problems in the Klang River Basin.
As an outcome of the technical studies and feasibility study phases of the PPTA, seven
sub-projects were identified for inclusion in the Project that are briefly detailed below:
Table 2 : Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA)

Sub-project 1 Klang River Channel Improvement
The sub-project would implement works to improve the existing
channel capacity of the Klang River from the Federal Highway bridges
to below the Damansara River junction over a distance of some 36 km.
Sub-project 2 Klang River Levee Extensions
The sub-project would implement the construction of low levees
extending from the levee embankments associated with Sub-project 1
downstream to link with existing levees and areas of higher natural
ground. The levees would provide protection against river or tidal
flooding in the transitional zone without the need for channel dredging.
Sub-project 3 Sediment Trapping
The sub-project would involve the continuation and extension of the
current program of sediment trap construction and operation to enable
removal of excessive sediment from the river system before it enters
and is deposited in the central city areas or downstream where its
subsequent removal is more difficult and costly.

Sub-project 4 Tributary River Channel Improvement

This sub-program would continue channel improvements in tributary
rivers and streams in identified high priority areas.
Sub-project 5 Flood Forecasting and Warning
Flood Forecasting and Warning. This sub-project would implement
improved instrumentation in the Klang River catchment and the
development of a flood forecasting and flood warning system based on
appropriate instrumentation and monitoring equipment.
Sub-project 6 Integrated Catchment Management Pilot Programme
This would involve setting up of an Integrated Catchment Management
Unit in the appropriate government agency and the selection of 4 or 5
appropriate sub-catchments for trial ICM groups.
Sub-project 7 Solid Waste Management
This sub-project would provide the facilities for operating a solid waste
collection and disposal system for currently underserviced areas and
particularly the squatter settlements or residential areas contributing to
solid waste in the river.
In general terms, the outcome of the PPTA can be considered as a consolidation of the
ongoing project into defined project packages and programs for future implementation.

2.6 DNA, DHI & SMEC STUDY IN 2002
The design return period for the ongoing Klang River Basin Flood Mitigation Project is
1 in 100-year ARI and a substantial portion of the proposed program of works
upstream of Kuala Lumpur City has been completed. However, recent floods (30th
April 2000, 26th April 2001 and 29th October 2001) have resulted in significant flooding
and substantial flood damages in many areas of Kuala Lumpur. This is consistent with
the results of the Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement and Flood Mitigation
Project by Dr. Nik & Associates in 2002 hydrological and hydraulic studies. To
increase the protection level to 1 in 100 ARI, the study of DNA proposed the followings
:
Construction of Sungai Klang/Sungai Kerayong bypass Tunnel and other

associated works;
Construction of Ampang Diversion channel connecting Ampang River to Ampang
Hilir pond and upgrade the outlet structure for Ampang Hilir pond;
Implementation of flood detention storage system in the Bunus catchment to control
the 100-year ARI peak discharge into Klang River to 45 m/s3;
Upgrading of Gombak Diversion System and enlargement of Batu Detention Pond
storage volume to 4.5 million m3;
Construction of Keroh Diversion and enlargement of Jinjang Ponds storage volume
to 2.5 million m3 with other related works;
Construction of deep storage ponds with pumping system at Benteng and Puah
ponds to increase the storage capacity to 400,000 and 250,000 m3 respectively;
Improvement of hydraulic flows of the constricted bridges at Kinabalu bridge, and
Tun Perak bridge on the Klang River crossings and Tun Razak bridge and Jln Raja
bridge on the Gombak River crossings;
Improvement of the hydraulic flows at the PWTC rock cascades at Batu and
Gombak Rivers, just upstream of the confluence; and
Upgrading the mechanical gate system at Klang Gate Dam.
Improvement of Klang River from the downstream of Klang Gate Dam to the
confluence with Ampang River;
Improvement of Batu River from downstream of Batu Dam to Batu Detention Pond;
Improvement of Damansara River from confluence with Kayu Ara River to 8 km
upstream;
Improvement of upstream stretch of Ampang River for 6.4 km;

Improvement of mid stretch of Kerayong River and construction of Sri Johor off-line
pond;
Maintenance and desilting works at river system to maintain the design river
sections.
It is vital to note that the proposed Flood Mitigation Master Plan for Kuala Lumpur is
formulated to provide the 100-year ARI protection level only when it is coordinated with the
best management practice as highlighted in the 2020 land use. If the traditional type of
land development is continued and developed as planned in the 2020 Pelawi land use, the
flood discharges will be much higher and from the results of the analysis, the flood
protection level in Kuala Lumpur will reduce to about 20-year ARI only. The following
Figure 2.7 shows the overall flood mitigation projects that are completed, on-going and
also proposed for the Klang River Basin.

D
Lampiran 2

PETUNJUK
tu
S
Ba
ON-GOING WORKS
g
k
Ji
g
ba
Sg.
nj
m
on
PROPOSED WORKS TO BE IMPLEMENTED Go
a. n
k
JINJANG POND .
g
ng
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e lo
KLANG GATES
DIVERSION
Sg. B
Sg. K
Sg
.K
am
ero
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unsin
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us
g
FEDERAL
Bun
l an
Dr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG

.K
AMPANG HILIR
Sg.
TERRITORY
Sg
POND
BATU DIVERSION Sg. A
mpan
lang g
Sg . K
SULAIMAN
BRIDGE KG. BARU
ra
sa
PUMP HOUSE
an
am
.D
KLANG/AMPANG
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PUMP HOUSE e ra
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BRIDGE SHAH KLANG LAMA U
Sg
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g BRIDGE
.
Sg. Klan ALAM
Sg
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Sg
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Boh
BANDAR KLANG .
uy
Sg
oh
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Sg
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.K
o ng
lan ch
g
STRAIT OF . Pu
Sg
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Sg. Rasau
PAYA RASAU

MA/ PROGRESS
18 MEI 2001
30
Figure 2.7 - Status of Flood Mitigation Project in Klang River Basin
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSAL FOR CANAL BY-PASS
3.1 THE PROPOSAL
The proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is to construct and create a man-
made canal with a length of approximately 16Km to connect the Sungai Klang at
14.3Km of the Elite Highway to Sungai Langat just 7Km upstream of its river mouth as
shown in Figure 3.1.
3.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
In order to achieve the objective of diverting flood flows from the Sungai Klang to the
Sungai Langat in the proposed canal, various structures and facilities are incorporated
into the design. The various structures and components of the man-made canal will
consist of the following :-
Intake structures at the inlet of the canal with Sungai Klang which are formed by
tilting gates (Figure 3.2) that controls the amount of water entering the canal;
Trash screen at the upstream inlet to trap debris and rubbish from Sungai Klang
from entering and polluting the canal (Figure 3.2);
Sediment basin immediately downstream from the intake structure to trap

sediment before flowing into the main canal (Figure 3.2);
The main canal section itself for a length of approximately 16 km (Figure 3.3);

Control weir using the rubber dam or equivalent immediately downstream of the
development areas to control the water level so that in normal time the canal can
be used for water transport, recreation and various water related activities;
A storage retention pond at the downstream end of the canal just before water is
discharge into Sungai Langat in order to attenuate the peak flow into Sungai Langat
(Figure 3.4); and
Outlet control gate controlling the discharge from the flood retention pond into
Sungai Langat and also preventing water from Sungai Langat to enter and fill up
the retention pond during high tide (Figure 3.5).






