2014 2015

1 IA 18 VIIIA

1 1.0079 2 4.0025

1 H . He
Hydrogen 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA Helium
3 6.941 4 9.0122 Z mass 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180

2 Li Be Symbol B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Name Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon
11 22.990 12 24.305 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium 3 IIIA 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 VIIIB 9 VIIIB 10 VIIIB 11 IB 12 IIB Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956 22 47.867 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.693 29 63.546 30 65.39 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.8

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.224 41 92.906 42 95.94 43 96 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.6 53 126.9 54 131.29

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 132.91 56 137.33 57-71 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 209 85 210 86 222

6 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanide Halfnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
87 223 88 226 89-103 104 261 105 262 106 266 107 264 108 277 109 268 110 281 111 280 112 285 113 284 114 289 115 288 116 293 117 292 118 294

7 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo

Francium Radium Actinide Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

Alkali Metal
Alkaline Earth Metal 57 138.91 58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 145 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.04 71 174.97
Metal
Metalloid
6 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Non-metal Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Halogen 89 227 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 237 94 244 95 243 96 247 97 247 98 251 99 252 100 257 101 258 102 259 103 262
Noble Gas
Lanthanide/Actinide 7 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
synthetic element
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

:

1869 6 .M .

Zeitschrift fr
.1869 Chemie

.1864
.
.

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 2014 2015

formule Test d'identification

H + , H3 O +
HO
N a+
M g 2+
K+
Ca2+ N a2 CO3
Al3+
Cl AgN O3 :
I : P b(N O3 )2
F e2+ II : N aOH
F e3+ III : N aOH
Cu2+ II : N aOH
Ag + : N aCl
Zn2+ : N aOH
N O3
SO42 : BaCl2
P O43 : AgN O3
HCO3
CO32
M nO4
Cr3+
Cr2 O72
N H4+

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: 1

V = 200ml m = 0, 75g .
Cm .

: 2

50, 0ml
m1 = 61, 7g , m2 = 101, 2g 50ml
50g d .

.


1 ) (
2 .

: 4

) N2 (g ) O2 (g
) , N O2 (g HN O2 N O
1
2 7, 0kg .
.
4 2 2
: R = 6400km R S = 4R : 1hectare = 10 m

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1 3mol . C2 H6 M (C) = 12g/mol M (H) = 1g/mol

2 8g F e NA = 6, 02 1023 /mol
3 15, 5 1023 . Si = )M (Si
28g/mol NA = 6, 02 1023 /mol
4 1, 32mol M (Cr) = 52g/mol . Cr
5 M (O) = 16g/mol . CaO M (Ca = 40g/mol
.

= 0, 79gcm3 C2 H5 OH
1 n = 1, 20mol
2 V = 6, 0cm3

:
RT
)M (g) = (g
P

(air) = 1, 29g/l
.
) 20%
O2 80% (N2
R = 8, 314JK 1 mol1 :

: 22 C P = 1, 20 105 P a
.V = 0, 31l R = 8, 31P a.m3 /K.mol .
1
2 .
3
4 ) (O2 .

V = 1, 50l Cx H2x+2 = m
.1, 88g
.
Vm = 24l/mol

: 6

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n = 0, 50mol O2 25 C
.101, 3kP a
O3
.

. d = 10, 6 . M (Ag) = 108g/mol
1 ) . (Ag (eau) = 1g/cm3
2 r . e = 2mm
50ml .

. 52, 5cm3
r
3 .

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: 1

1 :

N aBr CaF2 CuSO4

2 : ) ( II

: 2

III C = 0, 050mol/l
1 F eCl3 (s) III
2 .

N a+ [N a+ ] = 0, 02mol/l
1 ) N a2 SO4 (s
2
3

: 4

)(CaCl2 , 6H2 O

V = 500ml C = 0, 10mol/l
:

M (Ca) = 40.1g/mol M (Cl) = 35, 5g/mol M (O) = 16, 0g/mol M (H) = 1, 0g/mol

:5

d = 1, 19
. p = 37% M (HCl) = 36, 5g/mol eau = 1g/cm3
1 , C
2 V = 500ml 100
.
.

:6

V1 = 50ml II C1 = 0, 25mol/l
V2 = 100ml . C2 = 0, 10mol/l
.

