Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SJTU 1
Sinusoids
A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or
cosine function.
v Vm cos(t )
where Vm amplitude
angular frequency
t arg ument
phase angle
SJTU 2
t
v Vm cos(t )
2
2 f radians/second
T (rad/s)
f is in hertz(Hz)
SJTU 3
v1 (t ) Vm1 cos( t 1 )
v2 (t ) Vm 2 cos( t 2 )
Phase difference:
( t 1 ) ( t 2 )
1 2
if 0 v1 and v 2 are out of phase
0 v1 and v 2 are in phase
0 v1 leads v 2 by
0 v1 lags v 2 by
SJTU 4
Complex Number
z x jy rectangular form
z r polar form
z rcos jrsin sinusoidal form
z re j exponential form
SJTU 5
Phasor
a phasor is a complex number representing the amplitude
and phase angle of a sinusoidal voltage or current.
Eq.(8-1)
Eq. (8-2)
and Eq.(8-3)
SJTU 6
When Eq.(8-2) is applied to the general sinusoid we obtain
Eq.(8-4)
SJTU 7
Fig. 8-1 shows a graphical representation commonly called
a phasor diagram.
Two features of the phasor concept
need emphasis:
1. Phasors are written in boldface
type like V or I1 to distinguish
them from signal waveforms
such as v(t) and i1(t).
2. A phasor is determined by
Fig. 8-1: Phasor diagram
amplitude and phase angle and
does not contain any
information about the
frequency of the sinusoid.
SJTU 8
In summary, given a sinusoidal signal , the
corresponding phasor representation is . Conversely,
given the phasor , the corresponding sinusoid is found
by multiplying the phasor by and reversing the steps in Eq.
(8-4) as follows:
Eq.(8-6)
v(t ) Vm cos(t ) V Vm
Time domain Phase-domain
representation representation
SJTU 9
Properties of Phasors
additive property
Eq.(8-
7)
Eq.(8-8)
Eq.(8-9)
SJTU 10
derivative property
Eq.(8-
10)
dv
j V
dt
Time domain Phase-domain
representation representation
SJTU 11
Integral property
V
vdt j
Time domain Phase-domain
representation representation
The differences between v(t) and V:
SJTU 12
The complex exponential is sometimes called a rotating phasor,
and the phasor V is viewed as a snapshot of the situation at t=0.
SJTU 13
v Vm cos 2 f t 10 cos 2 0.5 t + j = 90 or /2 10V rms ac signal at 0.5 Hz
14.142 15
In this particular case
12
Vm 6
ot
ls
3
v
= 180 or t v imag t n
en
i
=0
g
0
Va
t
+
o
l
- real 3
real 6
12
14.142
15
0 5 10 15
- j = -90 or - /2 0 ( t) n 12.566
angular frequency times time in radians
10V rms ac signal at 0.5 Hz
0 0 The projection of the rotating
phasor on the j (imaginary) axis is
ns
1.5
da
i
vimag Vm sin(t )
a
3
m n r
4.5
i ei
6
mst
t n
e
7.5
c
nyi
t
9
The projection of the rotating
qe
u
10.5
e
12
u
l
vreal Vm cos(t )
ng
13.5
a
12.566
15
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
14.142 v real( t ) n 14.142
voltage in volts
SJTU 14
EXAMPLE 8-1
(a) Construct the phasors for the following signals:
SJTU 15
(b) The two sinusoids have the same frequent so the additive
property of phasors can be used to obtain their sum:
V2
1
V
V1
SJTU 16
EXAMPLE 8-2
(a) Construct the phasors representing the following signals:
(b) Use the additive property of phasors and the phasors found
in (a) to find the sum of these waveforms.
SOLUTION:
(a) The phasor representation of the three sinusoidal currents are
SJTU 17
(b) The currents have the same frequency, so the additive
property of phasors applies. The phasor representing the sum of
these current is
Fig. 8-4
SJTU 18
EXAMPLE 8-3
Use the derivative property of phasors to find the time derivative
of v(t)=15 cos(200t-30).
SOLUTION:
The phasor for the sinusoid is V=15-30 . According to
SJTU 19
Device Constraints in Phasor Form
Resistor: jIm
V
I
0
Re
Vm I m R
Voltage-current relations for a resistor in the: (a) time
domain, (b) frequency domain. V I
SJTU 20
Device Constraints in Phasor Form
Inductor:
Vm LI m
V I 90
Voltage-current relations for an inductor in the: (a) time
domain, (b) frequency domain.
SJTU 21
Device Constraints in Phasor Form
Capacitor:
I m CVm
Voltage-current relations for a capacitor in the:
I V 90
(a) time domain, (b) frequency domain.
SJTU 22
Connection Constraints in Phasor Form
KVL in time domain
SJTU 23
The Impedance Concept
The IV constraints are all of the form
V=ZI or Z= V/I Eq.(8-16)
SJTU 24
The Impedance Concept
Z Z
X
where Z R 2 X 2 , tan 1
R
and R Z cos , X Z sin
SJTU 25
EXAMPLE 8-5
Fig. 8-5
SJTU 26
I 3 V2 /RL 0.278 37.9
SJTU 27
The Admittance Concept
The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance,
measured in siemens (S)
1 I
Y
Z V
Y=G+jB
Where G=Re Y is called conductance and B=Im Y is called
the susceptance
1
G jB
How get Y=G+jB from R jX
Z=R+jX ? R X
G , B
R2 X 2 R2 X 2
SJTU 28
1
resistor : YR G
R
1
inductor : YL
jL
capacitor : YC jC
SJTU 29
Basic Circuit Analysis with Phasors
Step 1: The circuit is transformed into
the phasor domain by representing the
input and response sinusoids as phasor
and the passive circuit elements by
their impedances.
Step 2: Standard algebraic circuit
techniques are applied to solve the
phasor domain circuit for the desired
unknown phasor responses.
Step 3: The phasor responses are
inverse transformed back into time-
domain sinusoids to obtain the
response waveforms.
SJTU 30
Series Equivalence And Voltage Division
SJTU 31
EXAMPLE 8-6
Fig. 8-8
The circuit in Fig. 8 - 8 is operating in the sinusoidal steady
state with
SJTU 32
SOLUTION:
SJTU 33
PARALLEL EQUIVALENCE AND
CURRENT DIVISION
I
Rest of I1 I2 I3
the V Y
Y1
1 Y2 YN
circuit
SJTU 34
EXAMPLE 8-9
Fig. 8-13
The circuit in Fig. 8-13 is operating in the sinusoidal
steady state with iS(t)=50cos2000t mA.
(a) Transform the circuit into the phasor domain.
(b) Solve for the phasor voltage V.
(c) Solve for the phasor current through each element.
(d) Construct the waveforms corresponding to the phasors
found in (b) and (c).
SJTU 35
SOLUTION:
(a) The phasor representing the input source current is
Is=0.050 A. The impedances of the three passive elements are
Fig. 8-14
SJTU 36
And the voltage across the parallel circuit is
SJTU 37
EXAMPLE 8-10
Fig. 8-15
SJTU 38
SJTU 39
SJTU 40
Y TRANSFORMATIONS
The equations for the to Y
transformation are
SJTU 41
The equations for a Y-to- transformation are
SJTU 42
EXAMPLE 8-12
Use a to Y transformation to solve for the phasor current IX in
Fig. 8-18.
SOLUTION:
ABC to Y
Fig. 8-18
SJTU 43
SJTU 44