PASSIVE DNAPL RECOVERY A FACT SHEET

SHAIL PANDYA(AECOM,
PANDYA(AECOM NYC
NYC, shail.pandya@aecom.com)
shail pandya@aecom com)
TREVRE ANDREWS(AECOM,
( , NYC,, trevre.andrews@aecom.com)
@ )
PETE COX(AECOM
COX(AECOM, CHELMSFORD
CHELMSFORD, pete.cox@aecom.com)
pete cox@aecom com)
JENNIFER PFEIFFER (AECOM
(AECOM, NYC
NYC, jennifer.pfeiffer@aecom.com)
j if f iff @ )

DNAPL BASICS The DNAPL issue has dogged MGP site cleanup since the early 1980s. 1980s Yet,
Yet even after 30 years
years, there is a lack of consistent approach to MGP DNAPL management (across MGP sites in the
nation) and reliance on outdated technical references/guidance leading to inefficient application of DNAPL recovery systems (especially passive recovery).recovery) Passive DNAPL recovery is the standard
DNAPL in
i the
th subsurface
b f is
i acted
t d regulatory
g l y approach
pp h with
i h regard
g d to DNAPL presence
p on MGP sites
i either
i h as a standalone
d l remedy
dy or in
i combination
bi i with i h another
h containment
i remedy.
dy Usually
U lly this
hi DNAPL recoveryy has h no
upon by three forces: regulatory end point goal or simply to recover DNAPL to the extent practicable
practicable. This often results in a performance-based
performance based remedy that has a poorly-defined
poorly defined endpoint strategy with uncertain
gravitational forces (pressure due to
gravity)
it ) objectives and measurement metrics. metrics In addition,
addition inadequate characterization and monitoring of DNAPL distribution and characteristics often leads to ineffectively applied technologies to recover
capillary
p y forces (capillary
( p y pressure)
p ) DNAPL and d a lilimited
it d ability
bility to
t ppredict
di t remedial
di l performance
p f andd duration.
d ti Thi
This lleads
d to
t delayed
d l y d site
it closures
l and
d the
th potential
p t ti l over-allocation
ll ti off resources with
ith little
littl or no reduction
d ti in i risk.
i k
hydraulic force (also known as viscous
force or hydrodynamic pressure)
In
I general,l capillary
ill forces
f t d tto
tend This poster/fact sheet provides guidelines for each stage in DNAPL management at MGP site especially as related to passive DNAPL recovery - (1) Data collection and DNAPL analysis during
trap DNAPL while gravitational and INVESTIGATION or O&M O&M, ((2)) D
Defining
fi i g end
dppoints
i t and
d incorporating
i p ti g these
th end
dppoints
i t early
ly on in
i th
the remedial
di l p
program
g b
before
f the
th implementation
i pl t ti off a regulatory
g l t y decision
d i i especially
p i lly during
d i g FS,
FS (3)
( )
hydraulic forces tend to mobilize DESIGN of passive DNAPL recovery systems
systems, and (4) Monitor the effectiveness of passive DNAPL recovery during O&M
DNAPL
DNAPL will be mobilized when the Gross DNAPL characteristics
G h t i ti iincluding
l di
extent of DNAPL weathering
weathering, color
color, RECOVERA
vector
t sum off th
the gravitational
it ti l and
d MOBILITY
DNAPL volume in a cross section of soils soils, BILITY
hydraulic forces exceed capillary ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
forces saturation in soils,, rough
g extent of residual
DNAPL in soils
soils, PID readings
readings, odor
odor, and RECOVERABL
DNAPL trapping
pp g due to capillary
p y E DNAPL
forces occurs in two ways ty
soilil type.
BORING
DNAPL iis ttrappedd within
ithi ththe pores att LOGS/MONITORING TRANSMISSI
WELLS
residual saturation and VITY
DNAPL is trapped as pools (above
residual saturation) on top of less HYDROPHOBIC DYE
BAILDOWN TESTING Example
p Baildown Test Data and Analysis
y
permeable layers (due to insufficient SHAKE TEST

