Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 15, No. 2, May 1999, pp.

73-81

A Study on the Prediction of Deformations of Welded Ship

Structures
Seung I1 Seo ~ and Chang Doo Jang 2

Welding deformations injure the beauty of appearance of a structure and decrease its
buckling strength. In addition, welding deformations cause errors during the assembly of the
structure and prevent increase of productivity. Welding deformations of real structures are
complicated and the accurate prediction of welding deformations has been a difficult
problem. This study presents a method to predict welding deformations of large structures
accurately and practically based on the accumulated research results. The presented method
uses the finite element method combining the inherent strain theory and the experimental
results for accurate and efficient analysis. The weld joint is assumed to be divided into 3
regions : inherent strain region, material softening region and base metal region. The
simplified elasto-plastic analysis method is introduced and representative material values
during the thermal elasto-plastic process are used in this method. It is revealed from the
analysis results for the simple welded model that the inherent strains are changed by joint
restraint as well as heat input and elastic modulus of the inherent strain region, and the
material softening region must be different from that of the base metal region. These results
have been supported by the experimental data. The method proposed in this study can be
combined with the commercial finite element analysis software to predict reasonably an
efficiently the welding deformations of large structures.

be attained by the accurate prediction of the welding

INTRODUCTION
When structures are welded, heat is supplied to melt
the joint and nonuniform temperature distribution is
caused due to local melting and thermal transfer. As a
result, nouniform thermal strains and stresses are caused
and plastic strains remain after thermal cycle. Residual
plastic strains around welded joints are the cause of
permanent deformation.
Welding deformations injure the beauty of structures
and decrease the buckling strength. In addition, welding
deformations cause errors during the assembly of the
structure and prevent increased productivity. If welding
deformations after cooling can be predicted precisely at
the initial design stage, the amount of strength
degeneration can be considered before production and
safety of the structure can be improved. And also, the
prediction of welding deformations can prevent the trial-
and-error process during manufacturing and can save
production time. For precise construction of structures, the
errors resulting from welding must be reduced, which can
deformations and prior consideration of allowances.
Local melting, nonuniform temperature distribution
and plastic yielding are major process of formation of
welding deformation. During the process, mechanical
properties of material are changed according to
temperature. In short, welding deformation is the product
of complicated nonlinear behaviors of the structure during
welding. Various factors affecting formation of welding
deformation can be selected, but major factors can be
divided into heat parameter, material factors and restraint
parameter around welded joints. The heating parameter
can be divided in detail into welding voltage, welding
current, speed, the type of electrode and the number of
passes. The material factors can be divided into yield
stress and elastic modulus which depend on temperature.
And also, the restraint parameter can be divided in detail
into welding sequence, dimension and geometry of joint
and so on. Many research papers on prediction of welding
deformations have been published, but practical useful
methods for prediction of general deformations of general
structures have not emerged because so many factors are

i Principal Researcher, Technical Research Institute, Hanjin Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea.
z Professor, Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Manuscript received by JSP Committee January 29, 1998.

MAY 1999 8756-1417/99/1502-0073500.43/0 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION 73