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: 7

S1 (F e3+ (aq) + 3Cl (aq)) III S2

) N a+ (aq) + HO (aq III . F eCl3
1
2 0, 2mol III
2 1
2 2 C = 0, 50mol/l

Oxylithe N a2 O2
:

)2N a2 O2 (s) + 2H2 O(l) O2 (g) + 4N a+ (aq) + 4HO (aq

30ml m = 1, 0g
1 .
.
2 Pf
.
: P0 = 1020hP a T = 293K
.V = 1, 1l
3 .

9
)n(mol

1,8

A : B C
1,6
) n(mol )x(mol
.
1,4
1
1,2 .
2
1,0 xmax
C
3
0,8
4
0,6
A .
0,4 5

0,2 6 .
)x(mol
0 B
0 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50

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: 10

.
I
1
2
3 S1 V1 = 250ml
. C1 = 1, 00mol/l
3 1
3 2 .
II
S2 C2 = 0, 10mol/l
) S ( C = 1, 00mol/l
4 V2 = 500ml .
III
V1 = 30ml S1 V2 = 10, 0ml S1
.
5
6
.
7 .
8 .
.

25 C

Ag + Li+ K+ N a+ H+
6, 2 103 3, 9 103 7, 3 103 5, 0 103 34, 9 103 )(S.m/mol
CH3 COO N O3 I Cl HO
4, 1 103 7, 1 103 7, 7 103 7, 6 103 19, 8 103 )(S.m/mol

1 25 C ))(K + (aq) + N O3 (aq

. C = 10mol/m3
2 . = 25mS/m C .
: 25 C K + = 7, 35 103 : S.m2 /mol . N O3 = 7, 14 103

1 ) (
25 C N a+ + Cl N a+ + HO
C = 103 mol/l
2 .

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 2014 2015

1 mol/m3 (N H4+ (aq)+

)) Br (aq . C = 8, 2 103 mol/l
2 25 C
: 25 C Br = 7, 81 : mS; m2 /mol . N H4+ = 7, 34

.k = 5, 0 103 m :
C = 1, 0 102 mol/l
25 C .G = 0, 76 103 S :
1
2 . 25 C
3 .

25 C S1 . S2
S1 ) K + (aq) + Br (aq V1 = 100ml C1 = 1, 08
103 mol/l
S2 ) N a+ (aq) + I (aq V2 = 200ml C2 = 9, 51
104 mol/l
V .
1 . .
3
2 . . mol/m
3 .
4 1 2 S1 S2 .
5 1 2 V1 V2 C1 . C2
6 V1 = 50ml S1 V2 = 300ml . S2
: : 25 C

Br = 76, 8 104 S.m2 /mol I = 76, 3 104 S.m2 /mol

K + = 73, 5 104 S.m2 /mol N a+ = 50, 1 104 S.m2 /mol

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1
:
)CH3 COO (aq
)HCOOH(aq
)N H3 (aq
)HSO3 (aq
)(SO2 , H2 O
)H3 O+ (aq
)HO (aq

2
1 :
HCOOH(aq) .............. + H +
HN O2 (aq) ......... + H +
......... N H3 + H +
........ P O43 + H +
2 ) HSO32 (aq

3
) CH3 N H3+ (aq ).HO6 (aq
1 .
2 .
3 .

4
P O43
): (SO2 , H2 O
)(SO2 , H2 O)(aq) + P O43 (aq) HSO3 (aq) + HP O42 (aq
1
/ . 2
/ . 3
. 4

5
V1 = 20, 0ml ) CH3 COOH(aq C1 = 2, 50
102 mol : l V2 = 75ml )) (N a+ (aq) + BO2 (aq = C2
1, 00 102 mol/l
1 .
2
.
3
.

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)Hg 2+ (aq)/Hg(l
1 .
2 .
2

1 :
)N i2+ (aq) + .......... N i(s

2 .

)1 2Ag + (aq) + Zn(s) 7 2Ag(s) + Zn2+ (aq
)2 ClO (aq) + H3 O+ (aq) 7 HClO(aq) + H2 O(l
)3 Ge4+ (aq) + Cd(s) 7 Ge2+ (aq) + Cd2+ (aq
)4 N H3 (aq) + H3 O+ (aq) 7 N H4+ (aq) + H2 O(l

) I2 (aq)/I (aq )S4 O62 (aq)/S2 O32 (aq

1
2
2 S2 O3 ). I2 (aq

1 / F e3+ /F e2+ : )Sn4+ (aq)/Sn2+ (aq

2 F e3+ (aq) III Sn2+ (aq) II

1 ) M nO4 (aq)/M n2+ (aq )H2 O2 (aq

.

.