CHAPTER 4 FLOOD CONTROL FUNCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
As mentioned in the earlier section, extensive flood mitigation projects have been or
are being carried out by DID to improve the flood protection level in the Klang river
basin. The intended protection level adopted for the Klang river system is 1 in 100
year ARI. As shown in Figure 4.1, the downstream stretch of the Klang river has been
or are being improved based on the 100-year ARI and this means that if the whole
stretch has been fully implemented, it is expected that the flooding problems along this
area will be resolved.
Lampiran 2

PETUNJUK
atu
ON-GOING WORKS
.B
k
Sg
ba
Ji
Sg
g
PROPOSED WORKS TO BE IMPLEMENTED om
n
nj
JINJANG POND .G
ko
a. n
Sg
ng
g
el o
Sg. B
KLANG GATES
DIVERSION
Sg. K
Sg
.K
amun
er o
h
sing
us
Design for 100-yr ARI and under Construction

Bun
g
FEDERAL
l an
.K
Sg .
TERRITORY AMPANG HILIR

Sg POND
BATU DIVERSION Sg . A
m pan
lang g
Sg . K
SULAIMAN
BRIDGE KG. BARU
a
ar
PUMP HOUSE
s
an
am
.D
KLANG/AMPANG
ng
Sg
KG PASIR yo DIVERSION TUNNEL

PUMP HOUSE e ra
.K
Sg
ah
la
KOTA
as
ha
U
.R
BRIDGE SHAH KLANG LAMA

nc
Sg
g ALAM BRIDGE
Sg . Kl an
.P
Sg
ol
Sg
Boh
.K
BANDAR KLANG .
Sg
uy
o h
PUCHONG
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ng
.K
ho
la n
STRAIT OF uc
.P
g
Sg
MALACCA
Sg. Rasau
PAYA RASAU

MA/PROGRESS
18 MEI 2001
Figure 4.1 - The Downstream Stretch of Klang River is designed to cater for 100-year
ARI Flood Protection Level

4.2 CANAL BY-PASS AS FLOOD CONTROL FUNCTION
Although with the river improvement works that being and have been carried out to
achieve the 100-year ARI protection level along Sungai Klang downstream of the
diversion, the importance of the canal cannot be disregarded based on the following
considerations :-
4.2.1 Reduced Frequency Of Desilting
At this downstream stretch of Sungai Klang, the bed profile gradient is gentle and tidal
where the flow velocity is sluggish. The deepening and widening of the channel
section in order to cater for the 100-year ARI flood flows has aggravated the situation.
With the large amount of silt being washed down from the upper catchment where the
Kuala Lumpur city is located, siltation has become a major problem in this stretch of
the river. Figure 4.2 shows the river improvement works that has enlarged the river
section and resulted in lower flow velocity which encourage siltation to occur.
Figure 4.2 - River Improvement through deepening and widening will encourage
Siltation

Since the river is not sustainable and siltation will bring back the river section to the
original condition, the intended 100-year ARI protection level for this stretch of Sungai
Klang will be short span. Figure 4.3 illustrates the progressive reduction of the
channel flow area that has been improved due to severe siltation problem and Figure
4.4 shows the actual siltation happening at the stretch downstream of Taman Sri Muda.
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Figure 4.3 - Progressive Reduction of Flow Area due to Siltation

Figure 4.4 - Aerial Photograph showing the already Silted areas of the Improved Stretch
along Sungai Klang
With the capacity of PPTATTB Canal Project to divert part of the flood water from the
Sungai Klang, even though the Sungai Klang maybe silted up, the protection levels at
the downstream stretch can still be maintained at the 100-year ARI protection level
through the construction of this by-pass. The frequency of maintenance and desilting
works will be less and is a cost saving in the long run.
4.2.2 LOW-LYING AREAS
At this downstream stretches of the Sungai Klang, most of the flood flow are contained
using bunds due to surrounding low-lying areas as shown in Figure 4.5. Most of the
outlets that flows into the river are gated as shown in Figure 4.6. There are a few
major problems associated with bunds and gated outlets as described below :-
Risk of flood flow breaching the exiting bund levels;
If internal catchment is fully developed with high discharge volume, during high
flow conditions when the flood gates are closed, internal runoff will flood the
areas within the development; and
New developments required to backfill to the bund height in order to avoid
pumping drainage in future (eg. Taman Sri Muda as shown in Figures 4.7 and
4.8).
Figure 4.5 - Flood Protection using Bunds
Figure 4.6 - Typical Tidal Gate Structure

Figure 4.7 - High Bunds at Taman Sri Muda
Figure 4.8 - Schematic Illustration of Pumping System at Taman Sri Muda

With the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Scheme, the man-made canal will divert a portion
of the flood water away, the downstream water level during flood flow will be lower and
this will reduce the risk of bunds being breached. Closing up of the flood gates will
consequently be less frequent due to lower water level in the river and fewer developed
areas may require pumping drainage as experienced in Taman Sri Muda residential
scheme.
One of the major advantages is that future development platform levels for new
projects can be lowered as shown in Figure 4.9. This will generally reduce the
earthwork platform level and due to the scarcity of earth fill material in coastal
Selangor, this will result in overall cost savings for projects and the overall benefits to
the community. In the long term , it will be a cost saving to the State Government and
DID.

Development
Area
Development
Area
Bund
Bund 100 Yr. Design
Backfilled WL Backfilled Proposed
Proposed Platform
Platform
Development
Area
Development
Area
Bund
Bund
Reduced 100 Yr. Design

WL
Figure 4.9 - Lower Flood Level will reduce the height of backfill for the Development
Platform

4.2.3 Reduced Flood Level
At the areas adjacent to the intake point for the canal as well as the development areas
in the Canal City, generally the ground level is only between 5 to 6 mRL while the 100-
year ARI flood level at Klang river is 7.5 mRL (Figure 4.10). For new development, the
platform levels need to be raised to above 7.5 mRL and even higher for areas further
away for gravity drainage flow. This will increase the cost of construction particularly
for earthworks as the state has shortage of fill material particularly for low-lying areas
and may result in the land not viable for development. This will result in loss of
revenue for the State Government.
With the PPTATTB man-made canal which has a much lower point to discharge the
flow at the downstream stretch of Sungai Langat, the 100-year ARI water level in the
canal can be designed to be lowered as compared to the current situation. Figure 4.11
and Figure 4.12 show the longitudinal section between Sungai Kelang and Sungai
Langat with and without the 16km Canal by-pass. For new developments, minimum
filling is required for this areas and thus can enhance the value of land here. This will
also mean that portion of the Sungai Klang catchment will be diverted to Sungai Langat
and further reduce the flood flow in Sungai Klang basin. The construction of the
proposed canal will improve drainage in the low-lying areas adjacent the canal
enhancing the land for development as shown in Figure 4.13.

FIG.4.10

Low lying area

Sg. Klang
Sg.
Langat
8.5mRL HWL
HWL
2.85mRL
7.4mRL +2
9.405mRL
+1.68mRL
Figure 4.11 - Profile Plot of the Canal Alignment and the Low-Lying Areas
adjacent to the Klang river
16km Canal By Pass
8.5mRL
HWL
HWL 7.4mRL
2.85mRL
+1.68mRL
+2
9.405mRL
Figure 4.12 - The Canal will divert a portion of Klang catchment Flood Flow
to Sungai Langat and improve the surrounding Drainage


4.2.4 Enhanced Flood Protection Level
Although the Sungai Klang has been improved to cater for 100-year ARI without
consideration of the PPTATTB canal, the construction of the canal will nevertheless
enhance the flood protection levels downstream. It is estimated that the canal will
increase the flood protection levels to 200 years ARI for the Sungai Klang. Many major
cities including Tokyo are designed to have protection level of 200-year ARI. This will
definitely provide a better assurance to the downstream stretch of Sungai Klang where
it passes through major cities and town such as Shah Alam and adjacent development
and Klang. Furthermore, if the flood mitigation measures implemented in the upper
Klang and Kuala Lumpur is non-functioning or operating as planned, the canal
diversion will provide an alternative and assurance at this lower stretch of river to be
guaranteed of the protection level that the PPTATTB canal was designed to cater.
With the lowering of flood levels, major tributaries such as Sungai Damansara with its
large development catchment upstream will directly benefit since it has a lower tail
water to discharge. As a whole, the canal diversion will provide a better flood
management control for the Selangor Government in resolving the existing flooding
problems in the lower Sungai Klang basin.
4.2.5 Cushion Impacts Of Over Development Of Klang River Basin
With the implementation of the Flood Mitigation Project (FMP) in the upper Klang
Valley and the rapid development of the lower catchments of the Sungai Klang,
flooding in these catchments will be more frequent and severe. Actual development
will eventually exceed planned development rate as the State of Selangor embank on
its objective to become a fully developed state by the year 2005. The opening of state
land for development will result in higher flood run-off and reduce the flood protection
levels against flooding. Figure 4.14 shows the Projected Land use until year 2020.



The PPTATTB Canal Project will function to complement the existing flood mitigation
measures currently being implemented in the upper Sungai Klang basin and cushion
the impact of over development.
With the by-pass canal to divert the flood flows away from the Sungai Klang to
downstream of Sungai Langat (virtually to the sea), any impact from the increase in the
flood flow discharges in the Sungai Klang due to over development can be cushioned
off. This will definitely provide added assurance to the Selangor State in order to avoid
any increase in the flood flows that potentially can cause severe flooding towards the
downstream developed areas such as Shah Alam City.
4.2.6 MANUAL SALIRAN MESRA ALAM MALAYSIA (MASMA)
By creating a large water body from the main channel and a series of secondary canals
linking various locations within the potential development areas, the water body will
definitely be in line with the MASMA concept where any additional runoff generated
from the new development within this catchment can be attenuated by this vast water
body itself. For the new development areas surrounding the canal system, the canal
system itself will act as large flood detention storage before discharging into
downstream river and it is not necessary to provide any additional detention pond
storages within the new development itself.

CHAPTER 5 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrological analysis is carried out to obtain the design flood hydrographs with
reasonable accuracy using various rainfall-runoff models and with this information
hydraulic analysis is then performed to route the design flood hydrographs through
river channels to evaluate the capacity and conveyance of the rivers being considered.
Furthermore, the analysis which uses various mathematical models to obtain discharge
information of all the major river systems and other tributaries are necessary to be
used in developing and testing various proposed flood mitigation options and drainage
systems in the project area.
The main rivers relevant to the project as described in Chapter 2 have been
extensively studied and through the publication of the various reports from these
studies various recommendations are being implemented and are in the construction
stage while for others, either master plans or detailed design drawings are already
available for reference. In the design of the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project, all
these reports have been reviewed to avoid any ambiguity and duplication of works.
The hydrological analysis in deriving the design flood hydrographs for this project
which have been extensively reported by DNA, will not be carried out but rather to
adopt the results, findings and recommendations obtained from these documented
studies that have been submitted to the Malaysian Government.

5.2 SUNGAI LANGAT CATCHMENT
Previously, the development in the Sungai Langat catchment had been at a relatively
slow pace although it is located just south of Kuala Lumpur city. Most parts of the
catchment were covered with forests, rubber and oil palm estates except in town areas
such as Kajang, Semenyih, Bangi, Dengkil, Sri Kembangan, Banting, and along the
fringes of Kuala Lumpur. Due to the inherent economic activities which are mainly
agricultural, and the low land cost in the catchment area, the peak discharges has not
increased substantially due to urbanisation and even if flooding did occur at certain
low-lying areas, it had not contributed to major damages and economical losses.
The construction of the Sungai Langat and Sungai Semenyih dams for water supply
purposes have also contributed to attenuated flood discharges to the downstream
catchment, albeit, to a lesser extent than normally expected. Sungai Langat is also
extensively exploited for other economic purposes such as drainage, water abstraction
for industrial usage and sand mining. Hence, all major studies that have been
conducted for this catchment are concentrated on water resources studies and there is
no comprehensive study on the drainage and flooding problems or master plans
carried out for the development in this catchment.
The recent economic boom and the rapid development and transformation of
Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, KLIA and other adjacent areas in the Multimedia Super Corridor
(MSC), has spurred substantial development in the vicinity of Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC) especially in the upper catchment of Sungai Langat. Due to this rapid
development, DID has commissioned a drainage master plan study on the Multimedia
Super Corridor (MSC). The study was completed in 1999 by Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn
Bhd. DID has appointed KTA Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. to carry out the Sungai Langat river
basin catchment study and the project is currently on-going. The adopted design peak
flood hydrographs at the Sungai Langat for this project is based on the MSC master
plan study as listed in Table 5.0. This will subsequently be re-computed upon the
completion of the Sungai Langat catchment studies by KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd to
confirm the design peak discharges adopted.