 concerned with formation of welding deformations.
Accumulated research results up to now as to
welding deformations can be classified into the results by
the experimental method, the ones by the analytical
method and the ones by the numerical method. The
experimental method is composed of measurement of
welding deformations, arrangement of measured data by
the proposed parameters, and deduction of the relation
between the parameters [1]. The relation between
parameters is normally confined to the specified
deformation mode because the number of combination
between the parameters is so many and experimental
results are limited by cost and time. As complex welding
deformations of real structures are the combined ones of
basic deformation modes and the contribution of each
mode cannot be made clear by the limited experimental
results, the experimental method is only useful in
estimation of specified deformation of the simple structure.
The analytical method is based on the classical
theory of elasticity and neglects the thermal elasto-plastic
process. The analytical method only considers residual
plastic strains, which are defined as inherent strains, and
assumes all the regions including the inherent strain
region remain elastic [2]. Calculation of the welding
deformation results in the solution of problems of the
theory of elasticity [3]. However, the analytical method
has shortcomings such that possible solutions of the
theory of elasticity problems are limited and the solution
for the large structure is impossible. The region and
magnitude of the inherent strain should be given by the
experimental results,
Nowadays, the numerical method such as the finite
element method and the boundary element method are
popular in almost all engineering fields because the
simulation of behavior is possible [4], [5] and [6].
Commercial general purpose software such as ABAQUS
[7] and ANSYS [8] based on the finite element method
enable simulation of the thermal elasto-plastic process
during welding. Specified software SYSWELD [9] for the
welded structures enables more convenient analysis of the
welding deformations. However, the accurate thermal
elasto-plastic analysis using the software requires very
much computing time. Simulation of the welding process
for the simple structure take hundreds of seconds by
supercomputer for the step-by-step analysis of a nonlinear
problem. If an engineering workstation is used in the
simulation, several days will be consumed. For practical
purposes, accurate simulation of the welding process for
the real large structures by the finite element method is
impossible,
In this study, to overcome the shortcomings of the
developed methods mentioned above and for practical
prediction of welding deformations, a new method
combining the experimental method, the analytical
method and the numerical method is proposed. The
complicated thermal elasto-plastic analysis is omitted by
using the inherent strain method, and restrictions of the
classical inherent strain theory are overcome by
introducing the finite element method. The transient
process of formation of the welding deformation is
represented by one characteristic stage. That is to say,
time varying material properties during welding are
represented by the specified representative values at one
instant. Experimental data for the simple structures are
used for improving accuracy. Availability and accuracy of
the proposed method are revealed by example calculations.
NOMENCLATURE
A = sectional area of welded region
B = overall breadth of plate, if B is greater than I Oh,
B is taken as 10h to consider effective mean
temperature
b = maximum breadth of inherent strain region
b,, = breadth of plate to calculate mean temperature,
which normally can be considered as 5h.
b(z) = breadth of inherent strain region
C = restraining factor
c = specific heat of material, which is taken as 0. I
1 0 3 cal/kgC for mild steel
d = maximum depth of inherent strain region, which
normally may be taken as b/2.
E = elastic modulus of material which can be taken
as 20.6Gpa for mild steel.
e = distance between the neutral axis of beam
section and the weld line
Ei~ = elastic modulus of inherent strain region in the
direction normal to the weld line
Eiy = elastic modulus of inherent strain region in the
direction parallel to the weld line
F = reaction force at the boundary between welded
region and material softening region
f = portion of initial heat input to increase
temperature of inherent strain region, which
normally can be taken as 0.4
f~ = normal force of inherent strain region per unit
length
Fy = force at the end of inherent strain region parallel
to the weld line
H = height of beam
h = thickness of plate
I = moment of inertia of beam section
k = spring constant at the boundary
k~ = spring constant normal to the weld line at the
boundary between inherent strain region and the
other region
ky = spring constant parallel to the weld line at the
boundary between inherent strain region and the

