Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part I Introduction
Institut f
ur Automatik, ETH Z
urich
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Optimization-based control: Motivation
Objective:
Minimize lap time
Constraints:
Avoid other cars
Stay on road
Dont skid
Limited acceleration
Intuitive approach:
Look forward and plan path
based on
Road conditions
Upcoming corners
Abilities of car
etc...
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-2
Optimization-Based Control: Motivation
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-3
Optimization-Based Control: Motivation
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-3
Optimization-Based Control: Motivation
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-3
Model Predictive Control
Measurements
Do Plan
Do
Plan
Objectives
Model
Constraints
Do
Plan
Time
P(s)%
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-4
MPC Concept
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
MPC Concept
Constraints in Control
All physical systems have constraints:
Physical constraints, e.g. actuator limits
Performance constraints, e.g. overshoot
Optimal Operation and Co
Safety constraints, e.g. temperature/pressure limits
Optimal operating points are often near constraints.
constraint
Classical control methods: C
PSfrag replacements
output
Ad hoc constraint management
Set point sufficiently far from constraints
set point
Suboptimal plant operation time
constraint
Predictive control: P
PSfrag replacements
output
Constraints included in the design
Set point optimal
set point
Optimal plant operation
time
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-6
MPC Concept
N
X 1
Ut (x(t)) := argmin q(xt+k , ut+k )
Ut
k=0
subj. to xt = x(t) measurement
xt+k+1 = Axt+k + But+k system model
xt+k X state constraints
ut+k U input constraints
Ut = {ut , ut+1 , . . . , ut+N 1 } optimization variables
Problem is defined by
Objective that is minimized
Internal system model to predict system behavior
Constraints that have to be satisfied
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-7
MPC Concept
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-8
Examples
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples
MPC: Applications
Computer control
ns
s Power systems
Traction control ms
Seconds Buildings
Refineries Minutes
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-9
Examples Ball on Plate
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples Ball on Plate
Ball on Plate
Movable plate (0.66m x 0.66m)
Can be revolved around two axis
[+17 ; 17 ] by two DC motors
Angle is measured by potentiometers
Position of the ball is measured by a camera
Model: Linearized dynamics, 4 states, 1
input per axis
Input constraints: Voltage of motors
State constraints: Boundary of the plate,
angle of the plate
Ball on Plate
Controller comparison: LQR vs. MPC in the presence of input constraints
sampling
sampling
time: 0.01s
time: 0.01s
prediction
prediction
horizon: 20
20
horizon:
[+2.3o [+2.3
; -2.3oo];
-2.3o]
Figure: LQR (red) vs MPC (blue) Figure: Input for the upper left corner.
Ball on Plate
MPC Control of a Ball and Plate System:
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
copter has very low rotational inertia, and can produce
Examples Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
high torques due to the outward mounting of the pro-
pellers. This results in very high achievable rotational
accelerations x and y on the order of 200 rad/s2 . The
vehicle has a very fast response time to changes in the
Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight desired rotational rate (experimental results have shown
time constants on the order of 20ms for changes that do
not saturate the motors). It is therefore assumed that we
can directly control the vehicle body rates and ignore rota-
tional acceleration dynamics. Rotational accelerations z
are created by causing a drag difference between propellers
Quadrocopters: rotating in opposite directions. Achievable accelerations
are significantly lower at about 19 rad/s2 . However, we will
Control Problem:
Nonlinear system in 6D (position, attitude)
Constraints: limited thrust, rates,...
Task: Hovering, trajectory tracking
Challenges: Fast unstable dynamics
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-13
Examples Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-14
Examples Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-15
Examples Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
Control Problem:
Nonlinear model in 4D (position, orientation)
Constraints: acceleration, steering angle, race
track, other cars...
Task: Optimal path planning and path following
Challenges: State estimation, effects that are
difficult to model/measure, e.g. slip, small
sampling times
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-16
Examples Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-17
Examples Energy Efficient Building Control
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples Energy Efficient Building Control
Greenhouse gas abatement cost curve for London buildings (2025, decision maker perspective)
Source: Watson, J. (ed.) (2008): Sustainable Urban Infrastructure, London Edition a view to 2025.