Table 5.0 - Design Peak Discharges along Langat River

Location Average Recurrence Interval (year)
2-yr 5-yr 10-yr 20-yr 50-yr 100-yr
Bandar 1777 1904 2012 2179 2310 2450
Banting Bridge 1033 1193 1314 1490 1625 1763
Bukit Changgang
707 927 1077 1282 1433 1582
Bridge
Sg. Labu Confluence 547 922 1074 1279 1433 1581
Dengkil Bridge 530 707 827 996 1109 1236
5.3 SUNGAI KLANG CATCHMENT
The Sungai Klang river basin catchment has been thoroughly studied and investigated
in terms of its hydrological and hydraulic characteristics due to the economic and
administrative importance of this area where the Federal capital is located. Various
reports have been prepared not only by the DID but also by various government
agencies and their appointed consultants to address the findings of the flood mitigation
measures and river improvement works. River and drainage master plans for the
Klang river basin have also been prepared.
The more relevant and recent study related to the construction of the PPTATTB Flood
Mitigation Project that have considered the various aspects of flood mitigation works
and river management plan is the Klang River Environment Improvement and Flood
Mitigation Project in 2002 by DNA, DHI & SMEC. Thus, the design hydrographs that
are adopted in this project are based on this most recent study. Figure 5.0 shows the
design flood hydrographs of Sungai Klang river basin at the point of diversion for
various ARI.

[m^3/s] Sg. Klang Design Flood Hydrographs

1400.0
1300.0 100-yr ARI
1200.0
50-yr ARI
1100.0
1000.0 20-yr ARI
900.0
800.0 10-yr ARI
700.0
5-yr ARI
600.0
500.0 2-yr ARI
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:0 0:00
1-1-2020 2-1-2020
Figure 5.0 - Klang River Design Flood Hydrographs at Diversion Point

5.4 FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS ESTIMATION FROM LOCAL RUNOFF
The flood hydrographs from the surrounding development are estimated based on the
following assumptions :
2.1 The rainfall duration adopted is the same as the Sungai Klang which is 12 hours. This
assumption is considered conservative since the peak discharges for various rainfall
durations will be quite similar by using the temporal pattern recommended in MASMA.
This is because the long duration temporal pattern is formed by the shorter rainfall
duration that built within it. It is also a norm to adopt the same rainfall duration
throughout the same catchment when carrying out the hydrological analysis.
2.2 The development areas surrounding the secondary canals which are located upstream
of the rubber dam, about 8km long will not be provided with flood detention ponds since
the secondary canals can be utilized for the same function.
2.3 For downstream stretch of the Canal, the runoffs from surrounding developments are
assumed to have their own flood detention ponds to attenuate the peak flood
discharges. For modeling purpose, it is assumed that the attenuated peak discharges
are 50% lower than the un-attenuated peak discharges.
2.4 It is assumed that for the intended land use for the development of the surrounding
catchments along the Canal, the peak discharges for 100-year ARI is about 10
m3/s/km2.
2.5 For the preliminary analysis, it is assumed that the total catchment area to be discharged
into the Canal is 80 km2, with 40 km2 along the upper 8km stretch and 40 km2 along the
downstream 8 km stretch. With this and the above assumptions, a total of 400 m3/s will
flow into the upper 8 km stretch and 200 m3/s into the lower 8 km stretch of the Canal for
the 100-year ARI.
2.6 For the upper catchment, the flood discharges are assumed to flow into the secondary
canals while for the lower catchment, the flood discharges are assumed to flow directly
into the Canal. Since the local drainage networks have not been established at this
point of time, the inflow flood discharges are assumed to be distributed along the
canals.

CHAPTER 6 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The design flood hydrographs obtained from the hydrological analysis in Chapter 5
Hydrological Studies are adopted as input in the hydraulic analysis to evaluate the
capacity and conveyance of those particular rivers being considered. Subsequently,
various flood mitigation options and canal systems can be proposed and assessed for
their effectiveness to cater for the runoff from the present as well as the proposed land
use for the adjacent catchment. The main objectives for the hydraulic analysis are
summarised as follows :
To obtain the predicted design discharges of the Sungai Klang and Sungai Langat
as well as along the Canal;
To obtain the design water level profiles along the rivers being analysed;
To determine the flood protection levels at various stretches of the canals and
rivers being analysed under various conditions;
To analyse and evaluate flood diversion including sizing of canal and control
structures to cater for the intended design discharges.
6.2 CHOICE OF HYDRAULIC MODEL
In this analysis, the hydraulic consideration is mainly carried out using a computer
model. Computer modelling has been commonly used as one of the tools in the
simulation of flood flow conditions along rivers. It is adopted for the purpose of
predicting the design water levels and providing flow velocity in the sizing of improved
river cross sections and other hydraulic structures as well as assessing the riverbank
and riverbed erosion. Once the model has been set-up and calibrated, its main
advantages over other methods, such as physical modelling, are its great flexibility in
assessing various situations and proposals in a very short time and the cost incurred is
also less than others. With accurate data used in the calibration of the parameters
used for the modelling, the accuracy of the simulated results obtained is comparable
with other methods.

The basic data requirement for the hydraulic analysis of rivers using a computer model is
the river cross-sections survey and as discussed, the data collection being carried out
under this analysis is geared towards this purpose. The type of model being adopted in
this analysis is the hydrodynamic model instead of the steady state model such as the
Hec-Ras model. The reasons for the choice of the hydrodynamic model in this Study can
be summarised below :-
The design hydrographs for the whole river system until the river mouth are to be
routed using the hydrodynamic model. This is beyond the steady state model
capability;
The downstream reach being modelled is under tidal influence and hence required the
hydrodynamic model to correctly reflect this downstream phenomenon;
The flood diversion and various gates operation options being considered such as
detention ponds require the routing of design hydrographs with the runoff volume being
one of the important design parameters which again is better achieved with a
hydrodynamic model;
The hydrodynamic model will not only provide the routing of design hydrographs but
also the water levels along the rivers modelled so that an evaluation of the river
capacity and design of the river cross sections can be carried out; and
The results from the hydrodynamic analysis will also be used for the sediment transport
analysis and the velocity obtained from the analysis will also be used in the evaluation
of the bank erosion along the rivers.
From the above justifications, the model adopted in this Study is the Mike-11 computer
model developed by the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI). The Mike-11 model is a
professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows, water quality and
sediment transport in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water
bodies.

