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)(:
.1 G ] [ X i
.2
.
.3 Qr
Qeq Qeq .
.4 .

 (IQr :
 :(1.1
[C ] .[D ] A + B  C + D :
=  Qr
[A ] .[B ] 

mol.L-1 : !) !"Qr ($ %


"%,34"2)1./!,-)*+.
1: , B 6@89*@-A:.;34=.>?/891%,
 Qr = 1/Qr 2%%)*GB);$HAB-!,,EF6/:D/

 :IGAJ(2.1
 :-8KBL .1
:$ OMN
+
  CH 3COOH aq + NH 3 aq  CH 3COO aq + NH 4 aq

] [CH COO ] .[NH +

= Qr
3 aq 4 aq

[CH 3COOH ]aq [NH 3 ]aq 

@$ 8 :




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Qr =
[Mn ] 2+
aq [ ]
. Fe 2+
5
aq .1

[MnO ] [Fe ] .[H ]
4

aq
2+ 5
aq
+ 8

-8KBPQL .2
2+
  Cu aq + 2 HO aq
Cu (OH ) 2 ( S )
1
  Qr =
[Cu ][. HO ]
aq
2+
aq
2

 Qr,q : )-% 6(  II


 (X1-68*  W G/)U V..BT!- $G:.;)-*)/O:P.(1.2
:@ A/
 :-Y!Z[-6F\-*>G;)Y!Z[ 
(%TJ"EF6>*D/EF6/,)-*IT)/,I][G o
EF6/,-A8%TJ"EF6/D,-A9)/I)1)-][+,I)1G o
 $PAY!Z[ $ H^>*@I)1(*> D/
L-b8B>Z6!cS$ %-%8B_)B_F,`_!)Y!Z[ $ HO);2-*)/O
 -*)/O-* :B[)
G-*)/
Loi dOHM )@OX2-B1IT)/dHZdH-Y/+efg o

U = R.I I = G.U (V) h)!U)


 (A)PAB1!I $ H
1 1 (S )D6>U(SI),Z6!G-*)/
R= G=
G R -*)/
 >Z6!cj-b8/_Fc-%8B*)+,$ 9)/I)1-AJ!GYB*)L-*)Bi*

S  (S.m-1) ;(SI),Z %*)+-*)B: 


G = . = K .
l (m)  
 l 
(m)  
   K 

:  
(     , - ) Xn ... X2 X1 :     !" # % &'

= 1 [X 1 ] + 2 [X 2 ] + ... + n [X n ] = i [X i ]
  " #$('&#) *+,     1 , 2 ,..., n 

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 Cl - NH4+ CH3NH3+

en mS . m2. mol - 1 : 7,63 7,34 5,87



:   ';  89 :9# mol.
mol.m-3 7   112 3 4-5 6 &' : 0#

1mol.m 3 = 10 3 mol.l 1 = 1m.mol.l 1


1mol.l 1 = 1000mol.m 3

:-*)/G!?/eBl)3]MNQr,q %  k(2.2


= 4,9.10 3 S .m 1 :EJ@C = 1,0.10-3mlo.l-1l)3]M>YB*)L-*)BO
:-B 

   HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)  HCOO(aq) + H3O+
(
 mol) (mol) 
   0 c.V  0 0

  x c.V x  x x


  xq c.V xq  xq xq

:-nG,-Y>[)1G8o%[B6))m )Ji!8

[CH 3COOH ]q ; [CH 3COO ]q ; [H 3O + ]q


  
: )6-Y>[)1  k 
:&  [CH 3COO ]q 
= [CH 3COO ]q .(CHCOO ) + [H 3O + ]q .(H O )

aq
+
aq
3

  
  X q ( H 3O + ) = X q (CH 3COO ) [H 3O + ]q = [CHCOO ]q :+. /01
 :9 *:;23'& 4#5 67 

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[CH 3COOH ]q 9 * 
 :?.<$=1)=>
E*EGA?9 CH 3COO-q I)3]@)X2)F6B?9?/X2 /l)3]MN2
 :2 CH3 COOH q )k
(CH 3COOH ) + n  (CH 3COOH )
n0 (CH 3COOH ) = n  
[CHCOOH ]0 = C = [CH 3COOH ]q + [CH 3COO ]q


 :6B
[CH 3COOH ]q = C [CH 3COO ]q


[CH 3COOH ]q = 1,0.10 3 1,3.10 4 = 8,7.10 4 mol.l 1
?/eBl)3]MNQr,q % 

[H O +
] [CH COO
] (1,3.10 )
3 2 
[CH COOH ]
( aq ) q ( aq ) q
= = = 1,9.10 5
3 3
Qr ,q
3 ( aq ) 8,7.10 4 
q

:-6B$ %-9 6%E*-Y A-Ppd 


:-rY6EJ@25C  6-*q-A86!l)3]M>YB*)L-*)BO 
1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1
(mol.
4 ,9.10-3 6,9.10-3 11,4.10-3 16,2.10-3 (S.m-1)-*)/

*s/-A86!%=8m :_OT !>




1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1
(mol.
1,3.10-4 1,8.10-4 2,9.10-4 4,1.10-4 [
(mol.l-1) H 3O + aq ]
q

1,9.10-5 1,7.10-5 1,8.10-5 1,8.10-5 Qr,q

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.>8/./PunQ !pEGA@  t%T

-!i*"->OQr,q   . d-Y>-)>v)-%,:-T 


-Y A
-9 6Qr,qY>[)cwB 6;  . dj->G;K)-!p
Q K yb  ).-)>x$ %-9 !"2i*"K.-6B$ %
 Y>YZ6 G-A8E*$pz/B()2.3
YZ6 G-A88%[{Qr,q E*Ppd-G!8IUG!>:Y A =
:   D6

1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1


(mol.
1,3.10-4 1,8.10-4 2,9.10-4 4,1.10-4 [
(mol.l-1) H 3O + aq ]q

12,5 8,8 5,8 4,1


(0 0)
 :6U
 PA?/eB*YZ6 G-A8^>*ql)3]MN*)L*>
CA = CB = c :|@B |8A @:)-!pPpd 
A + B  C + D :-B--U
 -AU6ITB/$ OMNIT-A86!
X q X q
  = = X q = c.V  === =1
X max c.V


   A (aq) + B(aq)  C(aq) + D(aq)
(
 mol) (mol) 
   0 c.V c.V 0 0
c.V xq c.V xq

  xq cV cV cV cV xq = cV xq = cV
cV (1 ) cV (1 )


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cV cV

=
2
K= V
V
2 (1 + K ) K = 0 :J)-!p-!
cV cV (1 ) 2

V V
 : W,- /rY6E*cm-G!8-3-9 B-/%KM)!

103 102
 
10+1  1 
10-1 
10-2 10-3  )-!p
 97  91  76  76  24  9  3,0 YZ6 G-A8

  (0 0)
( 99 0 0 )* A {[K =104B! ?

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