Geometric Modelling in CAD

Need and basis of CAD in Design and

Manufacture
C.S.Kumar
CAD-CAM and Robotics Lab.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur
Kumar@mech.iitkgp.ernet.in

C.S.Kumar, Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

What is geometric modeling?
Collection of methods used to define
the shape and other geometric
characteristics of an object.
To construct a precise mathematical
description of the shape of a real object
or to simulate some process.
Embraces area computational
geometry
What is geometric modeling?

special case of mathematical modeling

the visual features are important.
geometric model - physical object.
non-geometric model physical process e.g economic
Geometric data
To make pictures/ design new things
need a computer representation of
objects.
Need to represent
Shape
Appearance (color, shininess etc)
Material properties (density, stiffness etc)
geometric modeling
Geometric data representation
- Compute a mathematical approximation of the
physical shape of an object
Algorithms for manipulating geometry
Manipulate the variables defining the shape until
we meet the objective.
Geometry creation
Interactive.
Automatic creation.
Application
Computer Aided Design/ engineering
(CAD/CAE)
Entertainment
Special effects
Animation
games
Scientific visualization
Education, information, advertising
Parts of the talk
Why we use CAD in Engineering?

CAD and Geometric Modelling

Why Geometric Modelling?

Globalization
Design
Product Manufacturing
Costs
Transport
Labour
Local standards / cultures / law
Demand supply and supply chain
management (SCM)
Products - Assemblies
Fully knocked down
Semi knocked down
Parts / design replacements
Quality and functionality
Breaking Down Barriers
Traditional Product Development
Detailed design
Customer requirements Conceptual design
and analysis
(sales and marketing) (Industrial designers)
(engineering)

Distribution Support and

Manufacturing and Sales Service

(Now is Disposal
increasingly (not our problem!)
relevant)
Concurrent Product Development

Design

Support Engineering

Customer

Sales Manufacturing
Concurrent Engineering
Simultaneous decision making by
design teams
Integrates product design & process
planning
Details of design more decentralized
Needs careful scheduling - tasks done
in parallel
Concurrent Engineering
Teams
Interdisciplinary, cross-
functional
Includes customer,
marketing, design,
engineering, manufacturing,
sales, support
Concurrent engineering
teams are physically
colocated to promote
collaboration
Sequential Vs. Concurrent
Product Development
Activity A
Sequential Activity B
Activity C

Time to market

Concurrent

Competitive
Advantage!
Conventional Collaboration
Communication
face-to-face discussion, memos, telephone,
whiteboard, bulletin board, wall charts, etc.
Collaboration
meetings, colocated workgroup
Knowledge management
notebooks, binders, printed reports,
photocopies, drawings, forms, data files
Geographically Distributed
Teams

Enterprise data
and information Transparent
global network

Company A
Company B
Virtual Collaboration
Communication
fax, telephone, mail
email, discussion groups, shared whiteboard,
videoconferencing
Collaboration
application sharing, shared network workspace
(files in shared directories)
Knowledge management
Product data management system, document
management system, distributed databases
Enterprise Functions in Manufacturing
Source: Principles of Comp Intgd Manuf : Jean-Baptiste Waldner / Wikipedia
Source: JTEC Report on Japanese Electronics Industry (1995) : A Typical Implementation
Geometric modeling 1
The world is full of all kind of objects:
Trees, people, cars, housed, clouds, rocks,
waves, pencil sharpeners, fire, mountains,
plants,
How can we describe these, such that
they are
- easy to enter;
- easy to process;
- easy to display?
Geometric modeling 2

Input:
by user
- preferably on a high level, customized to
application
by scanning objects
- laser scanners: points
- medical scanners: voxels
Geometric modeling 3
Instructions,
User conversion
specifications

graphics
triangles
pipeline

3D points,
Scanner conversion
voxels
image
Implementation of a typical CAD process on a CAD/CAM system

Definition of geometric model

Definition translation

Design
changes Geometric modeling

Interface algorithm

Design and analysis algorithm

Drafting and detailing

Documentation

To CAM process
Benefits of Implementing CAD Systems

Improved engineering productivity

Shorter lead times

Reduced engineering personal requirements

Customer modifications are easier to make

Faster response to requests

Improved accuracy of design

Assistance in preparation of documentations

Better design provided

Better knowledge of costs provided

CAD Processes
Computer Aided Drafting
3D modelling and representation
Layers
Assemblies
Visualisation -> Drafting
Process Planning: 3D Models -> Machining
plan : CAM Planners
3D Models -> Products (Rapid Prototyping)
New requirements
CAD Models to be shared
Shared visualisations
Modifications easily reflected ->
Consistency and safe data propagation
Parametric Design
Feature based Design
Constraints modelling
Product Life Cycle Constraints
Rapid development cycles
Thin lead margins
Fast turn-around in new feature
introduction
Fast turn-around in bugs recovery
Global and local constraints
Software and Tools
Parametric Technologies (PTC)
Pro/Engineer
Windchill PDMLink
Windchill ProjectLink
Dassault Systems (3DS)
CATIA, Solid Works : Design
DELMIA : Manufacture
ENOVIA, SMARTEAM : Product Life Cycle Mgmt
Solidworks
Autodesk (AutoCAD, Inventor)
Unigraphics (UGS SolidEDGE) now under Siemens
Delcam (IDEAS)
Manufacturing
Automation
Computer Controlled Machines
Robotics
Automated work handling systems
Precision and repeated operations
High quality in output
Sales, support and market
Global Markets
ERP and Web based operations
Mass Customization
Tracking and support
Life time support
GM - Onstar
2012
Requirement : Visualization
Space efficiency
Generality
Precision
Support fast algorithms
Requirement : CAD/CAE
Precision is very important
Integrate additional data
Smooth surfaces
Algorithms for thermal/stress
simulation, tool path generation etc.
Automatic acquisition for reverse
engineering.
Requirement : animation and
special effects
Generality all kinds of natural and
artificial objects
Flexibility let animator make choices
Support high-quality rendering
semiautomatic acquisition.
Requirements : games and VR
Interactive games
Support for interactive rendering crucial
Models should be small
Easy to animate
Procedural generation
Existing software
3DS Max
Maya
Rhino
Applicable mathematical
technique
Linear algebra
Vectors
Matrix methods
Determinants
Set theory
Polynomial interpolation
Numerical approximation
Thank you
End of Introductions.

C.S.Kumar, Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur