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The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since the 4th
century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and Greek, dates
from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th
century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid
ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were introduced, but are only
generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without mistakes.
1. Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature. It differs from
Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary, some of which is archaic. All
Muslims are expected to recite the Qur'an in the original language, however many
rely on translations in order to understand the text.
Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken Arabic.
These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry, cartoons and
comics, plays and personal letters. There are also translations of the Bible into most
varieties of colloquial Arabic.
Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.
Notable Features
Direction of writing: words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals
are written from left to right
Number of letters: 28 (in Arabic) - some additional letters are used in Arabic when
writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do not occur in
Standard Arabic, such as /p/ or /g/. Additional letters are used when writing other
languages.
Used to write:
Arabic, Azeri, Baluchi, Bosnian, Dari, Hausa, Kabyle, Konkani, Kashmiri, Kazakh,
Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Mandekan, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi,
Rajasthani, Shabaki, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Tausg, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur
Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning,
middle or end of a word, or on their own. (see below)
Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed Arabic.
The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in which the script is
written vertically.
The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, y' and ww
respectively.
Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special symbols
appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less consistency, in other
religious texts, in classical poetry, in books for children and foreign learners, and
occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity. Sometimes the diacritics are used
for decorative purposes in book titles, letterheads, nameplates, etc.
Arabic script
Arabic consonants
The transliteration of consonants used above is the ISO version of 1984. There are various
other ways of transliterating Arabic.
These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right. In
Arabic they are known as "Indian numbers" ( arqa-m hindiyyah). The term 'Arabic
numerals' is also used to refer to 1, 2, 3, etc.
The first set of numbers are Modern Standard Arabic. The second set are Egyptian Arabic
and the third set are Moroccan Arabic.
Arabic is a Semitic language with about 221 million speakers in Afghanistan, Algeria,
Bahrain, Chad, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestinian West Bank & Gaza,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE,
Uzbekistan and Yemen.
Egyptian - spoken by about 50 million people in Egypt and perhaps the most widely
understood variety, thanks to the popularity of Egyptian-made films and TV shows
Algerian - spoken by about 22 million people in Algeria
Najdi - spoken in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Syria by about 10 million people
For a full list of all varieties of colloquial Arabic click here (format: Excel, 20K).
Source: www.ethnologue.com
Transliteration
Yladu jam'u n-nsi arran mutaswna f l-karmati wa-l-uqq. Wa-qad wuhib 'aqlan
wa-amran wa-'alayhim an yu'mila ba'uhum ba'an bi-ri l-ikh'.
Lesson 4
As you should have guessed; the words from last lesson's example were as follows:
The first was "DISK" and the second was "TELEPHONE"...... Now, let's go on with
the the lesson:
1. The three vowel letters, which are (Alef, Waw and Ya') and are used for
long vowels (You should be familiar with them by now).
2. The "Hamza" which will be explained in the last lesson.
3. The vowel marks which are used for short vowels. They are called
"Tashkeel" in Arabic and they are explained in this lesson (They are also
known as Harakat.. just a different name by some references).
To make short vowels distinct from long ones when words are read, the Arabic
script uses vowel marks to do so. This is implemented by writing the marks over or
under a letter. Let's write the letter "Seen " with the four different vowel marks
applied to it:
Fat-ha Sa
Dhamma Su
Kas-ra Si
Sukoon S
1. The "Fat-ha" is an accent mark (a short slanting line over the letter). It is put
over a letter when a short sound of "A" is supposed to be pronounced after
the letter.
2. The "Dhamma" is a small letter "Waw" over a letter. It is put over a letter
when a short sound of "U" is supposed to be pronounced after the letter.
3. The "Kasra" is a short slanting line under the letter. It is put under a letter
when a short sound of "i" is supposed to be pronounced after the letter.
4. The "Sukoon" is a small circle over the letter. It is put over a letter when no
sound should be pronounced after the letter.
Notes :
In Arabic the the words (Fat-ha, Dhamma, Kasra & Sukun) originally have the
following meanings:
Fat-ha means "an opening".
Dhamma means "a closing".
Kasra means "a breaking".
Sukoon means "Static".
These meanings refer to the shape of the mouth. For example, you open your
mouth wide when you say the sound of the Fat-ha (which is "A"), and you
close your mouth when you say the sound of the "Dhamma" (which is "U"),
and your mouth is static when you say a letter that have a "Sukoon" put on
top of it. I just wanted you to know this because I think it could help you
understand how "Tashkeel" works.
Using the Tashkeel is not obligatory when writing in Arabic, but it is most
helpful in some cases (The words are read with the right pronunciation -
without writing Tashkeel- by convention and the context of the sentence).
Vowel marks are very important in Arabic. The word's meaning may differ
completely if a vowel mark applied to one letter is changed. Take a look at
these examples:
1 - Shadda:
"Shadda" represents the doubling of a letter and it is a small shape that looks like
the letter "Seen" and is put over the letter. For example, the following is the word
"Qissah" (which means "Story" by the way) notice the "Shadda" over the letter
"Sad":
Notes :
When a shadda is applied to a letter and the "Tashkeel" is also written, the
tashkeel is put over or
under the shadda itself
not the letter.
Notice the two dots over the last letter at the end of the word "Qissah"
above. It looks like a "Ha' " but in fact it is not a "Ha' " but the other form of
the letter "Ta' " (it is called "Ta' Marbootah" which means "Tied Ta' " from its
tied shape. It looks like a "Ha' " because it is pronounced as one in general
(The word above is pronounced "Qissah"), but when other letters (suffix) are
added at the end of the word (for grammatical reasons) the letter "Ta' " is
written in its ordinary form. let's look at the word "Qissatuna" (which means
"Our Story") after adding the letters "NA" at the end of the word which is a
pronoun:
I know that this is confusing but I just wanted to give you an idea
about the "Ta' Marboota" to understand its concept for a start.
2 - Tanween :
The "Tanween" is pronouncing the letter "Noon" at the end of a word (This is also
grammar, so just have a general idea for now!!). It has three forms very similar to
the "Tashkeel" but it is only put over or under the last letter of a word. The
following table show the "Tanween" for the letters "Alef", "Ba' " and "Ta' ":
AN
BON
TIN
Hamza
Now, you should be wondering about the letter "Hamza" that was the last letter in
the table back in lesson 1, well.. this lesson is all about it:
The "Hamza" is one of the three kinds of vowels in Arabic (vowel marks were
explained in the previous lesson). It may be the most complicated subject in Arabic
scripting, I think that it needs a tutorial on its own (even some Arab natives can't
get it right in dictation in some cases). Anyway I'll try to make it as easy as possible
giving only the basics, so here we go:
First, the "Hamza" is the pronunciation of "U" as in "UGH" (that was the first
appropriate word that came to my mind) where ever it is used in a word, this means
that the word should be cut at the "Hamza" and an "U" should be pronounced
whenever it appears. Let's have an example on this:
This word is pronounced as "Sa - Al" (Which means "Asked") this means that you
should cut the word when you pronounce it into two parts. You pronounce the part
before the "Hamza" then you pronounce the second part as a new word (There is
no similar case in English. You may consider the word above as two separate words
when they are pronounced).
There are four forms of the "Hamza" which is decided by the "Tashkeel" of the
"Hamza" itself and the "Tashkeel" of the letter that comes just before it whether it is
a "Fat-ha", "Dhamma", "kasra" or "Sukun". The following table has an example for
each form of the four forms:
Mar-aa
lu-u-lu-u
Bi-er
Dif-e
Notes:
When the "Hamza" comes at the beginning of the word, it is always written
over an "Alef " or under it depending on the "Tashkeel" of the "Hamza" itself,
if it was "Fat-ha" or "Dhama" then the "Hamza" is written over the "Alef". If
the "Tashkeel" was "Kasra" then the "Hamza" Is written under the "Alef". The
following word "Ana" (which means "me") is written like this :
You should have noticed from that table above that the "Hamza" is written in
four different cases depending on the "Tashkeel" of the "Hamza" itself and
the "Tashkeel" of the letter just before it. I think that this is what you need to
know as a beginner. If you want to learn the rules of writing the "Hamza "
then ask me and I'll send them to you via email.
Some sources don't consider "Hamza" neither a letter nor a vowel mark, it
may be in a category of its own!!!
By now you should have learned all the basics of Arabic language script and some
words and sentences, and you should be able to read or write some Arabic words.
Now, what is left for you to do is learn Arabic vocabulary and some grammar to be
able to create sentences. These tasks need more than a simple on-line tutorial, they
need some time and work from you! For vocabulary, I highly recommend getting an
Arabic electronic dictionary.
If you have any questions on something included in this tutorial (or not !!) just send
me a message and I'll be happy to answer them as soon as possible. If you have
any thoughts, questions or ideas just
tell me about them.
In this lesson we will learn the Arabic Alphabet In-Sh-Allh (God Willing). The
lesson is designed to teach the names of all the alphabets. Click on the letters to
Please note that some of these letters are very similar to English letter sounds e.g.:
/B/ is very close to the letter 'B' in the English language, this is a useful way to
remember the sounds of the letters. However many letters have no equivalent
sounds in English e.g.: /ayn/, and some letters have subtle but important
especially on the final letter of a word. We have used the tanween in the sounds
below. For example - instead of /B/ we have said 'B-un'. The letter name is still
Finally, please note that the Arabic script is read from right to left. Please read the
letters below starting from the right and reading each letter to the left.