74 MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION

 the other region v = Poisson's ratio, which can be taken as 0.3 for
L length of welded region mild steel
L/ = length of restrained plate along the weld line p = density of the material, which is taken as 7.85
L 2 = breadth of restrained plate 10-3kg/cm 3for mild steel.
m x moment of inherent strain region per unit cry = yield stress of material, which can be taken as
length parallel to the weld line 245Mpa for mild steel.
My moment at the end of inherent strain region o-r~ = yield stress of material in the direction normal
normal to the weld line to the weld line
Q = heat input per unit length during welding crry = yield stress of material in the direction parallel
r radius of curvature of longitudinal bending to the weld line
deformation of beam (~ : b(z) ~c~~
S = translational shrinkage of plate normal to the (y : 6(z) E, cyj
weld line
Tc T.,- To S I M P L I F I E D M O D E L TO R E P R E S E N T T H E R M A L
T~m = T,,~)- To E L A S T O - P L A S T I C PROCESS IN W E L D I N G
T~ = T,,,~)- To
T~ = mean temperature after heat has been The restrictions of analytical inherent strain theory
transferred to material softening region and are that combination of deformation modes in large
base metal region structures is not possible and the effect of various welding
To,o~ : maximum temperature at which material loses parameters on deformation can not be shown clearly.
the capacity to resist deformation, which can However, Ueda et al have proposed a method to calculate
be taken as 830C for mild steel. equivalent forces resulting from inherent strains of the
Tin(x) : mean temperature in the thickness direction welded structure, and proposed a basis for finite element
Tm(y ) = men temperature in the plane of plate analysis of welding deformations [10]. But, their method
T,, = room temperature neglected the fact that welding deformations are formed at
T, : To,o~- To high temperature and equivalent forces causing
Y: = temperature change in the temperature deformations at high temperature are much less than those
decreasing stage at room temperature. And, also, their method has
T2 (max) = maximum temperature change in the shortcomings such that inherent strains do not depend on
temperature decreasing stage the degree of restraint around welded joints, which is
Z distance from the origin in the plate thickness supported by experimental results [2].
direction As the main idea of this study is to combine the
a coefficient of thermal expansion of the inherent strain theory with the elastic finite element
material, which is taken as 1.110-s/C for method and to predict practically welding deformations of
mild steel structures without neglecting the facts revealed in
angular deformation of plate experiments, a simplified model to describe thermal
~0 = angular deformation with constraint process during welding is proposed.
4 = free angular deformation The weld joint is assumed to be divided into three
g. total strain of welded region parts : welded region, material softening region and base
CpC~ = plastic strain of inherent strain region normal metal region. The welded region experiences rapid
to the weld line temperature rise and transfer of heat input. In the welded
~'po'~ = plastic strain of inherent strain region parallel region, which is called as an inherent strain region, plastic
to the weld line deformation occurs and plastic strains remain. Around the
cp/ = plastic strain of welded region during inherent strain region, heat is transferred and temperature
temperature increasing stage increases. The inherent strain region is the place where
~p2 = plastic strain of welded region during plastic strains are concentrated. However, there can be a
temperature decreasing stage region where plastic strains are not created but material
q~ = heat conduction factor in the direction normal properties are changed due to heat transferred from the
to the weld line to consider the geometry of inherent strain region. This region may be defined as the
q, = welded joint, which can be taken as 1 for flat material softening region. Material properties are softened
plate heat conduction factor in the direction in the material softening region due to high temperature
parallel to the weld line to consider the but plastic strains do not appear. Except the inherent strain
geometry of welded joint, which can be taken region and material softening region, the base metal
as 1 for the flat plate. region has the material properties of room temperature

MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION 75

 and remains elastic. Rapid temperature changes of the
inherent strain region are restrained by the material
softening region and the base metal region. The material
softening region may make little contribution to
restraining the inherent strain region because material
properties and strength may be negligible in high
temperature.
M2
Fig. 1 Simplified model for describing welding process
Fig. 1 shows a body and spring model to represent the
mechanical process of welding [11]. The behavior of the
material softening region and the base metal region is
represented by the spring of Fig. 1. Thermal stress is
caused by the difference of temperatures and thermal
expansions between the welded region and the other
regions. Initial heat input makes the temperature of the
welded region rise up to melting temperature, where the
material loses the capacity to resist deformation and all
the thermal expansion is converted to plastic strain. That
is to say,
C p I : _CtTl
While the heat input of the welded region is transferred to
the material softening region, the welded region
experiences temperature decrease and elasto-plastic
process. The equilibrium equation of forces between the
welded region and the other region is as follows.
era + F = 0
Stress-strain relation of the welded region is given by
er = E ( E - c t T 2 - Cp2 )
Reaction force at the boundary can be expressed as
follows.
F = kcL
When yielding occurs in the welded region, the stress
becomes the yield stress of the material. That is to say,
76 MAY 1999
er : -er~ (5)
Plastic strain can be given by combining eqn (2), eqn(3)
and eqn (4) as follows.
p2 : -6~T2 + cry + cry A (6)
E kL
Residual plastic strain after welding can be
considered as the sum of plastic strains produced during
temperature increasing stage and temperature decreasing
stage. The maximum temperature change during
temperature decreasing stage can be expressed as follows.
~(,,,~) = T,,o~ - T,,, (7)
The expression of final residual strains can be given by
err err A (8)
% : %1- %2 =- [ ~(Y,,,- Vo) + T +--~-1
From eqn (8), it can be known that residual inherent
strain is determined by mean temperature after welding,
material properties and the effect of restraint.
During thermal elasto-plastic process, temperature
and material properties are changed, but in simplified
thermal elasto-plastic analysis, one characteristic value is
assumed to represent the whole process for simplification.
DEFINITION OF INHERENT STRAIN REGION
(1)
The region where plastic strains remain can be
defined as the inherent strain region. At the temperature in
which material loses the capacity to resist deformation,
the deformation of material is converted to plastic strain
directly. The temperature can be defined as critical
temperature. The region where the temperature exceeds
the critical temperature becomes the plastic strain region.
(2) Plastic deformation can occur in the region below the
critical temperature, but most plastic temperature occurs
within the region above the critical temperature. For the
simplicity, the region above the critical temperature can be
defined as the inherent strain region where plastic strains
(3) remain. The shape of the isothermal curve of the critical
temperature is near elliptical, which is verified by theory
and experiment. Though the inherent strain region can be
determined by the temperature distribution curves
(4) obtained by the heat conduction theory, it can also be
determined by the following thermal equilibrium relation
(see Fig. 2).
JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION
 / j /
kA ~ Fy

(a) Welded plate

Z
b >
~heren~I~ainRe:Ion
Fig. 3 Shrinkage forces of the inherent strain region
X
along the weld line
, aterial SofteningRe'on
Base l~etal l~gion X / in the plate thickness direction. The mean temperature of
(b) Section of welded plate plates of medium thickness can be calculated as follows.
Q
Fig. 2 Definition of inherent strain region Tc~ - r/ (12)
c [3b m

7r
cp 4 bd(T"'~- T ) = f Q
The area of the inherent strain region can be
obtained by eqn (9) as follows.
-rc- b d - fQ
4 (T,,~, -To)
A M E T H O D TO CALCULATE EQUIVALENT
NODAL F O R C E S
The inherent strain region along the weld line is
shown in Fig. 3. In order to calculate the deformation
induced by shrinkage of the inherent strain region using
the finite element method, it is convenient to calculate the
equivalent nodal forces corresponding to shrinkage due to
inherent strain. Equivalent forces induced by the inherent
strain can be divided into the forces and moments acting
in the direction normal to the weld line and those acting in
the direction parallel to the weld line. Normal forces of
the inherent strain region per unit length can be calculated
by using the equation to calculate plastic strain of the
simplified model as follows.
(9) As most welding deformations are formed while the
inherent strain region is in high temperature and elastic
modulus is low, the elastic modulus Eix of the inherent
strain region can be taken as follows considering
experimental results.
E
(lO)
Eix - 25 (13)
As yield stress as well as elastic modulus of material
becomes low at high temperature state, the ratio of yield
stress and elastic modulus o-rx/Ei, of eqn (11) can be
considered constant. The spring constant k, of at the
boundary between the inherent strain region and the other
regions can be obtained by applying unit loads to the
boundary of the base metal region and calculating
influence coefficients of the structure. The spring constant
can be varied according to plate thickness and position
along the thickness. The typical spring constant can be
taken as the value at the surface of the plate. The detailed
expression of the spring constant is as follows.
1
kx - h2 (14)
e I + ~- e2