6.3 MIKE-11 HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL
The Mike-11 model is a computer software package developed by the Danish

Hydraulics Institute (DHI) for the simulation of water flows, sediment transport and
water quality in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems and similar water bodies. The
general description of the software is given in Figure 6.0. The software comes in
several modules and the relevant module for the hydraulic analysis of the flood flows in
rivers is the hydrodynamic module (HD).
Figure 6.0 - Mike 11 Model

The basic formulae used in the model is based on the one-dimensional unsteady state
gradually varied flow equations, which are also termed as the St. Venant equations:
- Continuity equation
Q A
+ =c (6.1)
x t
- Momentum Equation
2
Q
( )
Q A = g.A(S - ) - g.A y
+ Sf (6.2)
t x x
where Q is discharge for the overland or channel flow, c is lateral inflow per unit length of flow,
A is area of flow, x is distance in the direction of flow, t is time, g is acceleration of gravity, S is
bed slope of the flow, Sf is friction losses and y is depth of flow. In applying the Mike-11 in this
Study, the friction losses, , Sf are computed using the Manning equation, which is described as
below :
n 2Q 2
Sf = 2 5/3 (6.3)
AR
where n is the Mannings roughness and R is the hydraulic radius.
The above equations are normally solved numerically in order to provide the flexibility in
defining the boundary conditions, variable channel cross sections, hydraulic features, etc., so
that the model can be set-up to simulate the actual conditions as close as possible.
The HD module has adopted the implicit finite difference numerical method for the
computation of unsteady flows in rivers and estuaries. Furthermore, the model can describe
sub-critical as well as supercritical flow conditions through a numerical scheme which adapts
according to local flow conditions, in time as well as space. Advanced computational modules
are included for description of flow over hydraulic structures, including possibilities to describe
structures operation such as overflow weirs, gates, culverts, etc., as well as dam break
simulation. The formulations can be applied to looped networks and quasi two-dimensional
flow simulation on flood plains, extending from steep river flows to tidally influenced estuaries.

6.4 GENERAL APPROACH TO ANALYSIS
The sequence of approach to be used in the Mike-11 modelling can be broadly

summarised as follows:
Data Collection
- Data is collected for the use of model setup, calibration and simulation;
Model Set Up
- In order to use the Mike-11 computer model, the establishment and setting up
of the model are vital in the overall simulation process. It will form the
backbone of the Study where various requirements of the model to provide
accurate simulation have to be complied. Limitations of the model will also be
observed in order to avoid any unreasonable results and computational stability
problem;
Calibration and Verification

- These processes have to be carried out to test the model that has been
established and set up. Various model parameters will be calibrated to fit the
simulated results with the observed data and these parameters will be verified
using another set of observed data; and
Simulation of Extreme Conditions

- After fulfilling the above two processes, the model will then be used to carry out
various simulations to analyse the extreme conditions. In this particular Study
for the proposed PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project, the extreme conditions in
question are the design flood flows for various return periods under high tide
condition. This is important to establish the database under the existing
condition of the rivers being modelled. Subsequently, river improvement works
and flood mitigation measures can be introduced into the model to evaluate
their effectiveness in mitigating the flooding situation.

6.5 DATA COLLECTION
The data collected for the hydrodynamic analysis using the Mike-11 model are
summarised as below :-
Topographical maps, survey layout and alignment plans of the canal;

River cross sections for Klang and Langat rivers are obtained from Dr. Nik &
Associates Sdn. Bhd.;
Design flood hydrographs obtained from Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd.; and
Relevant previous reports and studies as follow:-
a) The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Macro Drainage Master Plan by Dr
Nik & Associate Sdn Bhd 1999.
b) Klang River Environment Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project by Dr
Nik & Associate Sdn Bhd, DHI & SMEC 2002.
6.6 MODEL SET UP
The Mike-11 model set up is geared towards the intended requirements for the
analysis as well as in accordance to the stipulations in the Mike-11 manual. In this
Study, the HD Module from the Mike-11 model was used for flood flow analysis. The
basic data input for the setting up of the HD module is listed as below :
Cross sectional data of the river at intervals from the river mouth to the upstream
boundary limit of the Project area. To simulate the improved river conditions,
design cross sections are used to replace the existing cross sections at the
stretches of rivers that require improvement;
Hydraulic structures or other features such as control structures, weirs, gates,
bridges and culverts that have significant influence on the hydraulics of the river
flow;
Boundary conditions of the model system are necessary to define the conditions of
the simulations. Although the Mike-11 model can simulate various types of preset
boundary conditions, the optimum conditions normally applied to river systems are
with the downstream boundary defined by the variation of water level with time and
inflow discharge hydrographs at all the upstream boundaries for the main river and
all the tributaries;

Channel roughness factor;

Initial conditions of the model such as water levels and flow discharges; and
Configuration and hydraulic parameters of each hydraulic structures and if any, the
operation procedures of the hydraulic structures.
The network of the river system is initially digitised or scanned into the model either
from the topographical maps or survey plans. Either the existing or designed river
cross sections of the river to be modelled are then keyed into the model in accordance
to the chainages provided in the survey plans. All the hydraulic structures and
waterway crossings such as weirs, bridges and culverts which affect the flow
hydraulics of the river are also required to be defined and located at the specified
chainages of the river. The hydraulic simulations for the river system are carried out as
a single network.
Subsequently, the points and chainages where the inflow hydrographs should be
discharged into the river are identified with the time series water level as the boundary
condition at the downstream cross section.
Finally, the initial conditions of the river and channel roughness of the river are
specified. In this Project, the widely used Mannings roughness, n is adopted. From all
the data listed above, normally only the channel roughness is used as the parameter to
be calibrated.
As mentioned above, the existing conditions are simulated using the cross section data
obtained from the surveys. If the stretch of the river requires to be improved, the
designed sections can be introduced into the model and evaluated for their
effectiveness in reducing the flood levels. Other features such as bridge constriction
can also be modelled and the recommendations to improve the features hydraulically
such as widening bridge span can be tested for their ability in lowering the flood levels.
Introduction of on-line or off-line detention ponds will also be considered in the
modelling as part of the flood mitigation options in reducing the flood discharges
downstream. All these hydraulic features will be captured in the model set up and in
the formulation of the flood diversion using the canal. The set-up of the model for the
Sungai Klang, Sungai Langat and the Canal alignment as well as the structures
location is given in Figures 6.1 and 6.2.

Figure 6.1 - Model Setup for the Project


CHAPTER 7 MODEL SIMULATION & SIZING
7.1 SIZING OF CANAL, PONDS AND STRUCTURES
The results of the hydrodynamic routing for the flood event of 100-year ARI using the
Mike-11 model are obtained for the Sungai Klang, Sungai Langat and the canal itself.
Based on the model setup that has been elaborated earlier, the sizing of the structures
is carried out in order to obtain the required flood flow diversion. The required
diversion from the Sungai Klang into the canal is approximately 30% of the 100-year
ARI peak flood discharge in the Sungai Klang. As given in Chapter 5, the 100-year
ARI peak discharge is about 1,425 m3/s and thus, the Canal should at least have to be
sized to cater for 430 m3/s. Thus the following sizes of the structures are obtained.
Intake structure Using tilting gates with the invert of the structure set at 2.5 mRL.
The crest of the gates when they are fully closed is 7.5 mRL. Thus, the height of
the gates is 4.5 m. In order to divert approximately 430 m3/s, the number of gates
required is 6 numbers with the width of 6 m (Figure 7.1);
The surface area for the siltation pond is approximately 10 ha with the bed level
set at 1.0 mRL, 3.5 m lower than the invert level of the intake structure;
The canal size in order to divert 430 m3/s has a bottom width of 40 m with side
slope of 1V : 4 H. The invert upstream is set at 2.5 mRL while the invert at the
downstream end is set at 1.0 mRL. Generally, the bed gradient of the canal is 1 in
4500 (Figure 7.4).
The rubber dam when fully deflated should have a crest level of 1.1 mRL and when
it is fully inflated, the crest level should be 3.5 mRL. The total width of the rubber
dam is 40 m (Figure 7.2).
The detention storage at the downstream end of the canal is set to have an invert
level of 3 mRL in order to have a minimum water depth for recreational purposes.
The size of the pond is designed to have an effective surface area of approximately
18 ha.
The outlet gates to control the flow discharges from the canal and detention pond
before discharging into Sungai Langat is designed to have an invert level of 0.9
mRL and the type of gates adopted is the sliding roller gates. Three numbers are
required and the width is 6 m with height of 4 m. Thus when the gates are fully
closed, the crest of the gates is 2.9 mRL (Figure 7.3).

