FIRST LAW IN OPEN SYSTEMS

Steady Flow Energy Equation V2

Open, steady flow thermodynamic system - a region in space p2
p1 Q
Wshaft v2

z2
V1 Q = E + W First Law
Wflow in = pdV = p1 (V1 initial V1 final ) = p1V1 = m p1v1
z1 W = Wshaft + Wflow in + Wflow out = Wshaft + m p1v1 m p 2 v 2
V2
E = u(T) + KE + PE = u(T) + + gz
2
2
V2 V12
Q = m (u 2 + p 2 v 2 + + gz1 ) m (u1 + p1 v1 + + gz1 ) + Wshaft
2 2
V2
Q = m (u + pv + + gz) + Wshaft
2
2
V
Q = m (h + + gz ) + Wshaft (5 36)
2
the units of all the energy terms must be the same
 Steady Flow Processes Devices
V2
Q = m (h + + gz) + Wshaft Steady Flow Energy Equation
2
Turbine, Compressor, Pump
Velocity, Elevation, Q = 0
W = H = mh
W = m(h in h out )
Boiler, Condenser, Heat Exchanger
Velocity 0, Elevation 0, Work = 0
Q = H = m h
Q = m(h in h out )
Diffuser, Nozzle Valve - throttling process
Velocity = 0, Elevation = 0, Q = 0, W = 0
Elevation 0, Q = 0, W = 0
H = 0
V12 V22
h1 + = h2 + H in = H out
2 2
h in = h out
What range of 850 kPa steam quality
can be meaaured with this device?

open thermodynamic system

1
Steady Flow Energy Equation
V2
Q = (h + + zh) + Wshaft
2g
KE = 0, PE = 0, W = 0, Q = 0 2
h1 = h 2 (T2, Pbarometer )
h 2 = h g @Pbarometer = 100. kPa
h 2@maximum mesurable quality = 2506.1 kJ/kg
@850 kPa T 850 kPa
h v = 732.22 kJ/kg
h fg = 2039.4 kJ/kg 1
h h1f 2506.1 kJ/kg 732.22 kJ/kg 100 kPa
x= 2 =
h1fg 2039.4 kJ/kg
2
x = .87, 87% to 100% quality can be measured
v
500 kg/sec of 60 O C water is mixed with 200 kg/sec 60O C
saturated steam in a tank at a pressure of 15kPa.
What are the exit conditions?

open thermodynamic system

Mass Balance m c = m a + m b
m c = 500 kg/sec + 200 kg/sec 500 kg/sec
Steady Flow Energy Equation
2 60 O water
V
Q = m(h +
2g
+ zh) + Wshaft a
Q = 0, W = 0, KE = 0, PE = 0, b 15 kPa
mh = constant
200 kg/sec c
ma h a + m bh b = mch c
h a = h f @60O C = 251.13 kJ/kg 60 O steam
h b = h v @60O C = 2373.1 kJ/kg
500 kg 251.13 kJ/kg + 200 kg 2373.1 kJ/kg = 700 kg h c
h c = 924.98 kJ/kg
at 15 kPa h f = 225.94 kJ/kg, h g = 2373.1 kJ/kg
925.98 225.94
x= = .29, 29%quality
2373.1
T = 53.97 O C
 4.233 An adiabatic air compressor is to be powered by a direct coupled adiabatic steam
turbine that is also driving a generator. Steam enters the turbine at 12.5 MPa and 500 C at a
rate of 25 kg/sec and exits at 10 kPa and a quality of .92. Air enters the compressor at 98
kpa and 295 K at a rate of 10 kg/sec and exits at 1 MPa. Determine the net power delivered
to the generator by the turbine.
1 Mpa 12.5 kPa p air
steam p
620 K 500 C

generator compressor turbine

v v
h c1 = airtable@(T = 295) = 210.5kJ/kg
10 kPa
h c2 = airtable@(T = 620) = 628.1kJ/kg
Wnet 98 kPa
x=.92
h t1 = superheat@(T = 500, p = 12.5) = 3341.8
295 K
h t2 = h f @10kPa + xh fg @10kPa
h t2 = 191.83 + .92 2392.8 = 2393.2kJ/kg