h/2 /b(X dz = Ei= [aTc(=) + Yr~ + ~Vxh]~r d
f~ = E,~ f!w2
Eix kxb ~ 4 (11)
Forces normal to the weld line and moments parallel to
the the weld line are affected by temperature gradient in
the plate thickness direction because shrinkage normal to
the weld line is dependent on the temperature distribution
Shrinkage moment per unit length mx of the inherent
strain region can be calculated as follows.
1 ~rx Crrxh :r h
m x = Ei, f.h/~2bZ(xdz = E,x [aT~.(x) + - - + - - ] - - d ~
Eix kxb 4
(15)
where, the center of the inherent strain region is taken as

MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION 77

 h/5 for simplifying the calculation and considering the
experimental results.
Equivalent forces and moments of the inherent strain
region at the ends of the weld line can be calculated
following the same procedure. The forces parallel to the
weld line and the moments normal to the weld line which
come from temperature gradient in the direction normal to
the weld line are acting on the ends of the weld line
because among the weld line shrinkage forces and
moments cancel each other. The forces are calculated as
follows.
h/2 _ crrv Cryyh , rc , ,
F v = E,v f:h/2ep~v)dz - E,v [ctTc(v) + ~ - + ~ v b J 4 0 a
. . . . Eiy
E~v is different from E,x because the mean temperature
in the thickness direction is higher than the mean
temperature in the whole dimension. Welding
deformations normal to the weld line are formed at high
temperature state and resistance of the inherent strain
region and the other regions is small, otherwise welding
deformations parallel to the weld line are formed
continuously while temperature gradient between the
inherent strain region and the other regions exists. As a
result, the characteristic value of Eiy in low mean
temperature state is larger than that of Ei~ in high mean
temperature state. For simplicity and reasonable accuracy,
E~,.can be assumed to be as follows.
E (17)
E~v - 2
In the section normal to the weld line, the mean
temperature difference can be calculated as follows.
Q of the plate and to simplify the model. The magnitude of
Tc~v) - c p B h rl-v
The spring constant kv in the direction parallel to the
weld line can be calculated following the same procedure
mentioned above. Equivalent moments can be given by
MY=- E ' v f ! ~ z- e P ( v ) d z = E ' -v [ aTc(Y) + ~iy.
C A L C U L A T I O N AND DISCUSSION
In the above, a method to calculate equivalent loads
corresponding to welding shrinkage was proposed. A
procedure to predict welding deformations combining the
proposed method with the finite element method can be
78 MAY 1999
summarized as shown in Fig. 4.
I Input of welding condition
[
] Input of geometric shape of structure
I
Definition of inherent strain region, material softening
region and base metal region
I
Finite element modeling and input of material
properties of the inherent strain region
I
Calculation of spring constants from influence
. coefficients after execution of finite element analysis
(16) by applying unit loads
[
Calculation of equivalent loads of the inherent strain
region
I
Calculation of welding deformations by combining the
influence coefficients obtained from the previous
calculation
Fig. 4 A procedure to calculate welding deformation
The inherent strain region is obtained by eqn (10)
and the magnitude of inherent strain in each direction is
also obtained by eqn (8). As the material constants of the
inherent strain region and material softening region in the
direction normal to the weld line are different from those
in the direction parallel to the weld line, the elements
corresponding to the inherent strain region and the
material softening region are modeled as orthotropic
material. In finite element modeling, the inherent strain
region is included in the elements representing the
material softening region to prevent the case in which the
inherent strain region cannot include the whole thickness
(18) inherent strain depends on the restraining effect as well as
temperature distribution. So, unit loads are applied at the
boundary of the inherent strain region and deformations
are calculated by finite element analysis. The spring
constants are given by eqn (14). Equivalent loads are
calculated by using eqns (11), (15), (16) and (19), which
are the integrated values of inherent strain. Final
kyb 4 .9 deformations are calculated by finite element analysis for
the calculated equivalent loading case, but if the principle
(19)
of superposition is used, they can be given by combining
the results for the unit loading cases without performing
full finite element analysis.
As a simple example, deformations of bead-on-plate
welding shown in Fig. 5 are calculated following the
procedure shown in Fig. 4. The results are shown in Fig. 6
and Fig. 7, from which it can be said that the proposed
JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION
 method in this study considers properly the effect of
welding conditions revealed in the experimental results
[1].
restraints, in case that the elastic modulus of the inherent
strain region and the material softening region is the same
as that of the base metal region, the angular deformation
ratio of Fig. 9 is not affected by the restraint coefficient.
Therefore, from the results shown in Fig. 9, it is revealed