+7.5m
+2.5m
-1.0m
Figure 7.1 Intake Gate Structure and Dimensions

Figure 7.2 - Rubber Dam Structure and Dimensions

Figure 7.3 - Outlet Gate Structure and Dimensions



7.2 OPERATION CRITERIA
Besides the sizing of the hydraulic structures and the channel, the other important
requirement is the operation criteria. If the condition is set to divert the Sungai Klang
flood flow too early, the storage in the Canal and storage ponds will be filled up pre-
maturely and will not be effective to subsequently store the peak flow which comes in
the later stage. If the situation is vice-versa where the diversion is only allow at the
later stage, the peak flow may be missed out and the attenuation effect will be
minimum. The optimum operation criteria will also avoid frequent diversion to occur.
With the above in mind, Table 7.1 lists out the gate opening levels that are to be
adopted for the simulation of the diversion.
Table 7.1 - Gate Operation Criteria

Water Level Gate Level
Inlet Gates < 6.4 mRL (Klang river) 7.5 mRL (fully close)
>= 6.4 mRL (Klang river) 2.5 mRL (fully open)
Rubber Dam < 5.0 mRL (Klang river) 3.5 mRL (fully inflated)
>= 5.0 mRL (Klang river) 1.1 mRL (fully deflated)
Outlet Gates < 1.5 mRL (Canal) -0.9 mRL (fully close)
>= 1.5 mRL (Canal) 2.9 mRL (fully open)
The requirement of the operation is also taking into account the navigational needs.
The rubber dam is set to open earlier than the inlet gates is because the water level in
Canal needs to lower first before the diversion begins for effective diversion.

7.3 SIMULATION ASSUMPTIONS AND CRITERIA
Prior to the simulation runs for the Mike-11 model, the assumptions and criteria
adopted in the simulation have to be discussed and agreed upon in order to preset all
the boundary conditions and to eliminate any discrepancy during the interpretation of
results. The assumptions and criteria that are considered to be vital for the Study are
as follows :
Design flood obtained from the Dr. Nik & Associates Sdn. Bhd. studies;
hydrographs
Channel and The channel roughness, n is assumed to be 0.03 for all the
flood plain rivers while the flood plain roughness is assumed to be three
roughness times larger than the channel roughness which is n = 0.09;
Tide levels Hydrodynamic modelling using Mike-11 model and river bank
designs for the reach that is under tidal influences require
tidal information at the river mouth. The tidal data are
obtained from the Royal Malaysian Navy;
River mouth tail The proposed condition to evaluate the channel capacity is
water level for the Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) level. MHHW is used
flood as the design tail water level to meet with the various return
period flood events in determining the design flood level in the
river channel due to its fairly frequent occurrences as
compared to the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT);
In all the above cases, the tide cycle is adopted for the river
mouth instead of the constant level with the peak discharges
of the design flood hydrographs set to coincide with the
proposed tail water level discussed above. The possible rise
in the sea level due to storm surge is considered to be
negligible and hence it is ignored in the analysis. Other
causes such as the green house effect that may increase the
sea level is also ignored; and
Simulation return The river and canal system is modelled as one system and
periods the assumption is that the rainstorm for the whole catchment
for each simulation event will have the same rainstorm return
period

7.4 SIMULATION RESULTS
From the sizing of all the critical structures, ponds and canal as well as the operation
criteria highlighted in the preceding section, the results of the simulation are as given in
Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 - Design Peak Discharges with the Canal Diversion

Flood Event Klang River Canal
Upstream Qp Downstream Qp
2-yr ARI 556 m/s3 556 m/s3 0 m/s3
5-yr ARI 655 m/s3 655 m/s3 0 m/s3
10-yr ARI 793 m/s3 793 m/s3 0 m/s3
20-yr ARI 1001 m/s3 834 m/s3 185 m/s3
50-yr ARI 1215 m/s3 864 m/s3 386 m/s3
100-yr ARI 1425 m/s3 1008 m/s3 433 m/s3
From the above simulation results, the Canal could be used for diversion of flood flow
from Sungai Klang for event larger than 10-year ARI. This will enable the Canal to be
utilized for other activities, similar to the SMART project which is used as motorway.
The peak discharge for the 100-year ARI at Sungai Klang just upstream of the Canal is
1425 m3/s and the diverted flow has a peak discharge of 433 m3/s at the Canal. Thus
the peak discharge at Sungai Klang will be reduced accordingly to 1008 m3/s at the
downstream of the diversion. Figure 7.5 illustrate the design hydrographs for the 100-
year ARI.

[m^3/s] Time Series Discharge

1400.0
Upstream of Diversion at Klang River
1300.0
1200.0
1100.0 Downstream of Diversion at Klang River
1000.0
900.0
800.0
700.0 At the Canal
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:00
1-1-2020 2-1-2020
Figure 7.5 - 100-year Design Flood Hydrographs at Klang river

7.5 ADOPTED SCENARIO AND ARI FOR CANAL DESIGN
To access the impact of the local runoff from surrounding anticipated catchment
developments, four scenarios are simulated and they are as below :
Scenario 1 Flood diversion from Sungai Klang for various ARI without local
runoff;
Scenario 2 Local runoff for various ARI without any flood diversion from
Sungai Klang;
Scenario 3 100-year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang with various ARI
local runoff; and
Scenario 4 100-year ARI local runoff with various ARI flood diversion from
Sungai Klang.
The water level profiles simulated are shown in Figure 7.6.
The peak discharges entering Sungai Langat through the Canal are as given in Table
7.3 for the four scenario.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4

2-yr ARI 0 m3/s 128 m3/s 312 m3/s 286 m3/s
5-yr ARI 0 m3/s 155 m3/s 319 m3/s 286 m3/s
10-yr ARI 0 m3/s 180 m3/s 325 m3/s 286 m3/s
20-yr ARI 54 m3/s 200 m3/s 332 m3/s 296 m3/s
50-yr ARI 140 m3/s 252 m3/s 341 m3/s 328 m3/s
100-yr ARI 195 m3/s 286 m3/s 346 m3/s 346 m3/s
Table 7.3 Peak Discharges into Sg. Langat
Since the Sungai Klang diversion involves the flood flows of larger catchment being
diverted into a smaller catchment, the adoption of 100-year ARI local flood runoff to
meet the 100-year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang into the Canal will be
conservative. In accordance to MASMA as given in Table 46.3 in Chapter 46, the
recommended ARI to be adopted depends on the catchment ratio between the larger
catchment area and the smaller catchment area. In this case, the ratio between the