Arabic Character
j th t b a Letter Sound
Arabic Character
r dh d kh h Letter Sound
Arabic Character
d s sh s z Letter Sound
Arabic Character
f gh ` Z t Letter Sound
Arabic Character
n m l K q Letter Sound
Arabic Character
y w h Letter Sound
In Arabic, there are 3 short vowel-marks. We shall learn the long vowel-marks in a
later lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The short vowel-marks enable the letter to
make a sound in a similar way to the English language. In the same way a word
cannot be made in the English language without one of the 5 vowels (a, e, i, o or u),
vowel-marks are the marks below or above the letter /Dl/ in the examples below.
The letter / Dl/ has been used to give you an idea of where the vowel is placed.
The single vowel-marks are the basic vowel-marks which add a sound similar to that
of a, i or u in the English language to the letter. Please click on the letters with the
Arabic Character
u i a Vowel Sound
The 'u' in put The 'i' in sit The 'a' in /ba/ English word with similar sound
The double vowel-marks signs are an extension of the single vowel-marks. The
double vowel signs add the '-n' sound to the single vowel. Please see the letters
below. The /Dl/ has been used to enable us to see the position of the double vowel
sign which is called /tanwn/. /Tanwn/ refers to the double form of any vowel, the
specific name of the double vowel sign e.g.: double /Fatah/ (Fatatn) is also given
below as this is unique for each vowel. Click on the letters with the vowel-marks to
Arabic Character
The 'on' in dragon The 'in' in sin The 'an' in ran English word with similar sound
In the next lesson we are going to practice each letter we have covered with each
Sh-Allh (God willing). This lesson will also help us to revise the letters we have
The /Fatah/ is the short diagonal stroke above the letter. Please click on the letters
The /Kasrah/ is the short diagonal stroke below the letters. Please click on the letters
The /ammah/ is the letter which is similar in shape to the Arabic character /ww/
which we learnt earlier. It is placed above the letter. Please click on the letters to
In the following 3 lessons, we will learn the doubled forms of the three vowel-marks,
marks in that there is an added '-n' sound e.g. whilst the /Fatah/ makes the 'a'
In this lesson we will cover the /Fatatain/ which makes the 'an' sound In-Sh-Allh
(God willing). The /Fatatain/ is written as two /Fatah's/ above the letter. Please
click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Fatatain/.
Unlike the /Kasratain/ and the /ammatain/, the /Fatatain/ has to be followed by
Alif in the Arabic writing. Therefore we connect an /Alif/ after each of the letters
In this lesson we will cover the /Kasratain/ which makes the 'in' sound In-Sh-Allh
(God willing). The /Kasratain/ is represented by two /Kasrah's/ below the letter.
Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Kasratain/.
In this lesson we will cover the /ammatain/ which makes the 'un' sound In-Sh-
inward 'tail' and is written above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how
In the following 3 lessons, we shall cover the long vowel-marks In-Sh-Allh (God
The /Alif al-madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Fatah/ from 'a'
into 'aa'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letters
lengthening the sound. We shall cover the way the letters change shape when
/Yaa al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Kasrah/ from 'i' into
'ee'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letters
lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when
/Waaw al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /ammah/ from 'u'
into 'oo'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letter
lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when
In this lesson we will cover one more diacritical mark (i.e. a mark added to a letter
to indicate a special pronunciation) in the Arabic language called the /Sukn/ In-
Sh-Allh (God wiling). The /Sukn/ is in the shape of a circle and is written above a
letter to show that there is no vowel on the letter. Hence, we emphasise the letter by
stopping in our pronunciation of it. This will require us to join letters. Although we
have not covered the rules relating to joining of letters (covered in a later lesson).
Please click on the words to hear how they are pronounced. This is a good
opportunity for you to learn how to read basic Arabic words. Please don't worry if
you find it difficult to read the words by putting the letters together. We will go over
reading words in more detail later In-Sh-Allh (God wiling). At this stage focus on
the principle of the /Sukn/ and try your best to read the words.
Click on Letters to hear pronunciation
Arabic Word
We will now cover the /Shaddah/ In-Sh-Allh (God wiling). The /Shaddah/ is a
diacritical mark written above a letter to show that the letter has been doubled and
therefore increases in emphasis. Once again, please don't worry if you find joining
the letters and vowel-marks or reading difficult. Try your best to join the sounds and
letters at this stage and pay attention to the sound of the letter which has the
/Shaddah/ on it.
Arabic Word
The joining of the Arabic Alphabet can be a difficult subject to master. The reason for
o The letter being used (e.g.: /Alif/, /Baa/ etc.) as different rules apply to
different letters.
o The position of the letter in the word (i.e. beginning, middle or end).
o Unique letters - i.e. there are 6 letters which do not join to any other letter
patterns. The table below shows every scenario, i.e.: how each letter will be written
in the beginning, middle and end of a word as well as an example of its joined form
o All letters are written in their full form if they occur at the end of a word,
o Most letters do join to other letters in front of them, however, there are six
letters which do not join to any letter after them, these letters are:
o There are groups of letters which have similar shapes in individual (i.e. as
learnt earlier). These groups are also similar in joined form (e.g. /B/, /T/
and /Th/). The only difference in these letters is the number or positions of
/Alif/
/B/
/T/
/Th/
/m/
//
/Kh/
/Dl/
/Dhl/
/R/
/Zy/
/Sn/
/Shn/
/d/
/d/
//
/Dh/
/ayn/
/Ghayn/
/F/
/Qf/
/Kf/
/Lm/
/Mm/
/Nn/
/H/
/Ww/
/Y/
Whilst it is important to make an effort to look at the forms above, it is sometimes
easier to look for the patterns rather than each individual letter. For example, the
following groups of letters are very similar in their joined forms, in most cases the
o // and /Dh/
Finally, to master the different forms of joining will take some time and it is
important to practice writing whilst learning the Arabic language to become familiar
with the script. This will come with practice In-Sh-Allh (God willing), so it is not
necessary to have mastered all the letters joining forms before moving on. Please
move on to the next lesson after you have familiarised yourself to a reasonable level
of the joined forms above. In the next lesson we will use some examples to practice
and familiarise ourselves with the joined form of letters In-Sh-Allh (God willing
In this lesson we will practice some examples that we covered earlier. Please read
from right to left. The first column shows the letters individually. To hear the sound
of each letter which forms the word, click on the letter. To hear the full word
shapes depending on whether they are in the beginning, middle or end of a word.
He Sat.
He wrote.
He drank.
He went out.
He opened.
He understood.
We will continue practicing joining letters and reading in the next lesson In-Sh-
In this part we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God
willing).
Final Form
Changed Form
(i.e. how the letters
Meaning (i.e. to see how each letter Letters on their own
will look when
has changed - joined form)
joined)
He went.
He took.
Pen
Boy
Man
Camel
In this lesson we have covered some very basic words in Arabic to practise joining
the letters and the sounds that they make. In the next lesson we will practice some
more words which will include long vowel-marks, /Sukn/ and /Shaddah/ which we
In this lesson we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh
o /Sukn/ - We should pronounce the letter sound with no vowel sound i.e.
/Shaddah/.
Final Form
Changed Form
(i.e. how the letters
Meaning (i.e. to see how each letter Letters on their own
will look when
has changed - joined form)
joined)
Mosque
Star
Cat
Bed
Key
Donkey
We shall continue practising reading more words in the next lesson. Remember, the
more practice you do, the better your Arabic will be Insha'Allah (God will
In this part we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God
willing).
Changed Form
Meaning Final Form (i.e. to see how each letter Letters on their own
Rich
Chair
Teacher
Sharp
City
Lazy
We shall continue reading one more group of words in the next lesson In-Sh-Allh
(God willing). The words in the next lesson will be more difficult, however, the Arabic
Language course will start with basic words so please try to familiarise yourself with
the principles of reading the Arabic text as there will be an opportunity to practice
In this lesson we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh
(God willing).
Changed Form
Meaning Final Form (i.e. to see how each letter has Letters on their own
Nurse
Farmer
Spoon
You have now completed the Arabic Reading Course. If you feel you need more
practice before moving on to the Arabic Language Course then please revise the
lessons where you feel you need improvement. In the Arabic Language Course the
lessons begin with very basic words so if you have grasped the ability to read the
Arabic script in this course then you should find the Arabic Language Course easier
to understand In-Sh-Allh (God willing). Please click here to move on to the Arabic
Language Course.
Introduction -
Please read the sentences below. After completing the sentences we shall go over
In Part 1 of Lesson 1 we learn how to use the pronoun which means 'This'
written without the first /alif/. The second word is the noun (object) being referred
. .
. .
Arabic has no word which is equal to the English word "is" which is referred to as a
copula in grammar. We can see this rule demonstrated above where we see the
copula. i.e.
If read literally this sentence would read "This a
mosque", however, the word "is" can be implied in this sentence so that it reads
"This is a mosque".
There is no word in Arabic corresponding to "a" in English as in: "This is a book". The
n-sound, i.e. the /tanwn/ (doubled vowel sign) at the end of the Arabic noun
English "a/an".
Please click on the button for part 2 below to move onto the next section where we will
Lesson 1
This is -
...
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued...
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
. . .
. .
We have learnt how to say 'This is' using the phrase /hdh/. Now, we will learn how
to say 'What is this?' to ask a question followed by the answers to the questions In-
Continued
In this part of lesson 1 we will learn the phrase which means "What's
this". We shall then answer the questions with the phrase we learnt in the earlier
We will also learn the phrase ..... which means "Is this...?", for example
In addition, we will learn the words for Yes and No in Arabic to answer these
questions. The word for Yes in Arabic is , and the word for No in Arabic is .
As we have already learnt, the Arabic script is read from right to left, please read the
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
.
This is a house. What is this?
In the next parts we will learn the phrase which means "Who is this?"
followed by some more sentences to revise what we have learnt in this lesson, In-
Exercise
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this
lesson so far.
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the
correct option for each question below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the
Question 1 Question 2
Question 3 Question 4
Question 5 Question 6
Exercise
We will continue to test the knowledge that we have learnt so far in this part of the
correct option for each question below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the
Question 2
Question 1
Question 4
Question 3
Exercise
We have practiced reading words and learning phrases and grammar. However, it is
very important to learn how to write Arabic while you are learning the
language. Please read the sentences below and write them down on a piece of
paper. You have already learnt what the sentences below mean in the earlier parts of
marks to read the word. We have started lesson 1 showing all the vowel-marks, for
used and the context of the sentence what the word actually means. Below, the
words will appear without vowel-marks or diacritical marks (e.g. /sukn/, /fatah/,
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
Read and Write :
. . .
. .
In the next part of this lesson we will learn the phrase which means
"Who is this?" followed by some more sentences to revise what we have learnt in this
Lesson 1
This is -
...
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Who is this? -
In this section we shall cover the phrase which means 'Who is this?'. We
shall then answer the questions and learn some more words, In-Sh'-Allh (God
willing).
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
Lesson 1
This is -
...
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
.
This is a cat. What is this?
Lesson 1
This is -
...
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Revision
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
.
Low Bandwidth
In the next part of this lesson we will practice writing and reading skills, In-Sh'-
Allh (God willing). Please write out the following words below including their
able to read without translations. If you are unsure what the words below mean,
please revisit the previous sections of this lesson, all the words below have already
You will also notice that the words below do not have vowel-marks, i.e. /ammah/,
/kasrah/ and /fatah/. The vowel-marks have been deliberately omitted because
when you read Arabic in normal literature, vowel-marks are seldom used. The
context and your experience of words will enable you to read the word properly. The
words below should be apparent without the vowel-marks as we have covered them
( ).
( )
( ).
() ()
. .
( ). ()
.
)( )(
. .
You have now completed lesson 1. To summarise, the areas we have covered are:
important to learn the Arabic language. The following table shows the new
Vocabulary Revision
Door
Mosque
Book
Key
Chair
Pen
Desk
Bed
Shirt
Star
Doctor
Boy
Student
Man
Merchant
Teacher
Handkerchief
Dog
Cat (masculine)
Donkey
Horse
Rooster
Camel
Yes
No
If you feel confident with the lesson covered, please move on to the next lesson
where we will cover the Demonstrative Pronoun which means 'That is. The
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh
Part
1
2
Introduction -
further away whereas /hdh/ is used to refer to objects that are closer.
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
is a donkey. that?
LESSON 2
Part
1
2
Continued
In-Sh'-Allh (God willing), we will continue practising the demonstrative pronoun
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
.
What is this and what is that?
Please read the words below and then write them down on a piece of paper. Once
again, this will enable you to practice writing Arabic which is a very important part of
. .
Vocabulary Revision
Sugar
Rock
Please move onto the next lesson where we cover the use of the definite article (i.e.
'the').
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn about the definite article which corresponds to the
word 'The' in the English Language (known as the definite article in grammar as it
Take particular note of the change in the vowel ending when a word is changed to its
definite form, i.e. the /tanwn/ (double vowel) which represents indefinite form e.g.
remember that a word can never take /alif lm/ at the beginning and /tanwn/ at the
same time (i.e. it can never be both indefinite and definite at the same time).
Remember to always start reading the examples below from right to left. The first
example below will illustrate the change from indefinite form (e.g. a house) to
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
:
: : :
The mosque: A mosque The book: A book The pen: A pen The house: A house
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
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4
5
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11
Continued
We will study some practical sentences using the definite article which
.
We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to
The book is new and the
.
pen is old.
The house is near and the
.
mosque is far away.
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write the following words again with
the correct endings". In each of the words below simply type the word again using
the keyboard (as above) with the vowel-marks and punctuation, e.g. /masid/ =
masidun/ as below:
=
Remember: a word can be either definite (with /alif lm/ but not /tanwn/) or
indefinite (with no /alif lm/ but with /tanwn/). The proper pronunciation (and hence
answers) can be heard by clicking on the speaker image by the sentences, but
please don't click on these until you have attempted to complete the exercise so that
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write". In each of the sentences below
simply type the words again using the keyboard as in the previous questions and
including the vowel-marks which have been omitted. Once again, upon completing
the exercise you can click on the speakers by each sentence to hear the correct
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
top section (below). Click on the question you would like to answer (this will be
highlighted), then click on the correct option from the blocks above the questions
area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced with
your selected option. Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the words given". For each
of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first
Once again - by clicking on the speakers you can hear the correct answer to the
question. Please do not do this until you have attempted the exercise.
..... .....
..... .....
..... .....
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with a suitable word". For each
of the questions below, type out the full sentence starting with the word in the
bracket followed by the word noted. E.g. for the first question, click on the question
and type as below (include vowel-marks). Once again, the sound has been included
(click on the speaker icon by the sentence to hear the sound) but once again please
......... .........
(The pen) (The handkerchief)
......... .........
(The mosque) (The water)
......... .........
(The teacher) (The moon)
......... .........
(The stone) (The student)
......... .........
(The bed) (The house)
In this section we will learn some new vocabulary and we shall also learn the rules
relating to the sun and moon letters. The most important point to understand with
this rule is that it governs the spoken (pronunciation) Arabic and not the written
word.
Arabic has 28 letters. Of these 14 letters are called Solar Letters, and the other 14
are called Lunar letters. In the articulation (speaking) of the Solar letters, the tip or
blade of the tongue is involved as in t, n, r, s, etc. The tip or blade of the tongue
does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters as in b, w, m, k etc.
When /alif-lm/ al is prefixed to a noun beginning with a Solar letter, the l of al
is assimilated (joined) to the Solar Letter, e.g. al-shamsu (the sun) is pronounced
/ash-shamsu/.
No such assimilation takes place with the Lunar Letters, e.g. /al-qamaru/ (the moon)
of the l of al to the Solar Letters (don't worry about the meanings of the words
yet):
writing, e.g. /wal-baitu/. Here the a is dropped and the phrase is pronounced /wal-
baitu/ not /wa al-baitu/. To indicate this omission in pronunciation, this sign: ( )
The initial vowel (a, i, or u) which is omitted when preceded by a word is called
/hamazatu l-wasl/.
We have learnt that the /tanwn/ is the indefinite article, and it is to be translated as
a e.g.: means a house. This rule does not apply to adjectives like
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
. Click on a word in column that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted)
then click on its suitable complement in column . Upon completing all possible
questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain your mark.
) ( ()
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is
important that you practice your writing skills in the duration of this course to master
( ) ()
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Continued...
The sentence above means "The Moon and The Sun Letters". See section 7 (which
should have already been covered) if you do not already understand the rules
relating to the sun and the moon letters. Remember, this rule affects the
pronunciation of the word and not the written form. Please listen carefully to the
/lm/ of /alif-lm/ is assimilated to the first letter in pronunciation. The table below
covers each letter in the Arabic alphabet along with an example of a word which
starts with that letter under the relevant column depending on whether it is a sun or
moon letter.
:)( :)(
:)( :)(
:)( :)(
():
():
(): ():
(): ():
(:) ():
(:) ():
(:) ():
(:) ():
(:) (:)
:)( :)(
:)( :)(
:)( :)(
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise
The sentence above says: "Read and write the words keeping in mind the rules
pertaining to the Solar and Lunar Letters". Once again, please write the words below
with a pen and paper and read the words prior to clicking on them below to hear the
correct pronunciation. As these words have already been covered before, the vowel-
marks and diacritical marks (e.g. /fatah/, /kasrah/, /ammah/, /sukn/ etc) have
not been used over the letters. This is the way standard Arabic is written and it is
EXERCISE:
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
Sweet
Sick
Shop
Rich
Tall
Poor
Short
Apple
Cold
Hot
Sitting
Standing
New
Old
Near
Far Away
Clean
Dirty
Small
Big
Light
Heavy
Paper
Water
Beautiful
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Introduction -
o The rules for using prepositions (the words used to connect two or more
words or sentences) and the four most common prepositions (Click on the
From
To
o The rule for the use of interrogative expressions - i.e. the sentences used to
ask the questions, and some of the interrogative (questioning) words like:
Where
Is
What
Who
I (person Masculine/Feminine
speaking)
2nd
2nd
3rd
He
(person being
Masculine
spoken about -
3rd
She
(person being
Feminine
spoken about -
feminine.