Wnet = Wturbine Wcompressor = m t (h t1 h t2 ) m c (h c1 h c2 )

kg kg
Wnet = 25 (3341.8 2393.2) 10 (628.1 210.5)
sec sec
Wnet = 19539 kJ/sec
 4.65 Steam at 3Mpa and 400 C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a
velocity of 40 m/sec and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/sec. Determine (a) the exit
temperature and (b) the ratio of inlet to exit area.
Open thermodynamic system - a region in space 1
3 MPa
2.5MPa p 2
400C
300m/sec
40m/sec
v
h1 & v1 = superheat @ (T = 400., P = 3.)
a) T2 = superheat @ (h = 3159.7, p = 2.5)
h1 = 3203.9 kJ/kg
T2 = 364.78 C
v1 = .09936 m 3 /kg
p
b) m = AV = AV
V12 V22 RT
h1 + = h2 + steady flow energy equation
2 2 p1 p
V12 V22 A1 V1 = 2 A1 V2
h 2 = h1 + RT1 RT2
2 2 3 A1 40 2.5 A 2 300
=
40 2 300 2 m 2 1 kJ/kg
h 2 = 3203.9 kJ/kgm +
(400 + 273.15) (364.78 + 273.15)
2 2 2
2 2 sec 1000 m /sec A 2 .1783
= = .1517
h 2 = 3203.9 44.2 = 3159.7 kJ/kg A1 1.1757
 Steam at 3Mpa and 400 C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a
velocity of 40 m/sec and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/sec. Determine (a) the
exit temperature and (b) the ratio of inlet to exit area.
Open thermodynamic system - a region in space 1
3 MPa
2.5MPa p 2
400C
300m/sec
40m/sec
v
h1 & v1 = superheat @ (T = 400., P = 3. Mpa) a) T2 @ (h = 3187.5, p = 2.5)
h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg T2 = 376.5 C,
v1 = .09938 m 3 /kg v 2 @ (h = 3187.5, p = 2.5)
v 2 = .11626
V12 V22
h1 + = h2 + steady flow energy equation b) m = AV
2 2
A1 V1 A1 V2
V12 V22 =
h 2 = h1 + v1 v2
2 2 3 A1 40 2.5 A 2 300
40 300
2 2
m 1 kJ/kg
2 =
h 2 = 3231.71.9 kJ/kgm + .09938 .11626
2 2 2
2 2 sec 1000 m /sec
h 2 = 3231.71 44.2 = 3187.5 kJ/kg A 2 13.951
= = .1872
A1 74.535

4.65
FIRST LAW IN UNSTEADY SYSTEMS
 Wboundary
p1
h1, u1, T1
m 1 = (m f m i ) mi
Q

For :
Q = E + W
Q = E f E i + (Wflow + Wboundary ) m i = 0, adiabatic vacuum
E i = m i u i + (m f m i )u1 Q = 0, W b = 0
Ef = mf u f u f = h1
Wf = pdV = (m f m i ) p1 (v end v1 ) c v (Tf To ) = c p (Ti To )
Wf = (m f m i ) p1v1
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i ) (u1 + p1v1 ) + Wb cp T To
= f
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i ) h1 + Wb c v Ti T o
FIRST LAW FOR UNSTEADY SYSTEMS To is arbitrary, To = 0
Q Wb + H in = U contents
T f = k Ti
A 200 cubic ft tank contains h1
u1 mi
2. lbm carbon dioxide and .1
T1
mole helium at an initial m 1 = (m i m f )
temperature of 70 F. 3 lbm
of air at 14.7 and 70 F are p1
admitted to the tank.
What is the final temperature of the tank?
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i )(h i )
m f u f = (3 .174 + 2 .1565 + .4 .745 )Tf = 1.125Tf
m i u i = (2 .1565 + .4 .745 ) (460 + 70 ) = 323.83
(m i m f )h1 = 3 .24 (460 + 70 ) = 381.6
Q = 1.125Tf 323.83 381.6 = 0
Tf = 627 o R
Tf = 167 o F
 8 kg liquid water and 2 kg vapor at 300 kPa are Wboundary
contained in an insulated piston cylinder. Steam
at .5 MPa and 350 C are admitted until the piston
cylinder contains only vapor. Determine the final
temperature and the amount of steam admitted.