DNAPL entryt pressure to t displace

di l
water in a fine-grained,
g , low-permeability
p y Pre-FS DNAPL Analysis RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
ENDPOINT
END POINT
layer).
layer)
INVESTIGATION DNAPL STRATEGY/FS
Once the source is eliminated
eliminated,
DNAPL will migrate
g until a flow 4

gal)
equilibrium is reached whereby the 3 6 gpd
3.6

e (g
FLUID 3.5
SOIL STRATIGRAPHY

V ume
mobile
bil DNAPL is i trapped
t dbby CHARACTERIZATION
3

ed Volu
SOIL STRATRIGRAHY
capillary forces at residual Even minor low 2.5
saturation within pores and/or as

vere
permeability
p y soils can act UNCONSOLIDATED VISCOCITY 2

ecov
pools on top
p p of stratigraphic
g p traps
p as barriers to DNAPL SAMPLE SOIL
SATURATION DENSITY
DENSITY

ulattive Re
15
1.5
(low-permeability capillary pressure
(low-permeability, migration and result in INTERSURFACIAL
INTERSURFACIAL TENSION
1
MOBILE
MOBILE
b i )
barriers) pooling
pooling. WETTABILITY DNAPL
eco e ab ty Analysis
Recoverability a ys s

umu
05
0.5

Cu
Capillary Pressure 0
Sample 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
DATA ANALYSIS
DATAANALYSIS Elapsed Time (days)
INVESTIGATION
Soil Residual
Grain Size Analysis Baildown Test 1 Baildown Test 2 Baildown Test 3
Matrix Non Recoverable
Non-Recoverable
Sample Baildown
B ild Testt 4
T Baildown
B ild Testt 5
T Average
A Recovery
R Rate
R t
DNAPL
Free Product Mobility
y
Recoverable
DNAPL Pore
Pore p ((Also g
Sample gives
throat saturation data)
ENDPOINT
Pore Fluid Saturation STRATEGY/FS
O&M
Sample

O&M DESIGN
DESIGN

RESIDUAL VS. MOBILE DNAPL

SATURATION
Total DNAPL Saturation is Perform effectiveness DNAPL Mobility and Recoverability Evaluation Must be Completed
composed of Residual and testing and P i tto Feasibility
Prior F Study
ibility St dy
Recoverable DNAPL t i i it testing
transmissivity t ti Volume
V l off DNAPL in
i place
l
Total saturation typically ranges
f
from 1 to
t 80% Percentage of DNAPL that can be recovered
Up to 30% to 70% of DNAPL may be residual and may not be recovered
Residual DNAPL saturation is like
irreducible water saturation (e.g.,
(e g a E
Example
l DDesign
i C
Considerations
id ti DNAPL Recovery Systems Typically Should be a Secondary
sponge
p g is still wet even after U groundwater
Use d t datad t WELL CONSTRUCTION Remedy
ringing)
Residual
R id l saturation
t ti depends
d d on
to
t calculate
l l t long-term
l gt If feasible DNAPL source zone should be removed/imobilized viaexcavationorin
IffeasibleDNAPLsourcezoneshouldberemoved/imobilized via excavation or insitu
situ
The bottom of the screen should not be set lower than
Total initial saturation reduction usingg mass the bottom of the observed DNAPL saturation
technologies
technologies
RemainingDNAPLorDNAPLindeeperareas,underneathbuildings,utilities,orsensitive
Capillary properties of soils transfer calculations p
Screen Materials Stainless Steel Wire Trap ( y ) p
areasshouldbecontained(ifverymobile)andremovedviaactiveorpassiverecovery y
Typically ranges from 1 to 80%
Sump Stainless Steel; 2 to 4 ft minimum Recoverability Analysis will provide feasibility of active or passive DNAPL recovery systems
RecoverabilityAnalysiswillprovidefeasibilityofactiveorpassiveDNAPLrecoverysystems
Remedial Certainty - Even when excavation, Well Diameter 4 inches or higher
(
containment(barrier), ), or stabilization are a near Endpoint Should be Established in the FS
certainty a thorough investigation and Riser
Ri - PVC Schedule
S h d l 80
d l
development t off the
th DNAPL conceptual t l model
d l
prior to the majority of remediation will reduce Centralizer and cement basket
remedial costs and expedite the remedial
process:
Revise end point if Typically GW COI reduction should not be an end point of DNAPL Recovery
WELL SPACING/ROI Endpoints of recovery systems should be quantifiable to removal of mobile DNAPL
needed
d d % Removal of mobile DNAPL
Based on mass of DNAPL and DNAPL conceptual model Reduction in transmissivity

DNAPL RECOVERY DNAPL Recovery

Based on recoverability testing Pumping
P i GW to M Mobilize
bili residual
id l DNAPL
The more youy know about your
y DNAPL,, the Can
C beb automated
t t d using
i g titimes or floats
fl t Active (pumping of groundwater and DNAPL)
more comfortable regulators and stakeholders Can be Used as an Interim Remedial Option during Passive (recovery of DNAPL accumulated in sump)
will be with leaving some (residual) of it behind
Investigation
I ti ti or as partt off the
th Final/Long
Fi l/L Term
T Remedy
R d