Grammatical term
/Al umla tul Ismiyya/ /Al umla tul Filiyya/
Arabic
. .
Literally Reading Ahmad went to the university Went Ahmad to the university
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Lesson 4
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The Cases
An important part of learning any language is to learn the grammar. Grammar is the stud
o A word is written differently in the past tense as compared to the future tense.
called.
o A sentence starting with a verb (action word - e.g. run, eat, drink) has different
Whilst the examples above are simple, one has to make an effort to understand gramma
part of the language and becomes more complicated later on - in particular relating to ver
to focus on the rules - e.g. what happens in each circumstance and over time the te
This should be balanced with an effort to increase your vocabulary and general understa
goal will be to help you to take the rules gradually and understand how they relate to
o A noun in Arabic grammar has three 'cases' which are called nominative, accusative
o Something will cause a word to be in one of these 'cases'. For example, wher
letter of that noun will change from a /ammah/ to a /kasrah/ (this is assuming th
o See below for a summary of the cases and the signs used for each of these cases:
A word being in the nominative case will end (originally) with a /ammah/ o
A word being in the accusative case will end (originally) with a /fatah/ or /f
A word being in the genitive case will (originally) end with a /kasrah/ or /kas
o At this stage it is important to understand the principle that there are causes of a
case and consequences of a word being in a certain case - i.e. the change in the for
o The rules of what causes a word to be in each case and what consequences arise in
and repeated throughout the course, there are many such rules and these are an im
Arabic language. Below you will find a summary of the terms used for each of the c
A word in this c
Nominative
Hlat-ur-raf (originally) in a /
,/ammata
A word in this c
Accusative
Hlat-un-nab (originally)
/fatah/,/fata
A word in this c
Genitive
Hlat-ul-arr (originally)
/kasrah/,/kasr
In the next part of the lesson we will learn about some prepositions used commonly in t
Allh (God willing). We will also learn the rules for their application.
Part
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Lesson 4
Part
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The Prepositions -
In this lesson we will learn about some of the prepositions, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). A
shows the relation of one word to another. For example, "....the key is in the car...."
table....".
In
On
From
To
We will also learn about the rule applied for the use of prepositions in Arabic Language. Th
nouns, or a verb and a noun to form a sentence. As above this is generally showing
2. A preposition always comes before a noun and it does not come before a verb.
3. The noun following a preposition is changed from nominative case to genitive cas
change in its case (from nominative to genitive case) as mentioned in the previous
We can see here that the preposition has caused the last letter of to change to.
5. When a proposition precedes an indefinite noun (e.g. "a house"), the noun is affec
learnt earlier, a noun which is indefinite takes two /ammahs/ (ammatain) and is
The two /ammahs/ change to two /kasrahs/ (kasratain) when a preposition com
In a house A house In
Some more examples can be found below.
In a kitchen A Kitchen
To a mosque A Mosque
On a book A book
In this part of the lesson we will study some practical sentences using the preposition
relating to prepositions.
In Arabic language when it is required to make a noun definite, is added to that noun
However when a preposition comes before a definite word the /alif/ - i.e. "a" sound - of
pronounced. Please note that the "a" of "al" is pronounced only when it is not preceded b
"al" is preceded by any word the letter "a" is dropped and hence not pronounced.
So we will read the sentence as /Fil Baiti/ and not /Fee Al baiti/ but this rule is applicable i
writing the sentence - i.e. the /alif/ will still be written but not pronounced in spoken langu
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be prono
/Almiftu alal
The key is on the book
kitbi/
.
We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to memor
sentence structures.
In the next part of the lesson we will go over some interrogative expressions (i.e. e
questions) covering the areas you have learnt in this lesson In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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Lesson 4
Part
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The Interrogation -
In this part of lesson 4 we will learn about the formation of the interrogative (questioning
(God-Willing).
We know that "Interrogative expression is the term used to refer to a group of word
question (e.g. Where is the book? What is on the book? Is the key on the book? Who
interrogative expressions and the words which are used to ask a question are called the
we cover below:
Interrogative Article
Where?
...
What?
...
Is?
...
Who?
...
/Mdh alal
What is on the book?
kitbi?/
/A miftun alal
Is a key on the book?
kitbi?/
/Mdh alal
What is on the rock?
aari?/
The following are the rules governed for the use of the interrogative articles (i.e. words us
When an interrogative article comes before a noun, it will take the nominative case
preceding a preposition interrogative article - see below for
A definite noun preceded by an interrogative article will take one /ammah/ and the in
/ammahs/).
However when a preposition is preceded by an interrogative article, it will not take the
letter will remain with the same ending sound. This is because the preposition is indec
change its ending - this is an important principle - we will learn in Arabic that some rul
Please take a careful look to the ending vowels of the nouns in both the interrogative (que
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be prono
Picture Translation Arabic
Where is Muhammad?
.
Muhammad is in the room.
And where is Yasir?
.
Yasir is in the wash room.
Where is Aminah?
.
Aminah is in the kitchen.
Where is the book?
.
The book is on the desk.
And where is the watch?
.
The watch is on the bed.
Is Muhammad in the wash room?
.
No, but in the room.
What is on the bed?
.
The watch is on the bed.
In the next part of the lesson we will have multiple questions /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God-Willing
Part
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Lesson 4
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write specifying the vowel ending of th
questions below, type out the full word or the sentence but include the vowel marks whi
Once again, the sound has been included (click on speaker icon by sentence to hear) but o
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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Lesson 4
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
Do not put the small Alif on words like .
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". In each of the sen
the questions based on the material you have covered in this lesson so far using the k
lesson and including the vowel-marks. Once again, upon completing the exercise you c
(On the rock) (On the bed)
(Yasir) (Muhammad)
(No, but in the bath room) (Yes, Aminah is in the kitc
(The watch) (The book)
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Lesson 4
Part
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In Arabic both living things and inanimate (non-living) things are treated as either masculi
In this part of the lesson /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God willing) we will learn about the masculine a
will also learn how to change a masculine word into a feminine word. There are thre
masculine word to a feminine word when added on the end of a masculine word and they a
English
)(
)(
It should be remembered that the penultimate (second to last) letter of a feminine word al
Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:
Picture Translation Transliteration Ara
Aminah is in the
/minatu fil mabakhi/
.
kitchen.
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Lesson 4
Part
1
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9
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11
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Exercise
In this part of the lesson we will have some exercises in order to test your knowledge of w
Choose a word from column that can be used to complete the sentence in column . Clic
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable complement in c
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain
) ( ()
The sentence above means choose a word from column that can be used to complete a
column . To make this task slightly easier we have put English words in brackets in co
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is impo
writing skills in the duration of this course to master the language Insha'Allah.
( ) ()
(sick)
(young)
(standing)
(Tall)
(Tall)
(Broken)
(Open)
(Closed)
(New)
(Old)
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Lesson 4
Part
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o The Nominal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Ismiyya/ - this sentence starts (mostl
o The Verbal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Feliyya/ - this sentence starts (mostly)
Please read the following carefully and note the difference between the sentences:
Arabic
. .
Literally Reading Ahmad went to the university Went Ahmad to the univ
Arabic
.
.
Literally Reading The teacher went out of a class Went out the teacher of a
Two of the sentences in the above table are the nominal sentences and the other two are
A nominal sentence is called /al umla tul Ismiyya/ and a verbal sentence is called /al uml
A nominal sentence /al umla tul Ismiyya/ follows the following rules:
o It (originally) starts with a noun or a pronoun.
o It has two parts. The first part is the subject of the sentence and is called /Mubt
o The subject /Mubtada/ should always be a noun or a pronoun but it is not necessar
o Each of the subject /Mubtada/ and the predicate /Khabar/ are originally in the n
letter takes a single /ammah/ if definite (with definite article /al/) and takes t
o /Mubtada/ is the subject of the sentence i.e., it represents a person or thing whic
and the /Khabar/ is the description or the explanation of the /Mubtada/ e.g., w
standing then Muhammad is the subject and "is standing" describes his condition
is the case with Arabic sentences. The subject is highlighted in red below, the
predicate.
.
university. miati/
In the above sentences all the words appearing in red are the /Mubtada/ which must be
remaining parts of the sentences in black are the /khabar/. A /mubtada/ must be in the
originally- single /ammah/ when definite and two /ammas/ when indefinite.
Therefore the subject /Mubtada/ is always a single noun or pronoun, while the predic
following types:
A Noun
Muhammad is a student.
.
/Ismun/
A nominal Sentence
A verbal Sentence
/umla Filiyya/
.
An expression with a
preposition
Fatima is in the kitchen.
.
/r wa Marr/
When the /Khabar/, is a nominal sentence (/umla ismiyyah/), a verbal sentence (/umla
phrase ( /r wa marr/) it will not be signed with the main sign of the nomina
/ammatain/) because each word in these structures will be signed according to its
sentence.
