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Abstract This report studies for different conditions the II. CASE 1
long-duration voltage variations in specific points within a
A distribution feeder is going to be designed in
distribution feeder so that different voltage profiles can be
analyzed and commented. order to supply 2 small cities and a medium-sized
factory through an overhead line of 22.8kV - 60Hz.
Index Terms Long-duration voltage variation, The following map shows the location of said usage
power quality, profile curve. points, including the expected full power demand
and the location of the substation from which the
I. INTRODUCTION feeder starts. The substation is connected to a 138kV-
Long-duration variations encompass root-mean- 60Hz electric transmission system (Scc=lGVA,
square (rms) deviations at power frequencies for X/R=5) through a transformer. Table 1 shows the
longer than 1 min. ANSI C84.1 specifies the steady- parameters of this transformer.
state voltage tolerances expected on a power system.
A volt age variation is considered to be long duration
when the ANSI limits are exceeded for greater than
1 min.
III. CASE II
Taken into account the recults of CASE 1, a LTC
Fig. 2: Studied electrical systems topology transformer (-14% with 17 positions) with the same
parameters showed in table 1. will be used in the
With the previous model, the voltages in per unit
substation. The tapped regulating winding has the
obtained at the different nodes are detailed below.
same pu impedance values than the other windings
of the machine.
There has been no time to implement a voltage drop
strategy' into the LTC so it has been configured to
maintain the output voltage at the maximum
accepted (+5%). Calculate the voltage profile along
the feeder both at full load and at 20% (considering
that all of them behave in the same manner). Show
both profiles in the same figure. Take note of the final
tap position of the LTC in each case.
3
In order to overcome the under voltage at City B As we can check in Table IV, when using the LTC
node, this time instead of using a conventional with the load at its 100%, the voltages at the output
transformer, an on-load tap-changers transformer of the transformer and at City B are 1.0477 and
(LTCs) will be considered (See Figure 4). As it is 0.9669 p.u. respectively. This implies that the total
requested, the LTC will be setup to maintain the system is now complying with the EN 50160
voltage output at 105%. Table IV shows the voltages regulations. However, a disadvantage occurs with
at the different nodes for 100% and 20% of the total this method when the load is considerably below its
load obtained by simulation. nominal value as in 20% for example. This drawback
is clearly visible in Figure 5 where with 20% load
condition all the voltages are considerably above 1
p.u. meaning an increased power demand and thus
reduced energy efficiency.
TABLE V V. CASE IV
VOLTAGES AT THE DIFFERENT NODES FOR CASE III
= ( + ) (1)
TABLE VII
VOLTAGES AT THE DIFFERENT NODES FOR CASE IV
Voltages [p.u.]
Nodes Distance from 100% 20%
Transformer Load Load
[km]
Transformer 0 1.0855 1.0505
City A 5 1.0744 1.0488
Factory 11 1.0645 1.0471
City B 23 1.0378 1.0417
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Dominguez X, Power Quality Long-duration voltage
variation.