Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to say thank you to my parents for

providing everything,such as money, to buy anything that are related
to this project work,their advise, whichis the most needed for this
project and facilities such as internet, books, computers andall that.
They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so
that I willnot procrastinate in doing it.
Then I would like to thank to my teacher, Pn Lui for guiding me
throughout thisproject. Even I had some difficulties in doing this task,
but she taught me patiently untilwe knew what to do. She tried and
tried to teach me until I understand what I¶msupposed to do with the
project work.
Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this
project isindividually but we are cooperated doing this project
especially in disscussion andsharing ideas to ensure our task will finish
completely.
Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect in
completing this project work. Thank you everyon

INTRODUCTION
Calculus is a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions,
derivatives, integrals, and infiniteseries.This subject constitutes a major
part of modern mathematics education. It has two majorbranches,
differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the
fundamental theoremof calculus. Calculus is the study of change, in the
same way that geometry is the study of shapeand algebra is the study
of operations and their application to solving equations. A course
incalculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in
mathematics devoted to the study offunctions and limits, broadly called
mathematical analysis. Calculus has widespread applications inscience,
economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which
algebra alone isinsufficient.Historically, calculus was called "the calculus
of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimalcalculus". More generally, calculus
may refer to any method or system of calculation guided by thesymbolic
manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi
arepropositional calculus, variational calculus, lambda calculus, pi
calculus, and join calculus.
History
The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher derivatives, Taylor
series, and analyticalfunctions were introduced by Isaac Newton in an
idiosyncratic notation which he used to solveproblems of mathematical
physics. In his publications, Newton rephrased his ideas to suit
themathematical idiom of the time, replacing calculations with
infinitesimals by equivalentgeometrical arguments which were
considered beyond reproach. He used the methods ofcalculus to solve
the problem of planetary motion, the shape of the surface of a rotating
fluid, theoblateness of the earth, the motion of a weight sliding on a
cycloid, and many other problemsdiscussed in his Principia
Mathematica. In other work, he developed series expansions
forfunctions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it was clear
that he understood theprinciples of the Taylor series.These ideas were
systematized into a true calculus of infinitesimalsby Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is
nowregarded as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus.
His contribution was to providea clear set of rules for manipulating
infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of secondand higher
derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their
differential andintegral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of
attention to the formalism ± he often spentdays determining
appropriate symbols for concepts. Leibniz and Newton are usually both
creditedwith the invention of calculus. Newton was the first to apply
calculus to general physics andLeibniz developed much of the notation
used in calculus today. The basic insights that bothNewton and Leibniz
provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and
higher

derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By

Newton's time, the
fundamental theorem of calculus was known