In this section we have learnt many principles and rules. Please go over this section a few
learnt are very important for understanding later lessons. Please remember that revision
the learning process and you have to have a foundation to build upon and progress. If th
learning the language will become more difficult. Our goal is to make the learning p
enjoyable one, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). We will continue revising these principles
Part
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Lesson 4
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Exercises on the Nominal Sentence -
In this section we will have multiple questions /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God-Willing), to test you
Fill in the blanks in the questions below by using one of the possible options in the top sectio
question you would like to answer (this will be highlighted), then click on the correct option fro
questions area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced w
Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and
enter the answers to the questions below using the keyboard and mark your answers by pre
buttons.
The Arabic sentence above means "Add an appropriate Khabar for every Mubtada from the fo
of the sentences below simply type the Mubtada (subject) followed by the Khabar (predicate
above.
..... .....
At home Sick
..... .....
..... .....
..... .....
A kind girl
House of God
..... .....
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Lesson 4
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Exercises on the Nominal Sentence -
In this part of lesson we will have some exercises in order to test your knowledge for what
Choose a word from column that can be used to complete the sentence in column .
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable compl
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and o
)( ()
The sentence above means "Choose a predicate from the column for every subject in
following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is important that you pract
( ) ()
(in the classroo
(Noble)
(standing)
(fast animal)
(Big)
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Lesson 4
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The Verbal Sentence -
In this part of lesson we will learn The Verbal Sentence In-Sh'-Allh (God-Wellin
Feliyyatun/ in Arabic.
Arabic
.
Arabic
.
Transliteration /Kharaa almudarrisu min falin/
The two sentences above are the examples of verbal sentence /umlatun Feliyyatun/.
A verbal sentence is called /umla Feliyya/ and the rules relating to such sentences are:
1. The first part is a word that describes an action. This word is called "Verb" in Eng
Arabic. In English language the verb can be a single word or combination of two
verb /Filun/ is always a single word. A verb generally refers to three times: Past,
the verb is the most important part of the language and therefore it is very impo
In this part of lesson we will be discussing the masculine verb used to describe
time. This type of verb is called Past Tense in English and /Filun Min/
/Filun Min/ always takes accusative case but no nunation - a single /fatah/
learn the present and future tenses at a later stage In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing
language different types of the verb are used for masculine and feminine
the verb. This person or the thing is called Subject of the verb in English and /
"Filun" always takes nominative case - single /ammah/ when it is definite i.e.,
article al - and /ammatain/ when it is indefinite i.e., appearing without the definite
3. The third part of a verbal sentence /umla Feliyya/ is the thing on which the actio
is called the Object in English and /Maflun/ in Arabic language. A /Maflun/ can
Types of Object
/Maflun/
Arabic English
A noun
. Ahmad ate apples
Genitive
Construction
Yasir went out of the sc
.
/rrun wa
Marrun/
. The man went to the h
In the above sentences all the words appearing in red are the /Maflun/ which migh
When a /Maflun/ is a noun it always takes accusative case i.e., it will be originally s
when appearing definite - (i.e. with the definite article al) - and double /fatah/ (fatatai
(i.e. without the definite article al). However when the object /Maflun/ is an expression
We will have some tests in the next part of the lesson to test your understanding In-Sh-
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Lesson 4
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In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions taking help from th
vowel ending of the words. For each of the questions below, type out the full sentence w
again, the sound has been included (click on speaker icon by the sentence to hear) but o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
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Lesson 4
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In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles
Fill in the blanks in the questions below by using one of the possible options in the top sect
question you would like to answer (this will be highlighted), then click on the correct option f
questions area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced w
Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and ob
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with a suitable word". For each of the
type out the full sentence below each section, filling the blanks with the words from the lis
sound has been included (click on speaker icon by sentence to hear) but once again p
..... .....
..... .....
..... .....
..... ....
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Lesson 4
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Exercise
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this lesson so f
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the corre
below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain
Question 1 Question
Question 3 Question
The Preposition is Th
called....
Question 5 Question
The interrogative
(questioning) article is
called....
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Lesson 4
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Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
The university
The school
Japan
China
India
The director
The garden
The farm
The rock
The lion
The toilet
The wash room
The watch
The kitchen
He went
He went out
On
In
From
To
Is?
Where
I
What
You (Feminine)
You (Masculine)
She
He
Verbal Sentence
Nominal Sentence
Accusative Case
Nominative Case
The Cases
Genitive Case
The bed
Preposition
A loctor
A lady doctor
A female engineer
An engineer
A lady nurse
A mother
The hospital
Nice
Hard working
Intelligent
An apple
Noble Book
Drank
Ate
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
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Lesson 5
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Introduction -
o In part one of this lesson we will learn the expression which shows ownership of on
"The teacher's car". This is called The Possessive Expression in English and /Muf
o In Arabic the letter /Alif/ is used in two different ways. One of them is called /Ham
called /Hamza tul Wal/. Hamza tul Qa is the one which is pronounced while Ham
is not pronounced:
Translation: Transliteration: Arabic: Type o
o In Arabic, words normally change their cases with different causes (see Lesson 4-se
indeclinable words which do not change their case with different causes and main
Translation:
This (masculine)
Who
He
o The rule for the use of the vocative particle (the word used to call someone like Oh)
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Lesson 5
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In this lesson we will cover a new principle which is called the principle of Possessive Expr
Allh (God-Willing). This expression is a type of the Arabic term which is called /Ifa/.
The /Ifa/ literally means (adding or annexing). It means adding one noun to anothe
possession or belonging (one noun being owned or belonging to the other noun e.g. te
following examples showing the difference between the possession and the belonging in th
Muhammads pen
The top of the mountain
This principle is applied when two nouns are joined together to make one structure.
In the possessive expression, one noun is the "possessor" called /Muf Ilaihi/ while th
called /Muf/ in Arabic. For example, if we say the teacher's book, "the teacher" is the
is possessed.
In English this type of expression is constructed with the preposition (of) or using the let
o Hamid's book.
In Arabic however, the possessed noun (e.g., book) comes before the possessor so it wo
teacher's".
Let us analyze an example below and we will explain how the rules are applied:
o /Kitb -ul-Mudarrisi/
The first part is the possessed noun (called /Muf/ - ) in our example this is
A. Although /kitb/ is not definite - in other words, 'al' (the) - does not come before the no
means 'the book' and not 'a book' even though al is not written before /kitb/.
B. The possessed noun can be in any case (genitive - with /kasrah/, accusative - with /fa
/ammah/). We do not need to worry about this at the moment, in normal cases it is n
/ammah/ but if preceded by a preposition it takes the genitive case so it ends with a /kas
C. Since the possessed noun is definite therefore it cannot take /tanwn/ i.e., it cannot take d
The second part is the possessor (called /Muf Ilaihi/ ) this is /Al Mu
our example. The possessor can be either:
B. The possessor is always in genitive case (therefore the last letter originally takes a /ka
Example:
Rule:
English: Arabic:
teacher
Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the w
Saeed: Is this Muhammad's book?
:
Yasir: No, this is Hamid's book
.
:
Saeed: Where is Muhammad's book?
:
Yasir: It is there on the desk
.
:
Saeed: Where is Ammar's notebook?
Yasir: It is on the teacher's desk
:
Ali: This is the teacher's pen.
.
:
Saeed: Where is the teacher's bag?
:
Ali: It is under the desk.
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Lesson 5
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Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Add the first word to the second to make a possessiv
example below.
In each of the sentences below simply type the first word again and add the second wor
as in the previous lessons and include the vowel-marks correctly. The vowels only need t
letters of the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/and not on all the letters.
Part
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Lesson 5
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Hamza tul Wasl -
In this part of lesson we will learn about a new concept which is the use of letter Alif in A
o One type of Alif is called "Hamza tul Qa". This type of Alif is always pronounced irr
o While the other form of Alif is called "Hamza tul Wal". This form of Alif appears in t
.
And the girl's name is /Was mul binti
.
Aminah Aaminatu/
In the above mentioned examples the letter /Alif/ of the words are written but they are n
first example, the letter /alif/ of the word /ibn/ (meaning son) is written yet not pronounc
joined together with letter /wa/ of /howa/ and is pronounced /huwabnu/. This is similar to
word /almudarrisi/, the letter /alif/ is written yet not pronounced and the letters /nn/ of
/lm/ are joined together to become /nul/ and the sentence becomes /huwab-nul mudarri
Similarly in the second example the letter /wa/ is joined with the word /Ism/ whose /alif
pronounced and the word becomes /wasm/ and the /Alif/ of /Albinti/ is written but not pro
In these examples the letter /Alif/ of the words Ahmad, /Aina/ and /Anta/ are written and
are merged together. This type of /Alif/ is called /Hamza tul Qa/.
There is no specific rule for recognizing /Hamza tul Qa/ and /Hamza tul Wal but the
articles and the nouns beginning with /Alif/ have /Hamza tul Qa/.
It must be however remembered that when /Hamza tul Wal/ is written in the beginnin
/Hamza tul Qa/ is always written and pronounced and is not affected if preceded by any
Please read the following sentences carefully and then click on the words to hear the
should be pronounced.
Pictures: English: Arabic:
I am the son of Abbas
And whose son is he?
.
He is the son of Khalid
Saeed
is Khalid
.
Ammar's son is a
student
and Yasir's son is a
trader
engineer?
He is in the university
In the next part of the lesson we will In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing) learn a new concept w
Articles.
Part
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Lesson 5
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In this part of lesson, we will learn a new concept of Arabic Grammar In-Sh-Allh (Go
learned that in Arabic language the words take different cases i.e., nominative (amm
(fatah/fatatain) or genitive (kasrah/kasratain) on their last letter. A word takes single ca
definite article /al/ and double case when it is without the definite article /al/.
There are certain words however which have to indicate their function therefore they do
maintain their vowel ending. The words which do not change their vowel endings in order
The following are few examples of the indeclinable words (we will study this in detail in la
introduction):
Rule Translation
(The Indeclinable
1. Who
.
3. What
.
1. This (masculine)
.
3. This (feminine)
.
1. On
.
3. To
.
1. He
.
2. She
.
3. You
.
The indeclinable words do not take different cases for different causes and do not take /ta
This is a man
.
This is a duck
.
Where is the lion?
Read the following sentences carefully while taking particular care of the vowel endings
Please note that we will introduce sentences related to Islam occasionally within this cour
studying this course. Those students who are not Muslim may find it beneficial to learn
the main religion in the Arab world and indeed many other parts of the world.:
English: Arabic:
Where is the teacher's house?
.
It is far away
.
It is under the car
This is the house of Hamid
.
and that is the house of Khalid
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Lesson 5
Part
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4
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8
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Correct the following expressions" as in the example be
In each of the sentences below simply type the first word again and add the second word
in the previous lessons and include the vowel-marks correctly. Please include the vow
only.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Lesson 5
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The vocative particle
In this part of lesson No. 5 we will In-Sh'-Allh (God Willing) learn about the following thi
Vocative Particle: A word that is used for calling someone is called the vocative particle an
and it takes (mostly) the nominative case. However it takes only one /amm
Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the wor
A Teacher: O teacher
Allah (God): O
:
Allah (God)
A Shaikh: O shaikh
: Abbas: O Abbas
:
: :
: :
Ali: O Ali
: Khalid: O Khalid
:
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Revision -
o The indeclinable words which maintain their vowel ending whatever their c
o Pronunciation of
.
Vocabulary Revision
The Prophet
The Kabah
The name
The son
The bag
The car
The road
Closed
Under
There
Above
In front of
Behind
The female teacher
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Next Lesson
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Introduction -
necessarily follow a set logic, e.g., whilst we know that the noun "girl" is feminine,
the noun for "beard" is also feminine. This should be understood alongside the rules
of how a word is changed from masculine to feminine that are covered in another
lesson (see Lesson 4 section 7). A few examples of nouns and adjectives which do not
have any of the symbols for the feminine nouns but are still considered to be
A pot /Quidrun/
o In this lesson we will learn the use of one new preposition. We have learnt
that prepositions are the words used to connect two or more words or
Preposition:
For
Lesson 6
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7
This is -
In this part of the lesson we learn how to use the demonstrative pronoun
/ammah/ in the case of a definite noun and by double ammas in the case of an
indefinite noun.
This is a fruit.
.
This is a car.
.
This is a girl.
.
We will also learn differentiating between the two words and with
examples:
.
This is the son of Hamid
.
and this is the daughter of Yasir
.
Hamid's son is sitting
.
and Yasir's daughter is standing
Lesson 6
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word". For
each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the
first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
Feminine nouns
In Arabic language words are either masculine or feminine. A masculine word can be
changed to a feminine by adding any of the following three symbols at the end of a
masculine word:
o called T Marbah,
However there are certain Feminine nouns and adjectives which do not have any of
The double members of the body parts are usually feminine while single members
are masculine. i.e., for example, on the human body there are two eyes and
therefore they are considered as feminine, while we have one nose so this part of the
body masculine. We have two hands therefore they are feminine but one face so it is
masculine.
This is a head
. Masculine
This is an eye
. Feminine
This is a nose
. Masculine
This is an ear
. Feminine
This is a tongue
. Masculine
This is a foot
. Feminine
This is a face
. Masculine
This is a hand
. Feminine
Lesson 6
Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Correct the following sentences as in example".
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for
the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
Lesson 6
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
changes the noun from the nominative case to the genitive case. e.g., when
precedes a noun then it becomes but there are certain words which
do not change their cases with different causes and maintain their vowel endings.
indeclinable word like meaning who, it will become for whom and not
When this precedes a definite noun like the alif in the beginning of the
On the other hand when this precedes a noun like the Alif in the beginning of
the word is dropped and no lam is added and the word simply becomes meaning
.
This is for Muhammad Hadha li Muhammadin
.
and that is for Hamid Wa dhalika li Hamidin
This bag belongs to Yasir Hadhihil Haqueebatu li Yasirin
Lesson 6
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7
Revision -
o
A new preposition " " meaning "For" or "Belongs To".
Vocabulary Revision
The Earth
This (feminine)
The hand
A pot
A car
Fruit
A head
The sun
A nose
An eye
A tongue
An ear
A face
A foot
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh
(God Lesson 7
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Introduction -
o The noun which means "That" and is used for the feminine nouns. This
o When a definite article "al" precedes a solar letter (the letters with which lam
of the definite article "al" is not pronounced), the letter lam of "al" is dropped
and its assimilation is shown by a diacritical mark ' ' which is known as
"Shaddah" e.g.,
A fish Samakun
Indefinite Noun
Lesson 7
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
That is -
In this part of Lesson No. 7 we will learn another pronoun ( which means
that) Tilka is used for the feminine nouns. Tilka follows the same principles as
followed by Dhlika and is used to refer to objects that are further away whereas
hdhihi (this in feminine form) is used to refer to objects that are closer.
o The pronouns which refer to the near objects like and meaning
and
o The pronouns which refer to the distant objects like and meaning
.
Picture: Answer Question:
Who is this?
This is Amina.
.
That is Fatima.
.
This is a lady
.
.
That is a child
.
This is an elder
.
What is that?
That is a dog
.
What is that?
That is a hen.
.
Is that a hen?
Lesson 7
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
) (
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word".
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
. Click on a word in column that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted)
then click on its suitable complement in column . Upon completing all possible
questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain your mark.
) ( ()
The Arabic sentence above means "Choose a word from column 'A' and match it with
an appropriate word from column 'B' ". For each of the sentences, type out the full
sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and
( ) ()
(This is a student)
(That is a student)
(This is a teacher)
(That is a doctor)
(This is Aminah)
(That is a window)
(This is a door)
(That is an Engineer)
(That is a spoon)
Lesson 7
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
keyboard or your actual keyboard.
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
""
The Arabic sentence above means Add the definite article 'al' to the following words adding th
vowel marks
....... .........
The merchant The mother
....... .......
The hen The donkey
....... .......
The Eden (Paradise) The man
....... .........
The window The shirt
....... .......
The news The guest
....... .......
The door The dress
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Lesson 7
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Revision
o The use of Shaddah and the dropping of the letter 'lam' of the definite article
Vocabulary Revision
An egg
A female child
Small
Elder
Heaven
Indonesia
News
A guest
A dress
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-ALesson
8-
Part
1
2
3
4
Revision
This is a revision lesson in which we will review all the concepts we have learnt so
far. We will have multiple questions on the rules related to demonstrative pronouns
, possessive expression and prepositions
In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the following example then change the
following sentences in the same manner". For each of the sentences, type out the
full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question
This doctor is from India This car belongs to the director
That boy is Khalid's son That watch is from Switzerland
This house belongs to the
engineer That handkerchief is dirty
Lesson 8-
Part
1
2
3
4
Continued
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the following example then change the
following sentences in the same manner". For each of the sentences, type out the
full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question
)(
)(
( ) ( )
(Whose pen is this?) (Whose fruit is this?)
( ) ( )
(Whose hen is this?) (Whose house is this?)
( ) ( )
(Whose chair is this?) (Whose cow is this?)
Lesson 8-
Part
1
2
3
4
Continued
The Arabic sentence above means "Translate the following sentences to Arabic as in
example". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words
below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include
vowel-marks).
Khalid went to the hospital This watch is from Germany
this black board is behind the
This door is closed
teacher
This is a knife This window is open
Lesson 8-
Part
1
2
3
4
Vocabulary Revision
In this lesson we have revised all the rules we have studied so far and have learnt
Switzerland
The spoon
The cow
The farmer
Germany
Closed
Open
A knife
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
Adjective Clause
A small boy
o A new type of pronoun which shows reference or relation between the nouns.
and
in Arabic. If the pronoun refers to a human
Relative pronoun
Which / That (for non human beings / objects)
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Continued
In this lesson we will learn the formation of a new clause called i
In Arabic the adjective (a word describing the noun e.g. red book, large house etc) is
Following are the rules pertained for the formation of the adjective clause:
o In the English language, when we want to describe a noun we say for example, "
etc. - i.e., the adjective (description) comes before the noun. However in Arabic
means "Boy good" or "student lazy" but literally it means "Good boy" or "Lazy stud
Translation Transliteration
o The adjectives that express feelings normally end with (-an) and bear no Tanwn on
English Arabic
Thirsty
Hungry
Full
Angry
Happy
o The adjective always follows the noun which it is describing in gender. The adje
masculine and that of a feminine noun is feminine .e.g.: we say m
o Both the adjective and the noun are either definite or indefinite. Therefore if th
and when the noun is indefinite the adjective will also be indefinite e.g.