2 ) I (aq
).I2 (aq


)I2 (aq)/I (aq), H2 O2 (aq)/H2 O(l

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C = 5, 0mol/l
. m = 0, 65g
1 .
2 ) ni (Zn .
3 V
.
4
. : V0 = 25l/mol
.

)N H4+ (aq N H3 + H + N H4+ /N H3
CH3 CO2 H(aq) CH3 CO2 + H + CH3 CO2 H/CH3 CO

(CO2 , H2 O) HCO3 + H + CO2 , H2 O/HCO3

HCO3 (aq) CO32 + H + HCO3 /CO32
HN O3 (l) N O3 + H + HN O3 /N O3


)Ag (aq) + 1e Ag(s
+
Ag + /Ag
)Zn2+ (aq) + 2e Zn(s Zn2+ /Zn
)Al3+ (aq) + 3e Al(s Al3+ /Al
II )F e2+ (aq) + 2e F e(s F e2+ /F e
)Sn2+ (aq) + 2e Sn(s Sn2+ /Sn

)H (aq) + 2e H2 (g
+
H + /H2
III II )F e3+ (aq) + 1e F e2+ (aq F e3+ /F e2+
M nO42 (aq) + 8H + + 5e M n2+ + 4H2 O M nO42 /M n2+
)I2 (aq) + 2e 2I (aq I2 /I
)S4 O62 (aq) + 2e 2S2 O32 (aq S4 O62 /S2 O32

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 2014 2015

) F e2+ (aq II Cr Vr
) H2 O2 (aq C0 . V0 O2 /H2 O2 : , F e2+ /F e
1
2 .
3 Cr Vr C0 V0

VA = 100mL
S ) H3 O+ (aq) + Cl (aq
)G(mS CA
10 ) N a+ (aq) + HO (aq = CB
0, 10mol/L
. VB
.
.
5 1
2
3

4 )VB (mL
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 VBE 5 .
CA .

) H2 O2 (aq
.
.
20 ) (S . C
10ml ) (S
. C = 2, 0 102 mol/l
M nO4 /M n2+ :)O2 (g)/H2 O2 (aq
.
1
.
2
3 VE = 8, 8ml .

4 C .

S N a+ (aq)+
) . HO (aq : d = 1, 2 :

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N aOH, 20% : eau = 1, 0g/mL :

1 S C0 = 6mol/L :
2 . S

3 .
4 500 .
.VT = 1, 00L
5 V = 100, 0mL S S C = 9, 9 102 mol/L
.
:
)V (mL 0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 17 18,0 20,0
)U(V 6,41 6,43 6,45 6,47 6,47 6,49 6,50 6,45 6,47 6,47 6,50 6,48
I(mA) 64,2 61,2 56,5 52,0 46,7 40,7 35,9 53,4 70,4 78,2 87,0 94,1
)G(S
5 1 . G
5 2 )G = f (V

5 3 VE
6
. S

. 0, 3%
m = 100g .
V0 = 500, 0mL .
.
V = 10, 0mL
C 5, 00 103 mol/L
:
. V = 12, 5mL
2
SO4 (aq)/SO2 (aq) : ) 1 . M nO4 (aq)/M n2+ (aq
.
2 C .
3 V0
4 . .

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:
M (C) = 12, 0g/mol, M (O) = 16, 0g/mol, M (H) = 1, 0g/mol
Vm = 24l/mol :

:
CH3
C..H3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 C..H2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 .
A B C
CH3
C..H2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3

D
1
.
2 .D BA C
3 .

:
. . . .

A B
C

Cx Hy Oz : x. M = 386g/mol y z .
1 84% 11, 9% 4%
x y z
2 .

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:
C..H3 CH2 CH CH CH3 C..H3 CH CH CH CH3 C.2 H5 H
CH3 C C
H CH3

A B C

1 .
2 1
.
3 m = 5, 6g 1
.
3 1 .
3 2
3 3 .

A Cn H2n : n
n > 1
M (A) = 70g/mol :
1 n .
2 .

:
C4 H10 O C4 H11 N
M = 73g/mol

:
O
C..H3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 C..H3 CH CH2 OH C..H3 CH CH2 C

OH CH3 CH3 OH

A B C

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B .
54% : 9, 1% .
M (B) = 44g/mol
1 C2 H4 O :
2 . B
3 B
4

10

n = 0, 15mol C6 H12 O
m = 9, 1g . A
1 A .
2 .
3 .

11

n A C4 H10 O n/10
M nO4 A . B
B :
2, 4 DN P H . B
.
B B A
.

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