the system is the mass finally in the piston cylinder, m 2

Q Wboundary + (m 2 m1 ) h o = m 2 u 2 m1u1 steam
Wboundary = m 2 p 2 v 2 m1p1v1
ho
substituting for Wboundary ,
0 (m 2 p 2 v 2 m1p1v1 ) + (m 2 m1 ) h o = m 2 u 2 m1u1
0 = m 2 h o + m1h o + m 2 u 2 m1u1 + m 2 p 2 v 2 m1p1v1 @ 300 kPa
0 = m 2 h o + m 2 u 2 + m 2 p 2 v 2 + m1h o m1u1 m1p1v1 T2 = Tsaturation @300kPa = 133.55 C
since = u + pv, h 2 = v g = 2725.3 kJ/kg
0 = m 2 (h 2 h o ) + m1 (h o h1 )
h1 = h f + x h fg
(h o h1 )
m 2 = m1 h1 = 561.47 + .8 2163.8
(h o h1 )
(3167.7 kJ/kg 2292.51 kJ/kg ) = 19.78 kg h1 = 2292.51 kJ/kg
m 2 = 10kg
(3167.7 kJ/kg 2725.3 kJ/kg ) @.5 MPa, 350 o C
m 2 m1 = 19.78 kg 10 kg = 9.78 kg h o = 3167.7 kJ/kg
4-153
First Law
Energy defined , Energy conserved
E in E out = E (page 72)
E is all forms, Q, W, PE, KE, U
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E massin E massout ) = U 2 U1 (2 - 32)

CLOSED SYSTEM a contained quantity of mass

(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1 (page 173)
0
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) = U 2 U1
Q = U 2 U1 + W
Q = E + W
OPEN SYSTEM a region in space
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1 (page 233)
0
W = Wshaft + Wflow
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) = (E mass out E mass in )
for Wnet = 0, Q = H 2 H1 = m(h 2 h1 )
(
for Q net = 0, W = H 2 H1 = m h 2 h 1 )
UNSTEADY SYSTEM
quantity of mass, m 1 or m 2
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1
0
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (Wflow in Wflow out ) = U 2 U1
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (p o Vo )in (p o Vo )out = U 2 U
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (m 2 m1 )(p o v o )in (m 2 m1 )(p o v o )out =
m 2 u 2 m1u1 + (m 2 m1 )u out (m 2 m1 )u in
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (m 2 m1 ) h in (m 2 m1 )h out =m 2 u 2 m1u1
with Wout , Q in , +
Q - W + (m 2 m1 ) h = m 2 u 2 m 1u1

UNSTEADY SYSTEM
region in space
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (m 2 m1 ) h in (m 2 m1 ) h out =m 2 u 2 m1u1
 Problem Set Up Strategies
System
- open, closed, unsteady
- schematic at each system state
State Point From Chapter 1
- property diagram Concepts
- locate points
Properties System
- property values tables, Ideal Gas Law Properties
- what properties remain constant ? State Point
Cycle
- what remains constant ? Process
Mass Balance Cycle
Identify Energy
- Forms
- Sources
- Uses
Energy Balance
- general equation
- from schematic
- specific for open system
- specific for closed system
- specific for unsteady system
 V 2 m 2 /sec 2 1 kJ/kg
Kinetic Energy = =
2 2 1000 m 2 /sec 2

V2 ft 2 /sec 2 1
Kinetic Eenergy = = = Btu/lb
2g 2 32.3 ft/sec 2 778 ft lb/Btu
1 kJ
Work = pdV = kPa m 3 3
= kJ
1 kPam
lb 144 in 2 1 Btu
Work = pdV = 2 ft 3
= Btu
in ft 2
778ft lb