Siemens AG, Corporate Communications (CC) Munich, 71pp.
Control Task
Control Task: Use Useminimum
minimum amount
amount of energy (or money)
of energy to keep to
(or money) thekeep room
room temperature, illuminance level and CO2 concentration
temperature, illuminance levelcomfort
in prescribed and CO 2 concentration in prescribed comfort ranges
ranges
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-19
Examples Energy Efficient Building Control
Building
Predictions of
control weather
inputs occupancy
electricity prices
MPC
network load
- model
.
- optimization
comfort criteria
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples Kite Power
Kite Power
Wind energy has potential to supply global
energy need.
Current wind technology is not able to
exploit the potential
Altitude
Traditional inland wind turbines are close
to scaling limits
Economic
ntrol of tethered wings for operation
high-altitude wind only possible at a
energy generation L. Fagiano
Kite Power
Different kites proposed: flexible vs. rigid
wings (different models, nonlinear)
On board vs. ground level generator
Ground level seems to be more viable for
large-scale
Number of lines?
Kite control problem: [A. Zgraggen, ETH, 2011]
Kite Power
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-24
Examples Automotive Systems
Table of Contents
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Examples Automotive Systems
Fact: Do not accelerate if there is a traffic jam, you will only waste fuel.
Idea: Use traffic forecast to regulate the speed of a car to save fuel while
getting to destination on time.
Volvo
[Gray, Ali, Gao, Hedrick and Borrelli. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2013 ]
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-27
History of MPC
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
History of MPC
History of MPC
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 3-28
History of MPC
History of MPC
1970s: Cutler suggested MPC in his PhD proposal at the University of
Houston in 1969 and introduced it later at Shell under the name Dynamic
Matrix Control. C. R. Cutler, B. L. Ramaker, 1979 Dynamic matrix
control a computer control algorithm. AICHE National Meeting, Houston,
TX.
successful in the petro-chemical industry
linear step response model for the plant
quadratic performance objective over a finite prediction horizon
future plant output behavior specified by trying to follow the set-point as
closely as possible
input and output constraints included in the formulation
optimal inputs computed as the solution to a leastsquares problem
ad hoc input and output constraints. Additional equation added online to
account for constraints. Hence a dynamic matrix in the least squares problem.
C. Cutler, A. Morshedi, J. Haydel, 1983. An industrial perspective on
advanced control. AICHE Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Standard QP problem formulated in order to systematically account for
constraints.
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 3-29
History of MPC
History of MPC
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 3-30
Summary and Outlook
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Summary and Outlook
Summary: MPC
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 4-31
Summary and Outlook
Summary
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 4-32
Summary and Outlook
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 4-33
Summary and Outlook
Outlook
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 4-34
Literature
Table of Contents
1. MPC Concept
2. Examples
2.1 Ball on Plate
2.2 Autonomous Quadrocopter Flight
2.3 Autonomous dNaNo Race Cars
2.4 Energy Efficient Building Control
2.5 Kite Power
2.6 Automotive Systems
3. History of MPC
5. Literature
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Literature
Literature
Optimization:
Convex Optimization, Stephen Boyd and Lieven Vandenberghe, 2004
Cambridge University Press
Numerical Optimization, Jorge Nocedal and Stephen Wright, 2006 Springer
MPC Part I Introduction M. Zeilinger, C. Jones, F. Borrelli, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 5-35
Model Predictive Control
Part II Constrained Finite Time Optimal Control
Institut f
ur Automatik, ETH Z
urich
Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH Z
urich
UC Berkeley
EPFL
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Table of Contents
1. Constrained Optimal Control
2. Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
3. Constrained Linear Optimal Control
3.1 Problem formulation
3.2 Feasible Sets
3.3 Unconstrained Solution
4. Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.2 Construction of the QP with substitution
4.3 Construction of the QP without substitution
4.4 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
5. Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm
5.1 Problem Formulation
5.2 Construction of the LP with substitution
5.3 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
6. Receding Horizon Control Notation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control
Table of Contents
1. Constrained Optimal Control
2. Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
3. Constrained Linear Optimal Control
3.1 Problem formulation
3.2 Feasible Sets
3.3 Unconstrained Solution
4. Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.2 Construction of the QP with substitution
4.3 Construction of the QP without substitution
4.4 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
5. Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm
5.1 Problem Formulation
5.2 Construction of the LP with substitution
5.3 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
6. Receding Horizon Control Notation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control
x+ = f (x, u) (x, u) X , U
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 1-2
Constrained Optimal Control
1 System:
+ 1 1 1
0.8 x = x+ u
0 1 0.5
0.6 Constraints:
2
x
X := {x | kxk 5}
0.4
U := {u | kuk 1}
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 1-3
Constrained Optimal Control
5 System:
+ 1 1 1
x = x+ u
Input constraints violated
0 1 0.5
>
Constraints:
x2
0
X := {x | kxk 5}
U := {u | kuk 1}
Input constraints violated
> Consider an LQR controller,
with Q = I, R = 1.
5
5 0 5
x
1
Does linear control work?
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 1-4
Constrained Optimal Control
5 System:
Constraints violated later
1 1 1
x+ = x+ u
Input constraints violated
0 1 0.5
>
Linear "
Constraints:
controller "
x2
0
works
X := {x | kxk 5}
U := {u | kuk 1}
Input constraints violated
> Consider an LQR controller,
with Q = I, R = 1.
Constraints violated later
5
5 0 5
x
1
Does linear control work?
Yes, but the region where it works is very small
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 1-5
Constrained Optimal Control
Linear !
Constraints:
controller !
x2
0
works
X := {x | kxk 5}
U := {u | kuk 1}
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 1-6
Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
Table of Contents
1. Constrained Optimal Control
2. Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
3. Constrained Linear Optimal Control
3.1 Problem formulation
3.2 Feasible Sets
3.3 Unconstrained Solution
4. Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.2 Construction of the QP with substitution
4.3 Construction of the QP without substitution
4.4 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
5. Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm
5.1 Problem Formulation
5.2 Construction of the LP with substitution
5.3 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
6. Receding Horizon Control Notation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
X
J0 (x(0)) = min q(xk , uk )
k=0
s.t. xk+1 = Axk + Buk , k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
x0 = x(0)
Stage cost q(x, u) describes cost of being in state x and applying input u
Optimizing over a trajectory provides a tradeoff between short- and
long-term benefits of actions
Well see that such a control law has many beneficial properties...
... but we cant compute it: there are an infinite number of variables
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 2-7
Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
N
X 1
Jt (x(t)) = min p(xt+N ) + q(xt+k , ut+k )
Ut
k=0
subj. to xt+k+1 = Axt+k + But+k , k = 0, . . . , N 1 (1)
xt+k X , ut+k U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
xt+N Xf
xt = x(t)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 2-8
Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 2-10
Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
MPC Features
Pros Cons
Any model: Computationally demanding in
linear the general case
nonlinear May or may not be stable
single/multivariable
time delays May or may not be feasible
constraints
Any objective:
sum of squared errors
sum of absolute errors (i.e.,
integral)
worst error over time
economic objective
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 2-11
Constrained Linear Optimal Control
Table of Contents
1. Constrained Optimal Control
2. Basic Ideas of Predictive Control
3. Constrained Linear Optimal Control
3.1 Problem formulation
3.2 Feasible Sets
3.3 Unconstrained Solution
4. Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.2 Construction of the QP with substitution
4.3 Construction of the QP without substitution
4.4 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
5. Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm
5.1 Problem Formulation
5.2 Construction of the LP with substitution
5.3 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
6. Receding Horizon Control Notation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Problem formulation
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Problem formulation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 3-12
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Feasible Sets
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Feasible Sets
Feasible Sets
Set of initial states x(0) for which the optimal control problem (2) is feasible:
The sets Xi for i = 0, . . . , N play an important role in the solution of the CFTOC
problem. They are independent of the cost.
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 3-13
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Unconstrained Solution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Linear Optimal Control Unconstrained Solution
Unconstrained Solution
Results from Lectures on Days 1 & 2
For quadratic cost (squared Euclidian norm) and no state and input constraints:
{x X , u U} = Rn+m , Xf = Rn
u (k) = Fk x(k) k = 0, . . . , N 1.
u (k) = F x(k) k = 0, 1, . . .