Sungai Klang catchment area upstream of the diversion point and the local runoff
catchment area is approximately 10 to 1. From the Table 46.3 in MASMA, the
recommended ARI to be adopted is 100-year ARI meet with 50-year ARI. In this
condition, the flood levels for the event where the 100-year ARI diversion into the
Canal meets with the 50-year ARI local runoff are adopted for the Canal design since
the flood levels are higher than when the ARIs are reversed. Check will be performed
on the event where the both ARIs are 100-year.
Hence, the flood levels adopted are under Scenario 3 for the case of 50-year ARI and
check is based on Scenario 3 for the case of 100-year ARI (same as Scenario 4 for the
case of 100-year ARI).

Below are the water profile along the Canal for the four scenario under various ARI.
[m e te r] Maximum
Maxim
Min im uum
m
9 .0
8 .0 100 year
50 year ARI
7 .0
20 year ARI
6 .0 10 year ARI
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
0 .0 2 0 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .0 6 0 0 0 .0 8 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0 1 2 0 0 0 .0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(a) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 1
[meter] Maximum
9.0
100 year ARI
8.0
50 year ARI
7.0
20 year ARI
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2 year ARI
-1.0
5 year ARI
-2.0
10 year ARI
-3.0
CANAL CANAL 1600 - 7500 CANAL 7500 - 16000
0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0
[meter]
Figure 7.6(b) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 2
D Dr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG 79

[m e te r] M axim u m
9 .0
100 year ARI
8 .0
50 year ARI
7 .0
20 year ARI
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0 10 year ARI
5 year ARI
0 .0
2 year ARI
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
0 .0 2 0 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .0 6 0 0 0 .0 8 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0 1 2 0 0 0 .0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(c) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 3
[m e te r] Maxim u m
9 .0 100 year ARI
8 .0 50 year ARI
7 .0
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0 20 year ARI
2 .0 10 year ARI
1 .0
0 .0
-1 .0
-2 .0
-3 .0
C A NA L C A NA L 1 6 0 0 - 7 5 00 C A NA L 7 5 00 - 16 0 0 0
0 .0 2 0 00 .0 4 0 0 0.0 6 0 0 0.0 8 0 0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0.0 1 2 0 0 0.0 1 4 0 0 0 .0 1 6 0 0 0 .0
[m e te r]
Figure 7.6(d) Canal Water Profile for Scenario 4

7.6 ADDITIONAL PROTECTION LEVEL FOR SUNGAI KLANG
With the diversion of flood flows from Sungai Klang into the Canal, the downstream of
Sungai Klang will have higher protection level as highlighted in the main report. Since
at present stage without the Canal, the Sungai Klang has been improved to cater for
the 100-year ARI flood flow, it is anticipated that the protection level downstream of the
diversion point will attain a protection level higher than the 100-year ARI level.
In estimation of the increase in flood protection level downstream of Sungai Klang, a

simple correlation and extrapolation method is employed. From the analysis carried
out, the flood flow diversion from Sungai Klang into the Canal for the 100-year ARI
event is approximately 400 m3/s. This means that if a flood of 400 m3/s higher than the
100-year ARI peak discharge is flowing from the upper catchment of Sungai Klang at
the diversion point, with the 400 m3/s being diverted into the Canal, the downstream
stretch of Sungai Klang will be able to cater for it. The ARI for the flood flow of 400
m3/s higher than the 100-year ARI peak discharge is estimated by extrapolating the
peak flood discharges using the Gumbel EV1 distribution table. The 2-year to 100-year
ARI events of the peak discharges are plotted into the distribution table as shown in
Figure 7.7 and the ARI for the event of 400 m3/s higher than the 100-year ARI peak
discharge is obtained through the linear extrapolation of the event distribution. From
Figure 7.7, the protection level at Sungai Klang immediately downstream of the
diversion point is about 400-year ARI. It is expected that the increase in the protection
level will be diminished as the flow go downstream and the approximated increase
protection level at Shah Alam city area will be 200-year ARI and become insignificant
when it reaches Klang town area.


CHAPTER 8 PROJECT IMPACTS & CONCLUSIONS
8.1 IMPACT TO KLANG RIVER
A comparison is made on the water level profiles for the 100-year ARI flood event
between the case of with and without the bypass canal (Figure 8.1). It is clearly
indicated that with the bypass canal, the water level immediately downstream can be
lowered by 0.6 m and at Sungai Damansara confluence, the water level can be
lowered by 0.5 m. This has clearly shown that the advantages that have highlighted
earlier are proven through the hydrodynamic simulation run.
8.2 IMPACT ON LANGAT RIVER
A subsequent check is also carried out on the impact towards Sungai Langat with the
additional runoff from the local runoff into the Canal system. The impact towards
Sungai Langat is found to be not significant although under the worst scenario where
the 100-year ARI local runoff meets with the 100-year ARI diversion from Sungai
Klang. During high tide, the maximum increase in the water level is less than 0.1 m.
The increase of velocity in the Sungai Langat due to the Canal is also not significant.
The highest increase in the velocity is during low tide and the increase is less than 0.02
m/s (figure 8.2). The reasons are obvious and explained below :
The storage in the Canals is sufficiently large to store the flood volume that is
diverted into the canal; and
The outlet point to Sungai Langat is at the downstream stretch which is only about
7Km from the river mouth. The slight additional flow from the bypass canal is
negligible as compared to the tidal and flood flows in the Sungai Langat itself.

[meter] Maximum
Point of Intake
Without Bypass
8.0 Klang River Mouth
6.0
4.0
2.0
With Bypass
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Shah Alam City
Klang Town
-6.0
-8.0
-10.0
SGKLA N
NGG 87463 - 43835
-12.0
0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0
[meter]
Figure 8.1 - Water Level Profiles along Sungai Klang with and without the Bypass Canal

[meter] Time Series Water Level (CANALCITY.res11)

2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 With Bypass Canal

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Without Bypass Canal
-0.2
00:00:00 03:00:00 06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 21:00:00 00:00:0

1 1 2020 2 1 202
Figure 8.2 - Water Level Time Series Plots at Sungai Langat, immediately downstream of the Bypass Canal

