2.

METHODOLOGY
There are several power quality problems of associated with transmission lines. Voltage sag,
unbalance voltage, voltage harmonics are among them. To ensure best power quality these
problems should be mitigated. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is that device which can be
used to eliminate this problem. It is normally installed in a power system between the supply and
the critical load feeder at the point of common coupling (PCC). Besides eliminating of voltage
sag, DVR can do other tasks like as line voltage harmonics reduction, reduction of transients etc.

DVR consists of mainly four parts:

a. Injection transformer: As DVR cant be connected with the transmission line directly, so
coupling is needed. The electrical coupling is done by injection / booster transformer .It also
done several acts such as minimizing coupling noise, transients etc. But the main tasks of
coupling transformers are compensate the voltages generated by the voltage source converters
and serve the purpose of isolating the load from the system.
b. Converter Unit: The basic function of the Voltage Source Converter is to convert the dc
voltage supplied by the energy storage device/dc-link into an ac voltage. The VSC used in the
DVR can be two-level or multilevel. IGBT is a solid state device which is widely used in
converter unit.
c. Filter unit: The main purpose of the harmonic filter is to maintain the harmonics at the desired
level. The filter is placed to damp the switching harmonics generated by the PWM control of
VSC.
d. Energy storage unit: Energy storage device provides the real power requirement of DVR
during compensation. The required energy can be taken from DC sources or others.

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of DVR model

2.1 DVR operating principle

During the normal operation, the DVR is in the stand-by mode. During the disturbances in the
system, the nominal or rated voltage is compared with the voltage variation and the DVR injects
the difference voltage that is required by the load. The equivalent circuit of a DVR is shown in
VS V inj VL
Fig. 2. Here is the supply voltage, is the voltage injected by the DVR and is
the load voltage.

Fig. 2 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of DVR

Z line
The system impedance depends on the fault level of the load bus. When the system
Vs V DVR
voltage ( ) drops, the DVR injects a series voltage through the injection
V load
transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude can be maintained. The series
injected voltage of the DVR can be written as

V DVR =V load + Z load I loadV s

V load : The desired load voltage magnitude

Z load : The load impedance.
I load : The load current
Vs : The system voltage during fault condition

2.2 Control strategy of DVR

The main task of the control system is to detect the voltage sags, calculate the required
compensating voltage and generate the reference signal for PWM generator to trigger on the
inverter. The error signal is used as the modulation signal. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation
technique (PWM) forms the control strategy. The control block generates the firing signal when
sag is detected. For voltage sag mitigation PI controller is widely used in DVR. PI is a feedback
controller which uses the error signal from voltage sag condition. The advantage of PI controller
is that it has simple structure but it has disadvantage of having fixed gains i.e. it cannot cope with
the varying parameters & different sag conditions of the system.

Fuzzy logic controller:

The problems of PI controller can be solved by Fuzzy Logic Controller. Fuzzy logic controller is
a nonlinear controller which can easily stand with various fault conditions. Controllers based on
fuzzy logic give the linguistic strategies control conversion from expert knowledge in automatic
control strategies. The development of control system based on fuzzy logic involves the
following steps:

a. Fuzzification strategy
b. Knowledge base (Rule base),
c. Interface machine elaboration
d. Defuzziffication strategy.

A fuzzyfication interface which converts input data into suitable linguistic values;
A knowledge base which consists of a data base with the necessary linguistic definitions and
control rule set;
A decision making logic which, simulating a human decision process, infers the fuzzy control
action from the knowledge of the control rules and the linguistic variable definitions; and
A defuzzyfication interface which yields a nonfuzzy control action from an inferred fuzzy
control action.

In addition, design of fuzzy logic controller can provide desirable both small signal and large
signal dynamic performance at same time. The development of fuzzy logic approach here is
limited to the design and structure of the controller .The proposed controller receives two inputs,
the voltage detector signal and the reference signal. Its output signal, fed into 2 level PWM
system . Some advantages of the proposed control approach are as follow:
Consideration of uncertainties,
Vast domain of performance,
Flexibility and adaptivity,
Self-organization
 Fig 3. Proposed Fuzzy Logic Controller

3. PROPOSED DVR MODEL

Fig 4. FLC based DVR model

Generally, the operation of DVR can be categorized into two modes; standby mode and injection
mode [6]. In standby mode, DVR either in short circuited operation or inject small voltage to
cover voltage drop due to transformer reactance losses. The DVR is turn into injection mode as
soon as sagging is detected.

Three legs PWM inverter is used to convert DC source to AC voltage and then injected into the
line by injection transformer. The inverter model consists of self-commutating IGBT switches
with parallel diodes. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (PWM) forms the control
strategy. The control block generates the firing signals for each switch with controllable
amplitude, phase and frequency whenever sag is detected. The filter unit is applied to output of
the inverter as it is closer to harmonic source

4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 4 : (a) Sag condition waveform (b) Single phase sag mitigation (c) Three phase mitigation
(d) Total harmonic distortion

Table 1. Table showing mitigation of Sag

% of sag (with respect to After Mitigation

fundamental) (%)
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90

Table 2. Sag mitigation at different load

Load 1 Load 2 Amount of Sag (in After mitigation

%)
 Table 3 .Performance comparison with others

(a) % of sag mitigation

Reference Reference Reference Proposed

[A] [B] [C]
Fuzzy

(b) Total Harmonic distortion

Reference Reference Reference Proposed

[A] [B] [C]
Fuzzy