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 3-14
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm
Outline
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-15
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Problem Formulation
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Problem Formulation
Problem Formulation
with P 0, Q 0, R 0.
Constrained Finite Time Optimal Control problem (CFTOC).
J0 (x(0)) = min J0 (x(0), U0 )
U0
subj. to xk+1 = Axk + Buk , k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1 (4)
xN Xf
x0 = x(0)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-16
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP with substitution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP with substitution
subj. to G0 U0 w0 + E0 x(0)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-17
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP with substitution
Solution
subj. to G0 U0 w0 + E0 x(0)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-18
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP with substitution
X = {x | Ax x bx } U = {u | Au u bu } Xf = {x | Af x bf }
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-19
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP without substitution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP without substitution
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-20
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP without substitution
Define variable:
0
z = x01 x0N u00 u0N 1
... ...
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-21
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP without substitution
X = {x | Ax x bx } U = {u | Au u bu } Xf = {x | Af x bf }
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-22
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm Construction of the QP without substitution
PN 1
Build cost function from MPC cost x0N P xN + k=0 x0k Qxk + u0k Ruk
Q
..
.
Q
=
H P
R
..
.
R
Matlab hint:
barH = blkdiag(kron(eye(N-1),Q), P, kron(eye(N),R))
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-23
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
J (x(0)) = min z 0 Hz
z
subj. to G0 z w0 + S0 x(0),
where S0 , E0 + G0 H 1 F 0 , and
J (x(0)) = J0 (x(0)) x(0)0 (Y F H 1 F 0 )x(0).
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-24
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
Main Results
1 The open loop optimal control function can be obtained by solving the
mp-QP problem and calculating U0 (x(0)), x(0) X0 as
U0 = z (x(0)) H 1 F 0 x(0).
2 The first component of the multiparametric solution has the form
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-25
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
Example
subject to constraints
1 u(k) 1, k = 0, . . . , 5
10 10
x(k) , k = 0, . . . , 5
10 10
Compute the state feedback optimal controller u (0)(x(0)) solving the CFTOC
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-26
Constrained Optimal Control: 2-Norm 2-Norm State Feedback Solution
Example
10
5
x2(0)
10
10 5 0 5 10
x1(0)
Figure: Partition of the state space for the affine control law u (0) (N0r = 13)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 4-27
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm
Outline
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 5-28
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm Problem Formulation
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm Problem Formulation
Problem Formulation
Piece-wise linear cost function
N
X 1
J0 (x(0), U0 ) := kP xN kp + kQxk kp + kRuk kp (5)
k=0
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 5-29
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm Construction of the LP with substitution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm Construction of the LP with substitution
1m uk Ruk ,
k1
X
k
A x0 + Aj Buk1j X , uk U,
j=0
N
X 1
N
A x0 + Aj BuN 1j Xf ,
j=0
k = 0, . . . , N 1
x0 = x(0)
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 5-30
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm Construction of the LP with substitution
min c00 z0
z0
subj. to G 0 z0 w
0 + S0 x(0)
0 = G 0 S w
G , S0 = , w
0 =
0 G0 S0 w0
For a given x(0) U0 can be obtained via an LP solver (the 1norm case is similar).
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 5-31
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
Table of Contents
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016
Constrained Optimal Control: 1-Norm and -Norm 1- /-Norm State Feedback Solution
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 5-32
Receding Horizon Control Notation
Outline
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 6-33
Receding Horizon Control Notation
RHC Notation
N
X 1
Jt (x(t)) = min p(xt+N |t ) + q(xt+k|t , ut+k|t )
Utt+N |t
k=0
RHC Notation
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 6-35
Receding Horizon Control Notation
RHC Notation
Let Utt+N |t = {ut|t , . . . , ut+N 1|t } be the optimal solution. The first
element of Utt+N |t is applied to system
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 6-36
Receding Horizon Control Notation
N
X 1
J0 (x(t)) = min p(xN ) + q(xk , uk )
U0
k=0
subj. to
xk+1 = Axk + Buk , k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
xN Xf
x0 = x(t)
where U0 = {u0 , . . . , uN 1 }.