8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project is a Selangor State Government initiative to

minimise the flooding along the Sungai Klang and in the low-lying areas in Mukim of
Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas and Mukim Bandar in Daerah
Kuala Langat. This project is undertaken by Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad
(PNSB) in a joint-venture with Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd. The location of the intake is
about 100 metres from the existing bridge over Sungai Klang at the 14.3Km milestone
of the Elite Highway.
Many studies have been conducted and implemented by Jabatan Pengairan dan
Saliran Malaysia and their Consultants such as the Review Report for the Klang River
Improvement Works by Dr Nik and Associates Sdn Bhd (DNA). The study on the
Flood Mitigation of the Klang River Basin 1989 by JICA and the Klang River Basin
Environmental Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project by Dr Nik and Associates
Sdn Bhd in association with Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) and Snowy Mountain
Engineering Cooperation (SMEC) are among the many reports published.
The hydrodynamic simulation on the PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project have taken
due considerations of reports and the many available published documents in the
analysis. It can be shown from computer simulation that the construction of the man-
made canal to divert flood water from the Sungai Klang have minimal impact on the
Sungai Langat.
The PPTATTB Flood Mitigation Project with its man-made canal and sub-canals will
provide retention capacities for flood flow in the Sungai Klang that will benefit the
downstream catchments as follows :-
a) Improving the flood protection levels adjacent this development.
b) Reduce the bund heights at various stretches along the Sungai Klang.
c) Reduce the platform levels along the low-lying areas resulting in savings for
earthworks and other development cost.

d) Reduce the dependence on flood gates and pumping systems.
e) Improvement on the general drainage of the low-lying land around the canal
and sub-canals.
f) The Canal system with the secondary canals is designed to cater for a local
catchment area of 80 km2 with the adopted flood levels for the event of 100-
year ARI flood diversion from Sungai Klang meets with 50-year ARI local runoff
from the 80 km2 catchment.
g) The approximate increase in the protection level for Sungai Klang immediately
downstream of the diversion point is up to 400-ARI to about 200 ARI at Shah
Alam city area.
It can be anticipated that the construction of the canal and the related development will
improve the drainage system around the catchment. Flooding can be mitigated with a
lower flood level at the Sungai Klang.
In addition to the objective of providing protection to the low-lying areas, the state
agency, Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad and Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd have
proposed that the canal and sub-canals be developed as a tourist destination for water
related sports in Selangor.
The construction of the Canal and the adjacent project will enhance and catalyst the
development of the adjacent properties thus improving the social and economic status
in the Daerah Kuala Langat. It is envisage that this development can be the Little
Venice of Malaysia.

REFERENCES
Abdullah, S., 1991. Geologi dan Sumber Mineral Kawasan Sepang Teluk Datok,
Selangor (Topo Syit 101 & 102). Geologi Survey Department, 170 pp.
Drainage and Irrigation Department. 2000. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia. Malaysia.
Dr Nik & Associates, 1996. Review Report for Klang River Improvement Works.
Dr Nik & Associates, 1999. The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Macro Drainage Master
Plan.
Dr Nik & Associates (DNA) in association with Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) and Snowy
Mountain Engineering Cooperation (SMEC). 2002. Klang River Basin Environmental
Improvement and Flood Mitigation Project.
Erinco Sdn Bhd, 1998. Rehabilitation of the Klang River from Jalan Sultan Ismail Bridge
to Jalan Sulaiman Bridge, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.
Europasia Engineering Services Sdn Bhd. 2004. Preliminary EIA for the Cadangan Projek
Pembangunan Terusan Air untuk Tujuan Tebatan Banjir di antara Sungai Kelang dan
Sungai Langat di Mukim Telok Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas, dan Mukim
Bandar Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Geological Survey of Malaysia. 1985. Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia.
Geologi Survey of Malaysia. 1989. Quarternary Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia.
Geoplanner Consulting Sdn. Bhd. 2004. Kajian Trafik bagi Cadangan Projek Terusan Air
Jabatan Pengaliran Dan Saliran, Wilayah. 1978. Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project
Drainage Improvements Master Drainage Plan.
Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA). 1989. The Study on the Flood Mitigation
of the Sungai Klang River Basin.
JTC Planners Sdn. Bhd. 2004. Kajian Penilaian Sosial bagi Cadangan Projek Terusan Air
JTC Planners Sdn Bhd. 2004. Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan bagi Cadangan Projek
Terusan Air untuk Penebatan Banjir di antara Sungai Kelang dengan Sungai Langat di
Mukim Teluk Panglima Garang, Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas dan Mukim Bandar, Daerah
Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Kirhill in associated with Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd 1994. Klang River Basin Integrated
Flood Mitigation Project, Malaysia (KRBIFMPM).
Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1968. Reconnaissance Soil Map.
Mohamad, H. and Rashid, B.A., 1999. Sustainable development of Groundwater

Resources in the Telok Datuk Olak lempit Area. Kuala Langat, Selangor.
Wong, I.F.T. 1970. Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Selangor. Ministry of Agriculture and
Lands, Kuala Lumpur.

APPENDIX A
PHOTOGRAPHS
DDr YG Tan Jurutera PerundingNG








APPENDIX B
DESIGN DISCHARGE & FLOOD LEVEL
A) 20 YEAR ARI
B) 50 YEAR ARI
C) 100 YEAR ARI

APPENDIX C
Q PEAK AT CANAL OUTLET FOR VARIOUS

SCENARIO FROM MIKE 11 OUTPUT

APPENDIX D
LIST OF DRAWINGS

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PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN

TEBATAN BANJIR (PPTATTB) DI ANTARA SUNGAI KELANG

CIVIL & STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT:

PROJECT PEMBANGUNAN TERUSAN AIR UNTUK TUJUAN TEBATAN BANJIR

The proposed PPTATTB Project Site is geographically located at a longitude of of

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1.2 PROJECT LOCATION

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1.3 PROJECT INITIATOR

Permodalan Negeri Selangor Berhad (PNSB)

Radiant Pillar Sdn Bhd

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1.4 APPOINTMENT OF PROJECT CONSULTANTS

1.4.1 CIVIL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

Dr. Y.G. Tan Jurutera Perunding

1.4.2 PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT

1.4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) consultant appointed to submit the

Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. (239233-K)

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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA

2.1 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT AREA

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2.1.1 Physical Environment

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2.1.1.2 Lowland Forest Underlain by Alluvial Sediments

2.1.1.3 Residual Hills

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2.1.1.4 Surface Hydrology

2.1.1.5 General Drainage Pattern of the Project Area

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2.1.1.6 Drainage Divide and Surface Water Flow Direction

2.1.1.7 Geological Aspect

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2.2 THE FLOODING PROBLEM

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Figure 2.6 - Flood Prone Areas in Klang River Basin

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2.3 THE KLANG RIVER BASIN FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT

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2.4 JICA STUDY IN 1989

the construction of Batu Dam,

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2.5 KINHILL & RANHILL STUDY IN 1994

Table 2 : Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA)

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Sub-project 4 Tributary River Channel Improvement

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2.6 DNA, DHI & SMEC STUDY IN 2002

Construction of Sungai Klang/Sungai Kerayong bypass Tunnel and other

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Improvement of upstream stretch of Ampang River for 6.4 km;

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