Translation Transliteration Arabic
o The adjective also has the same case as the noun i.e., if the noun is in the nomin
accusative case then the adjective will also be in the accusative case and if the
an ill friend.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Place an appropriate adjective in the blank space including t
of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
....... ......
(English is a difficult language) (Ahmad is a rich mercha
....... .......
(I am a new teacher) (Muhammad is a good doc
....... .......
(Cairo is a vast city) (The apple is a tasty fru
....... .........
(Arabic is an easy language) (Are you a lazy student
....... .......
(Iman is a hard-working student) (The sparrow is a beautiful
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
who -
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it e.g., if w
English Arabic
In the above sentences, the nouns Muhammad, door and cat are called antecedents and
that refer to them respectively. In Arabic however all these three words (who, which and
single word
Translation Transliteration
Allah who has created Allh al-ladh khalaqa al
.
humans insn
The student who is in a A-libu al-ladh fi
.
school madrasatin
The beautiful pen which is on a desk
.
belongs to the teacher
The bed that is in Khalid's room is
.
broken
The student who is sitting is from
.
Indonesia
.
(person who gives the Adhaan - call
for prayer).
The road that is near the school is
.
crowded
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Place an appropriate noun in the blank including the
of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
.......... ...........
(I am an old teacher) (Arabic is an easy langua
....... ........
(This is a broken pen) (Muhammad is a rich merch
....... .......
(Faisal is a lazy student) (The handkerchief is a useful
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the following blanks with the adjectives which
'Al' to them wherever necessary". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence u
for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
............
.......
( ) ( )
Where is the new teacher The elder merchant is in the
............ .......
( ) ( )
(I am an old student) (Who is this boy who went
......
( )
(The book that is on the desk belongs to the
teacher)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
Vocabulary Revision
Described noun
Adjective
Thirsty
Lazy
Full
Hungry
Happy
Angry
The fan
Famous
Bird
Sparrow
Crowded
Road
Passed
That, who, which
Created
Sat
Thing
The humans
Tall
Useful
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Part
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7
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction
o The Possessive Pronouns (the words used instead of nouns to show possession or o
His book
)(
Her book
) (
My book
) (
Our book
)(
English Arabic
Father
Brother
o In this lesson we will learn the use of a few new prepositions. We have learnt tha
used to connect two or more words or sentences ( Lesson No.4 section 3). Both of the
English Arabic
About
Along with / With
/ To have
At/In
o In this lesson we will also learn the use of verbs with the pronouns. We have alrea
You went
You (masculine)
You went
You (feminine)
He went
He
She went
She
I went
I
We went
We
o We will also learn the vowel endings of the masculine nouns that are similar to the f
English Arabic
Hamza
Talha
Usama
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Attached Pronouns -
In this lesson, we will learn a new topic which deals with the pronouns In-Sh-Allh (Go
words used instead of nouns. In Arabic the pronouns are generally of two types
In English the Attached Pronouns (also called the Possessive Pronouns) are "words whi
relationship) of an object (or person) of something' e.g., if we want to express the pos
say: "this book is hers". Similarly if a person wants to express his possession of a pen,
mine". In Arabic however "The Possessive Pronouns" are suffixes (one or two letters atta
attached to the nouns only. They are not full-fledged words. Lets take some examples to l
Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:
Pictures English Transliteration Ar
What is your name? Mas muka?
.
My name is Abbas Ismi Abbasun
This is my pen and its Hdh qalam wa
lawnuhu Amaru
.
colour is red.
Oh Abbas what is your Ma lughatuka ya
language. sahlatun.
mother tongue? ansara?
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the following blanks with the appropriate
sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
.....
.....
(Muhammad is a doctor and his son is an
(This girl is a student her name
Engineer)
... ...
(Aminah is in the room and her mother is in (This is a great merchant and h
the kitchen) Abdullah)
... ...
(A boy went out of the class and Tahir was
(Ayesha is a doctor and her sister
with him)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In this lesson we will learn the following two new words and the rules regarding their use I
Translation Transliteration Arabic
Father Abun
Brother Akhun
later lessons In-Sh-Allh). When we want to say "Your book" in Arabic we say
"your father", it would be written as and not . Similar is the case with the wor
is added to it, a letter 'ww' is added as a second last letter and hence the word will becom
When any of these words annexed with pronouns appear in the nominative case (we will
the letter "ww" is added as the penultimate (second to last) letter i.e., o
they appear in genitive case (we will learn more about this later) the letter 'ya' is add
Hamid's brother
Book of my brother
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prepositions -
In this lesson we will learn three new prepositions. We have learnt that prepositions are
two or more words or sentences (Lesson No.4 section 3) and (Lesson No.6 section 6). These pre
About an
With Maa
At/In Bi
The preposition means about or from e.g. means (to talk abo
(far from)
My house is far from the
Bait badun an al masjidi
.
mosque
.
himself
My friend in Egypt - his
adq bimira ismuhu amadu
.
name is Ahmed
It must be remembered that " "meaning 'to have' should only be used with the thi
means we have a book. It should not be used with relations and parts of
meaning "with me". When used with , it takes a kasrah instead of the fatah so it w
and not
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions with the help of the p
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
(Do you have a bag?) (Does she have a chair?
(Egg) (Bed)
(Does he have a cat?) (Do you have a paper?
(Dog) (Handkerchief)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The verb with the pronouns -
In this lesson we will learn about the form of verb when attached with the pronouns In-S
have already learnt two simple verbs in (Lesson No. 4 section 12) which are:
o meaning Went.
Lets see the form of the verb when it is attached to different pronouns:
You went
You (masculine)
(masculine)
You went
You (feminine)
(feminine)
He went
He
She went
She
I went
I
We went
We
He went out
He
We went out
We
Lets take some more examples to understand the rule more clearly:
.
Where did you go O Ayesha?
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this lesson we will learn about the vowel ending of the masculine nouns resembling
Allh (God-Willing). We have learnt that the feminine nouns have no tanwn on their last le
etc. Similarly there are certain masculine proper nouns that have ( t mar
therefore they also do not have tanwn on their last letter, e.g.:
In this lesson we will also learn the use of " "as a negative particle In-Sh-Allh (God
the use of " "as an interrogative (questioning) article in (Lesson No. 1 section 3).
Do you have a pen?
.
No, I do not have a pen.
This child is the son of Mu'awiya.
No, I went to Hanzala
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
( ) ( )
(Where did you go O Fatima?) (What is your language O Ab
( ) ( )
(Who is with you O Jamal?) (Is his house near the Unive
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revision
o Vowel ending of masculine proper nouns similar to the feminine nouns i.e., having
letter
Vocabulary Revision -
Your (feminine)
Your (Masculine)
Her
His
Our
My, mine
Brother
Father
With
With / Near
You went
At / In
She went
You went
(feminine)
We went
I went
Religion
Islam
Colour
Colleague
Language/Mother tongue
Red
Iraq
Urdu
Child
Husband
French
Kuwait
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
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Part
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5
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8
9
10
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about attaching the pronouns to nouns and prepositions - In-S
English Final Form Pronoun Preposition
In it
(masc.)
In it
(fem.)
We will learn a new form of a new verb and the cases of the parts of a verb
I like, I love
We like, we love
He likes, he loves
She likes, she loves
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
This is my house.
.
My house is beautiful.
.
This is my room.
.
In it is a big window and a beautiful
.
fan.
This is my bed and this is my chair
.
and this is my desk.
My watch and my pen and my book
.
are on the desk
.
This is my brother's room and that
.
is my sister's room.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
(Yes, my house is beautiful) (My house is in front of the m
(In it, is a big window and a beautiful fan) (In it, is a small garden
(My brother's room is in front of my room) (My watch and my pen is on th
(My brother's room is in front of my room) (No, the window of my room i
(and my sister's room is in fro
(His name is Usama)
kitchen)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In this section, we will learn the parts of the verbal sentences and their cases In-Sh-
present form of a verb. We have already learnt that a verbal sentence has three parts ( Les
o ( A verb - the action being performed),
o Past
o Present
o Future
In this section we will learn about the present form of the verb meaning "Likes or
the verb takes originally - the nominative case, but with a single ammah. It never ta
also learnt in the previous lesson that the object of a verbal sentence takes the accusat
fatah when definite and double fatah (Fatatain) when indefinite. When we say:
is the object which takes the accusative case. But when we say:
The word means "we love", so "love" is the verb and "we" is the subject whereas o
therefore it must take the accusative case. Now if we look at this example carefully we
basically (+ ), so the word take the accusative case, and since it is anne
However, when a pronoun is the object of some verb, it does not take accusative case
generally indeclinable therefore they do not change their cases. Lets take some exampl
rule:
Part
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2
3
4
5
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate objects and
endings". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
..... .....
( ) ( )
(Hamid likes ...... ) (Fatima likes reading)
..... ........