The control law and closed loop system are time-invariant as well, and we write
f0 (x0 ) for ft (x(t)).
MPC Part II CFTOC M. Zeilinger, M. Morari, F. Borrelli, C. Jones - Spring Semester 2016 6-37
Model Predictive Control
Part III Feasibility and Stability
Institut f
ur Automatik, ETH Z
urich
Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH Z
urich
UC Berkeley
EPFL
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Receding Horizon Control: The Motivation
x+ = f (x, u) (x, u) X , U
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-2
Example: Cessna Citation Aircraft
Linearized continuous-time model:
(at altitude of 5000m and a speed of 128.2 m/sec)
1.2822 0 0.98 0 0.3
0 0 1 0
x + 0 u
x = 5.4293 0 1.8366 0 17
128.2 128.2 0 0 0 Angle of attack
0 1 0 0 V
y= x
0 0 0 1 horizon
Pitch angle
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-3
LQR and Linear MPC with Quadratic Cost
Quadratic cost
Linear system dynamics
Linear constraints on inputs and states
MPC
LQR
N 1
X
X J0 (x(t)) = min xk T Qxk + uk T Ruk
J (x(t)) = min xTt Qxt + uTk Ruk U0
k=0
k=0
s.t. xk+1 = Axk + Buk
s.t. xk+1 = Axk + Buk
xk X , uk U
x0 = x(t)
x0 = x(t)
Assume: Q = QT 0, R = RT 0
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-4
Example: LQR with saturation
Linear quadratic regulator with saturated inputs. Problem parameters:
Sampling time 0.25sec,
At time t = 0 the plane is flying with a deviation of Q = I, R = 10
10m of the desired altitude, i.e. x0 = [0; 0; 0; 10]
200 2
100 1 unstable
0 0
Applying LQR control
100 1 and saturating the
200 2 controller can lead to
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec) instability!
0.5
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-5
Example: MPC with Bound Constraints on Inputs
MPC controller with input constraints |ui | 0.262 Problem parameters:
Sampling time 0.25sec,
Q = I, R = 10, N = 10
20 0.5
0 0
will saturate, but it does not
consider the rate constraints.
20 0.5
40
0 2 4 6 8
1
10
System does not
Time (sec) converge to desired
0.5 steady-state but to a
Elevator angle u (rad)
limit cycle
0
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-6
Example: MPC with all Input Constraints
MPC controller with input constraints |ui | 0.262 Problem parameters:
and rate constraints |u i | 0.349 Sampling time 0.25sec,
approximated by |uk uk1 | 0.349Ts Q = I, R = 10, N = 10
10 0
the actuator
0 0.2
Closed-loop system is
10 0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 stable
Time (sec)
0.2 Efficient use of the
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.1
control authority
0
0.1
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-7
Example: Inclusion of state constraints
MPC controller with input constraints |ui | 0.262 Problem parameters:
and rate constraints |u i | 0.349 Sampling time 0.25sec,
approximated by |uk uk1 | 0.349Ts Q = I, R = 10, N = 10
100
0 flying with a deviation of
50
0.5
100m of the desired altitude,
0 i.e. x0 = [0; 0; 0; 100]
Pitch angle -0.9, i.e. -50
50 1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
Pitch angle too large
0.5
Elevator angle u (rad)
during transient
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-8
Example: Inclusion of state constraints
MPC controller with input constraints |ui | 0.262 Problem parameters:
and rate constraints |u i | 0.349 Sampling time 0.25sec,
approximated by |uk uk1 | 0.349Ts Q = I, R = 10, N = 10
100 0.2
50 0
|x2 | 0.349
0 0.2
50 0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
0.5
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-9
Example: Short horizon
MPC controller with input constraints |ui | 0.262 Problem parameters:
and rate constraints |u i | 0.349 Sampling time 0.25sec,
approximated by |uk uk1 | 0.349Ts Q = I, R = 10, N = 4
bility properties
0 0
20 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
0.5
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 0-10
Stability and Invariance of MPC
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Stability and Invariance of MPC
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-11
Stability and Invariance of MPC
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-12
Stability and Invariance of MPC
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-13
Stability and Invariance of MPC
x2
Time step 3: x(3)
1.5
x0 = [1.5; 2], Problem infeasible 1
0.5
0
5 0 5
x1
Depending on initial condition, closed loop trajectory may lead to states for which
optimization problem is infeasible.