I
that the magnitude of inherent strain is affected by the
external restraint and as most of the bending deformation
of plate occurs at the high temperature region, the elastic
modulus of the inherent strain region and the material
softening region is much lower than that of the base metal
region. The proposed method of this study is revealed to
have good applicability to reflect the phenomena shown in
the experiments.

q ----i~Calculated results /
30 ..... '

S 25

E "~20
Fig. 5 Deformation of bead-on-welded plate
~'15
As the second example, a plate restrained around the a~5
boundaries shown in Fig. 9 is chosen to reveal the effect g~
c
of external restraint. The calculated results are shown in < 5
Fig. 9. Restraining factor C of Fig. 9 which represents the
0 1 I I
restraining effect of members around the plate is defined
0.0 0.5 1.0 1,5 2.0
as follows [21.
Heat Input Parameter ( Q / h * * 2 * 1 0 * * ( - 3 ) ,
cal/cm**3)
1 re4 II s (l-v)
- - ~ r - (~)]
~ l1
(20) Fig. 7 Angular deformation of bead-on-welded plates

~Od2 . 5 4 "''ll*"~l~'ECx;;Vil~::trb:Us::heta' F

0
2
O9
1:3)
1.5
,n,~ ,tBI
C
XL 1 ,,,u' "
O9

m
0~ 0.5
./
C

b'-
0 i n
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Heat Input Parameter (Q/h**2*10**(-3), Fig. 8 Plate with restraining beams
cal/cm**3)

Fig. 6 Transverse shrinkage of bead-on-welded plates

Longitudinal bending deformation of long built-
If the magnitude of inherent strain is not affected by up members shown in Fig. 10 can be calculated as shown
external restraint, the ratio of angular deformations of Fig. in Fig. 11. The formula proposed by Tsuji [2] from the
9 will show a nearly straight line according to the experiments and theoretical analysis is as follows.

MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION 79

 J - - - "0 . . . . C a l c u l a t e d Rsults by Tsup's Formula
1 a e + C a l c u l a t e d Results by Author
r - 0 . 4 -cp
-1Q (21 )
v 6
From the results shown in Fig. 11, it can be said that
the deformation prediction method proposed in this study 5
can be applied to the analysis of longitudinal deformation.
~4
Results E
I '~O'~ Expen mental E cons,dered) 03
- 'Ill" " -Calculated Results (Reduction of
1_
-- -A-.- - Calculated Results (Reduction of E not considered

1.2 -g 2
E
o 1
.... -a- ....
rm
0 i i i i
go.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Heat Input (Q-10-*(-3) cal/cm)
~0.6 Fig. 11 Longitudinal deformation parameters of the

~ 0 . 4
edge welded beams

-0.2 ........ -I . . . . . . .

O.0 0 . ~ e s t r a i n t F Od t2or 0.3

Fig. 9 Angular deformation ratio of the restrained
plate

Weld line Fig. 12 Shape of the stiffened plate structure

t
CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 10 Longitudinal bending deformation of the long Welding deformations of real structures are complex
welded beam because various basic modes are combined and factors
governing the modes are complicated. The accurate
As the final example, a typical stiffened plate of a prediction of welding deformation has been a difficult
ship block is selected. The welding deformations of the problem. In spite of many research results, the theory
plate shown in Fig. 12 are the superposed results of which is capable of including various factors concerned
several deformation modes. The deformed shape obtained with welding deformations and predicting accurately the
by following the proposed procedure of Fig. 4 is shown in welding deformations of large structures has not been
Fig. 13. It is revealed that the proposed method can developed. This study presented a method to predict
analyze the complicated deformations of the real welded welding deformations of large structures accurately and
structures. practically based on the accumulated research results. The
In Fig. 13, one element covers the breadth of the presented method uses the finite element method
inherent strain region. The structure is modeled by shell combining the inherent strain theory and experimental
elements with 3-dimensional translational and rotational results for accurate and efficient analysis. A simplified
degrees-of-freedom. Calculated nodal forces and moments elasto-plastic analysis was introduced and representative
are applied to the nodal points of individual elements and values during the thermal elasto-plastic process were used
summed. in this method. It was revealed from the analysis results

80 MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION

 ANSYS 5~2
J A N 30 1997
09:54:3!
P L O T NO. 1
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP-1
SUB =i
TiHE=I
UZ
TOP
RSYS=0
DMX =.091987
SMN =-,002665
SFiX = , 0 8 9 2 0 3
-.002665
.007542
.01775
.027958
.038~65
l~ ,048373
.05858
.068788
1 ,078995
.089203

Fig. 13 Deformed shape of the stiffened plate structure

for the simple welded model that the inherent strains are
changed by joint restraint as well as heat input and elastic
modulus of the inherent strain region, and material
softening region must be different from that of the base
metal region. These results have been supported by the
experimental data.
The method proposed in this study can be combined
with the commercial finite element analysis software to
predict reasonably and efficiently the welding
deformations of large structures.
REFERENCES
1. Satoh, K. and Terasaki, T., "Effect of welding
conditions on welding deformations in welded
structural materials", ,Journal of the Japanese Welding
Society, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1976.
2. Watanabe, M. and Satoh, S., "Effect of welding
conditions on the shrinkage distortion in welded
structural materials", Welding Journal, Vol. 40, 1961.
3. Fujimoto, T., "Residual stresses in rectangular plates
with slit-type butt welded joint", .Journal of the
Japanese Welding Society, Vol. 40, No. 5, 1971.
4. Ueda, Y. and Yamakawa, T., "Analysis of thermal
elasto-plastic behavior of metals during welding by
finite element analysis method", ,Journal o/" the
Japanese Welding Society, Vol. 42, No. 6, 1973.
5. Masubuchi, K., Analysis of welded structures,
Pergamon Press, 1980, pp. 148-188.
6. Moshaiov, A. and Vorus, W. S., "The mechanics of the
frame bending process : Theory and applications",
Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1987.
7. ABAQUS User's manual, Hibbit, Karlsson &
Sorensen Inc., Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1993.
8. ANSYS User's manual, Swanson Analysis System Inc.,
Houston, Pennsylvania, 1992.
9. SYSWELD Technical Description, Framasoft+CSI,
Paris, La Defense, 1995.
10. Ueda, Y., Nakacho, K. and Moriyama, S.,
"Compressive ultimate strength of rectangular plates
with initial imperfections due to welding (4 th report)",
Journal of the society of Naval Architects of Japan,
Vol. 159, 1986.
11. Tsuji, I. And Yamaguchi, K., "Distortion and
shrinkage stresses in edge welding of beams", Journal
of the Western Society of Naval Architects of Japan,
Vol. 42,1967.

MAY 1999 JOURNAL OF SHIP PRODUCTION 81