Chapter 12

ATOMS
Explain Thomson's atom model
J.J. Thomson was the first scientist to propose a model of atom. According to this model -
The entire positive charge of the atom was uniformly distributed in a sphere and electrons were
embedded in such a manner that their mutual repulsions were balanced by attractive force by +ve
charges.
This atom model is known as plum pudding model (water melon model)
This model could not explain stability and emission spectra of atoms.
What are the conclusions of Rutherford's particle scattering experiment.
In particle scattering experiment, particles from a source made in to a beam and was
allowed to fall on a thin gold foil. The scattered particles were observed through a rotatable
detector consisting of zinc sulphide screen and a microscope. particles on striking the screen
produced scintillations. Using this a arrangement number of scattered particles were studied
as function of angle of scattering. The main observations were
a. Most of the particles came out of they gold foil without suffering any deviation
from their straight line path. This shows that most region of the atom is hollow.
b. A few particles collided with atoms of gold foil suffered large deflection. A very
few particles even turned back towards the source itself. This showed that the
entire +ve charge and almost the whole mass of the atom is concentrated in a small
region called nucleus at the centre of the atom.

Explain Rutherford's model of the atom

According to this model
a. The entire positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a small region called nucleus,
at the centre of the atom.
b. The electrons revolves round the nucleus. The coulomb's force of attraction between
nucleus and electrons provides the necessary centripetal force for the revolution of
electrons.

Drawbacks
According to classical electromagnetic theory a revolving electron (accelerated charge) should
radiate energy continuously and thus electron should spiral inward and finally fall in to the nucleus.
Thus this model could not explain the stability of atom.
As the energy of revolving electron decreases continously the atom should give a continuous
spectrum. Thus this model fails to explain the line spectra of atoms.

Explain the postulates of Bhor's atom model

Bhor modified Rutherford's atom model on the basis of Quantum theory of radiation. The postulates
of Bhor atom model are.
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 a. An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant
energy. According to this postulate each atom has certain definit stable states in which it
can exist, and each possible state has definit energy. These are called stationary states of
the atom.
b. Electron revolves round the nucleus only in those orbits for which anguler momentum is
h
integral multiple of ie. (where h is plank's constant)
z
n=1, 2, 3 ......... are called principle Quantum Number
c. When an electron jumps from a higher stable orbit to lower stable orbit, the energy
difference is rediated in the form of a photon of energy.
hu =E1 -Ef
Where Ei - energy of higher stable orbit.
Ef - energy of lower stable orbit.

Radius of nth orbit (hydrogen atom)

For a hydrogen atom (1 proton 1 electron)
mv 2 1 e2

r 4 0 r 2
m - mess of electron
v- speed of electron
r - redion of orbit
e2
r
4 0 mv 2

e2
For n orbit rn
th .................(1)
4 0 mv 2
According to Bhor's postulate for the nth orbit, angular momentum.
nh
Angular momentum Ln
2
nh
ie. mVn rn ............(2)
2
Using (2) Eqn (1) becomes

e2
rn 2
nh
4 0 m
2 mrn

2
n2 h 4 0
Rearanging or rn 2
m 2 e

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 h2 0
For n=1, r1 2
0.53 1010 m
m e
This is called Bhor radius (a0)
ie. a0 = 0.53A0
Note : For hydrogen like atom (Having one electron and atomic number Z>1)
n 2 h 2 0 n 2 a0
rn
m Ze 2 z
Speed of electron in nth orbit (Vn) - Hydrogen atom.
mv 2 1 e2
For hydrogen atom
r 4 0 r 2

e
V
4 0 mr

e
For nth orbit Vn 4 mr .....................(1)
0 n

nh
But mVn rn .....................(2)
2

e 1 e2 1
Vn =
Eqn (1) becomes Vn
4 0 m
nh ie,

n 4 0 h
2
2 mVn

e2
Rearranging Vn
2 0 nh

e2 c
For first Bhor orbit (n=1) V1 2.19x106 m/ s
20h 137
Where C - Velocity of light
1 C
V
n 137
Ze 2 z C
For hydrogen like atom(z>1), Vn
2 0 nh n 137
Energy of electron is nth state (Hydrogen atom)
1 e 2
PE of electron =
4 0 rn

1 e2 e2
KE of electron
2 4 0 rn 8 0 rn

e2 e2
Total energy En
4 0 rn 8 0 rn
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 e2
ie En 8 r
0 n

n 2 h 2 0
rn
me 2
e 2
En
n 2 h 2 0
8 0
me 2
2
me 4 e 2 e 2
m 2
ie En 2 2 2 or En
8n 0 h 8 0 4 0 n h
Substituting the values
2.18 x1018
En J
n2
13.6
or orEn eV
n2
(1.6 x1019 J lev)
The -ve sign of the total energy of an e- moving in an orbit means that the electron is bound with
the nucleus. Energy will be required to remove the election from the hydrogen atom to distance infinitely
for away from its nucleur
Note:-For Hydrogen like atom
13.6 z 2
En eV
n2
Explain the formation of line spectra of Hydrogen atom
According to the third postulate of Bhor's model when on atom makes a transition from higher
energy state quantum nucleur ni to the lower energy state with quantum number nf (nf<n1) the difference
of energy is carried away by a photon of frequency if such that,
h if = Eni - Enf . ..............(1)
me 4
But Eni
8 0 2 h 2 ni 2

me 4
E nf
8 0 2 h 2 n f 2
Eqn 1
me 4 1 1
h i f 2 2 .............................(1)
8 0 2 h 2 n f ni

me4 1 1
or if 2 3
2 ....................(2)
8 0 h n f ni
2

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 This equation is called Rydbers formula for the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Eqn can be written as

c me 4 1 1

8 0 2 h3 n f 2 ni 2

c
(since )

1 me 4 1 1

if 8 0 2 h 3c n f 2 ni 2

me 4
Here 2 3
R 1.097 x107 m 1 is called Rydberg const.
8 0 h c

1 1 1
R 2 2 .......................... 3
if n ni
f
Spectral lines of Hydrogen atom
a. Lymen Series
For this series nf = 1, ni = 2, 3, 4. ....................
1 1 1
R 1 n 2
i

This series is in uv region

The series limits of lymen series given by
1 1 1 1
R , (Lowest wave length or highest frequency)
1 R
The first member of this series is given by
1 1 1
R 2
1 2
4
(lowest frequency)
3R
b. Balmer Series
For this series nf = 2, ni = 3, 4, 5. ............
1 1 1
R 2 2
2 ni
This is in visible part
Series limit is given by
1 1 1 4
R
4 R
1 1 1 36
First member R 2 2 ,
2 3 5R
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