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-14
Stability and Invariance of MPC
x2
5
5 0 5
x1
Boxes (Circles) are initial points leading (not leading) to feasible closed-loop
trajectories
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-15
Stability and Invariance of MPC
2 1 1
Unstable system x(t + 1) = x(t) + u(t)
0 0.5 0
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-16
Stability and Invariance of MPC
x2
0
5 5
x2
x2
0 0
5 5
10 10
10 5 0 5 10 10 5 0 5 10
x1 x1
Green lines denote the set of all feasible initial points. They depend on the horizon
N but not on the cost R = Parameters have complex effect and trajectories.
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-17
Stability and Invariance of MPC
x2
0
5 5
5 0 5 5 0 5
x1 x1
Ideally we would solve the MPC problem with an infinite horizon, but that is
computationally intractable
Design finite horizon problem such that it approximates the infinite horizon
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-18
Stability and Invariance of MPC
Infinite-Horizon
If we solve the RHC problem for N = (as done for LQR), then the open
loop trajectories are the same as the closed loop trajectories. Hence
If problem is feasible, the closed loop trajectories will be always feasible
If the cost is finite, then states and inputs will converge asymptotically to the
origin
Finite-Horizon
RHC is short-sighted strategy approximating infinite horizon controller. But
Feasibility. After some steps the finite horizon optimal control problem may
become infeasible. (Infeasibility occurs without disturbances and model
mismatch!)
Stability. The generated control inputs may not lead to trajectories that
converge to the origin.
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-19
Stability and Invariance of MPC
Main idea: Introduce terminal cost and constraints to explicitly ensure feasibility
and stability:
N
X 1
J0 (x0 ) = min p(xN ) + q(xk , uk ) Terminal Cost
U0
k=0
subj. to
xk+1 = Axk + Buk , k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
xN Xf Terminal Constraint
x0 = x(t)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 1-20
Feasibility and Stability
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-21
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
set
{u0 , u1 , . . . , uN 1 } be the optimal control
sible
sequence computed at x0 and {x(0), x1 , . . . , xN }
fea
be the corresponding state trajectory
Apply u0 and let system evolve to
x(1) = Ax0 + Bu0
At x(1) the control sequence
{u1 , u2 , . . . , uN 1 , 0} is feasible (apply 0 control
input xN +1 = 0)
Recursive feasibility 4
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-22
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
set
{u0 , u1 , . . . , uN 1 } be the optimal control
ible
sequence computed at x0 and {x(0), x1 , . . . , xN }
s
fea
be the corresponding state trajectory
Apply u0 and let system evolve to
x(1) = Ax0 + Bu0
At x(1) the control sequence
{u1 , u2 , . . . , uN 1 , 0} is feasible (apply 0 control
input xN +1 = 0)
Recursive feasibility 4
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-22
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
set
ible
N 1
s
X
J0 (x0 ) = p(xN ) + q(xi , ui )
fea
| {z }
i=0
=0
N
X
J0 (x1 ) J0 (x1 ) = q(xi , ui )
i=1
N
X 1
= q(xi , ui ) q(x0 , u0 ) + q(xN , uN )
i=0
= J0 (x0 ) q(x0 , u0 ) + q(0, 0)
| {z } | {z }
Subtract cost =0, Add cost
at stage 0 for staying at 0
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-22
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
System dynamics:
1.2 1 1
xk+1 = x + u
0 1 k 0.5 k
Constraints:
X := {x | 50 x1 50, 10 x2 10 } = {x | Ax x bx }
U := {u | kuk 1 } = {u | Au u bu }
Stage cost:
1 0 0
q(x, u) := x x + uT u
0 1
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-23
Feasibility and Stability Proof for Xf = 0
5 N = 10
N = 5
0 Maximum !
Control-Invariant !
Set
10
50 0 50
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
X
5
x(t)
1 5 5
2
0.5 u(t) 0.5
1 0
3
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 N = 5, Q = , R = 10
x1 0 1
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-25
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
Invariant sets
Definition: Invariant set
A set O is called positively invariant for system x(t + 1) = fcl (x(t)), if
x(0) O x(t) O, t N+
The positively invariant set that contains every closed positively invariant set is
called the maximal positively invariant set O .
Infeasible after
one step
Invariant
! Recursively
feasible
O1
Infeasible after
two steps
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-26
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-27
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
Theorem
The closed-loop system under the MPC control law u0 (x) is asymptotically stable
and the set Xf is positive invariant for the system x(k + 1) = Ax + Bu0 (x).
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-28
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
set
{u0 , u1 , . . . , uN 1 } be the optimal control
ible
s
sequence computed at x(0) and
fea
{x(0), x1 , . . . , xN } the corresponding state
trajectory
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-29
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
set
{u0 , u1 , . . . , uN 1 } be the optimal control
ible
s
sequence computed at x(0) and
fea
{x(0), x1 , . . . , xN } the corresponding state
trajectory
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-29
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-30
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
N
X 1
J0 (x0 ) = min x0N P xN + x0k Qxk + u0k Ruk Terminal Cost
U0
k=0
subj. to
xk+1 = Axk + Buk , k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
xN Xf Terminal Constraint
x0 = x(t)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-31
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
F = (B 0 P B + R)1 B 0 P
P = A0 P A + Q A0 P B(B 0 P B + R)1 B 0 P A
Xf X , F xk U, for all xk Xf
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-32
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2 By construction the terminal set is invariant under the local control law
v = F x
All the Assumptions of the Feasibility and Stability Theorem are verified.
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-33
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
System dynamics:
1.2 1 1
xk+1 = x + u
0 1 k 0.5 k
Constraints:
X := {x | 50 x1 50, 10 x2 10 } = {x | Ax x bx }
U := {u | kuk 1 } = {u | Au u bu }
Stage cost:
1 0
q(x, u) := x0 x + uT u
0 1
Horizon: N = 10
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-34
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
10
50 0 50
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-35
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2
15 10 5 0 5
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-36
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2
15 10 5 0 5
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-36
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2
15 10 5 0 5
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-36
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2
15 10 5 0 5
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-36
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
2
15 10 5 0 5
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-36
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
6000
5000
4000
J*(xi)
3000
2000
1000
0
0 5 10 15
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-37
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
The terminal set Xf and the terminal cost ensure recursive feasibility and
stability of the closed-loop system.
But: the terminal constraint reduces the region of attraction.
(Can extend the horizon to a sufficiently large value to increase the region)
Are terminal sets used in practice?
Generally not...
Not well understood by practitioners
Requires advanced tools to compute (polyhedral computation or LMI)
Reduces region of attraction
A real controller must provide some input in every circumstance
Often unnecessary
Stable system, long horizon will be stable and feasible in a (large)
neighbourhood of the origin
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-38
Feasibility and Stability General Terminal Sets
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-39
Feasibility and Stability Example
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Feasibility and Stability Example
bility properties
0 0
20 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
0.5
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-40
Feasibility and Stability Example
10 0
0 0.2
10 0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
0.2
Elevator angle u (rad)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-41
Feasibility and Stability Example
Summary
These ideas extend to non-linear systems, but the sets are difficult to
compute.
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 2-42
Extension to Nonlinear MPC
Table of Contents
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016
Extension to Nonlinear MPC
N
X 1
J0 (x(t)) = min p(xN ) + q(xk , uk )
U0
k=0
subj. to xk+1 = g(xk , uk ), k = 0, . . . , N 1
xk X , uk U, k = 0, . . . , N 1
xN Xf
x0 = x(t)
Presented assumptions on the terminal set and cost did not rely on linearity
Lyapunov stability is a general framework to analyze stability of nonlinear
dynamic systems
Results can be directly extended to nonlinear systems.
However, computing the sets Xf and function p can be very difficult!
MPC Part III Feasibility and Stability M. Zeilinger, F. Borrelli, C. Jones, M. Morari - Spring Semester 2016 3-43