( ) ( )
(I like ...............) (I like your .............)
.......
( )
(We like our ...........)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
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7
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Lesson 11-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this lesson so f
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the corre
below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain
Question 1 Question
W
What is 'your house' in
Arabic?
Question 3 Question
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt about annexing the pronouns to the prepositions i.e
prepositions.
Vowel ending of the object of the verbal sentence and annexing the object of the verbal se
Vocabulary Revision
In it (masc.)
In it (fem.)
I like, I love
We like, we lov
He likes, he loves
She likes, she lov
Present verb
The reading
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
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5
6
7
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Introduction
o We will also learn how to convert a masculine verb into a feminine verb (see below
He went
Masculine Verb
She went
Feminine Verb
You (masculine) went
Masculine Verb
o We will also learn the feminine form of the Relative Pronoun. We have already lear
the reference or relation between the nouns. The Relative Pronoun is called
Relative noun
Which/That (for non human beings)
Part
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3
4
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7
8
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn how to have a discussion in Arabic In-Sh-Allh (Go
:
Sua'ad: Peace be upon you Sud: Assalm-u-
:
Al Bintu: Wa alaiki
The girl: Peace be upon you
:
I am fine and all thanks to Ana bikhairin wal
.
Allah (God) amdulillhi
:
:
She is also here. She is a Hiya aian hun. Hiya
abbatun
.
doctor
:
Wa man hdhihil
And who is this young girl
fattullati maaki? A
with you? Is she your sister?
hiya ukhtuki?
:
No. She is the daughter of my
L. Hiya bintu ammi
.
paternal uncle
.
Is she your colleague? A hiya zamlatuki?
:
and she is in the high school madrasatith
thnawiyyati.
And who is this child with Wa man hdha iflu
you? alladh maaki?
He is my brother's son
Huwabnu akh
.
(nephew)
La. Dhahabat ilal
No. She went to the hospital
mustashf
.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
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8
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a masculine verb to the feminine v
For the past tense of a verb i.e. the following rules are applied
English
He went
Masculine Verb
She went
Feminine Verb
Feminine Verb
When a masculine noun is changed to a feminine for the pronoun (e.g. from 'he' to 'sh
letter 'ta' with a sukn is added at the end of the verb that follows i.e., will be chan
However, when the noun is a subject following a verb, and that noun is definite with the a
instead of a 'ta with a sukn a 'ta' with the genitive case (kasrah) is added to the verb i.
instead of .
Gend
English Arabic Sentence
Ve
The male teacher stood in front of the
.
black board
The lady teacher stood in front of the
.
black board
Part
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8
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the subject of each of the following sente
example". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and
(My father entered into the hospital) (The teacher went to the c
(The boy read the Quran) (A student sat on the cha
(The young boy stood in front of the
(Her paternal uncle opened th
blackboard)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Continued
In this lesson, we will learn the use of the Relative Pronoun for the feminine nouns, In-S
004 we have already learnt about the Relative Pronoun for the masculine nouns. We kno
used to refer or relate to some noun preceding it. The masculine form of the Relativ
translated as 'who' if used for a human being and to 'which or that' if used for the non
feminine form of the Relative Pronoun is with the same meaning as the mascul
.
This is the window which is
.
open
In the above sentences, the nouns: Fatima, the window and a bag, are called Antecedents
and that" refer to them respectively hence they are the Relative Pronouns.
Similar to the word refers to all the three words (who, which and that).
Picture English
The young boy who is near the black board is from
Malaysia
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
Do not put the small Alif on words like .
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
)- (
The Arabic sentence above means "Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel
diacritical (incl. vowel) marks have been deliberately omitted below to test your understan
...... ......
(The watch that lies on the desk
(The pen which is in my bag is broken)
the teacher)
.... .....
(The girl who went to the house is Fatima) (The dog that is in the garden
.... ....
(The key that is on the book belongs to (The hen that is on the roof belo
Muhammad) farmer)
.... ..
(The doctor who went out of the
(The nurse who sat down is new)
my father)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Exercise -
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this lesson so f
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the corre
below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the earlier p
meanings if necessary.
Question 1 Question
Question 3 Question
Question 5 Question
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Lesson 12 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Revision
Vocabulary Revision
The child
Who, that, which
(fem.)
as well
The maternal
How are you
Aunt
Malaysia Supervisor
The minister
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
o We will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and f
Singular / Masculine /
Demonstrative
English Transliteration Plural Feminine Grammat
noun (Arabic)
(Arabic) (Arabic)
This
/Hdh/
(masculine)
These /Huli/
This
/Hdhihi/
(feminine)
These /Huli/
o We will learn the two kinds of plural forms of the nouns and adjectives:
Sound Plural
Singular /
Masculin
English Transliteration Arabic Word Plural
Feminine (A
(Arabic)
A teacher
/Mudarrisun/
(masc.)
Teachers
/Mudarrisna/
(masc.)
A lady teacher
/Mudarrisatun/
(fem.)
Lady teachers
/Mudarristun/
(fem.)
Broken Plural :
Singular / Plural Masculine / Fem
English Transliteration Arabic
(Arabic) (Arabic)
A book /Kitbun/
Books /Kutubun/
A garden /Hadqatun/
Gardens /Hadaiqun/
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Lesson 13 -
Part
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronouns In-
objects that are nearby ("these") and objects that are further away ("those"). In the
o Lesson No. 1 section 1 states that is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to
o Lesson No. 6 section 2 states that is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to
The plural form of these Demonstrative Pronouns is the same for the masculine and femini
This
/Hdh/
(masculine)
These /Huli/
This
/Hdhihi/
(feminine)
These /Huli/
The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the close objects is . It is an in
takes a /kasrah/. It must however be remembered that is used only for human be
beings.
. :
:
Plural: These are teachers
.:
:
Plural: These are female students
.
:
.
Singular: This is an engineer
:
Plural: These are engineers
.
:
.
Singular: This is a lady teacher
:
Plural: These are lady teachers
.:
:
Plural: These are farmers
.
.:
:
Plural: These are female colleagues
. :
:
Plural: These are hard working
Part
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7
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Point to the following nouns using the Demonstrat
objects". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and
..... .....
(This is my sister) (This is my brother)
..... .....
(This is a hotel) (This is a grand daughte
..... .....
(These are lady instructors) (These are teachers)
..... .....
(These are Muslims) (These are lady doctors
Part
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4
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6
7
8
9
10
11
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Continued
In this section, we will learn the plural form of nouns and Adjectives In-Sh-Allh (God wi
In English, adjectives have no plural form. So when an adjective is used to describe a sing
used to describe the plural noun e.g., if we say "Good boy" for a singular noun then i
In Arabic however even the adjectives have plural form, e.g., when we express the qu
the noun as well as the adjective becomes plural and both change form.
o Sound Plurals
o Broken Plurals
The Sound Plural is the plural form of a word in which the word keeps its original form and
======
======
Female teachers ========== A female teacher
======
======
In Arabic, the sound plural is either masculine or feminine. In order to convert a singular
The /tanwn/ on the last letter of the indefinite word is replaced with the single vowel o
/ammah/ (when in nominative case), single /fatah/ (when in accusative case) and singl
case)
is added at the end of the word if it is in nominative case with a /ammah/ and
However if the word is definite, then simply is added at the end of the word if it is in
added if the word is in accusative or genitive case. Please see below - please take n
emphasise the changed and additional letters to make the words into sound plurals:
======
======
======
======
=====
This is a Muslim
.
I saw an inspector
.
I saw inspectors
.
He is with a supervisor
.
He is with supervisors
Part
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Continued
In order to convert a singular feminine noun or adjective to plural the following steps sho
======
======
These female students are hard
.
working
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7
8
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following sentences to the plural as dem
(below)". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and in
(This is a good instructor) (This is a noble wife)
(This is a Muslim nurse) (This is a hard working tea
(I wrote on a big notebook) (This is a good female sch
(I visited a new lady doctor) (Allah likes a person who f
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Lesson 13 -
Part
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2
3
4
5
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Continued
The Broken Plural is the plural form of a word in which the original form of the word is cha
In Arabic, a word is generally formed on the pattern of three basic letters /fa/
Unlike in English, the broken plural is very widely used in Arabic. There are more than tw
plural. For example "A word falls into one of a number of 'patterns'. Once we know the
belongs to, we know how the word will change in plural form. This is done by mapping e
singular form to it's plural form and may involve adding letters to the word in the process.
We will cover what we mean by pattern and how we are using the middle column (belo
(Stars)
(A star)
(Books)
(A book)
(Mountains)
(Mountain)
(Pilgrims)
(A pilgrim)
(Pens)
(A pen)
(Colleagues)
(A colleague
(Doctors) (A Doctor)
(Brothers)
(Brother)
Part
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8
9
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11
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following words to the plural on the patter
each of the words below, type out the full word in its plural form and include the vowel ma
( ) ( )
(Short) (Young boy)
( ) ( )
(New) (Name)
( ) ( )
(Student) (Tall)
( ) ( )
(Guest) (Son)
( ) ( )
(Merchant) (Man)
( ) ( )
(Boy) (Old man)
( ) ( )
(Big/Elder) (Uncle)
( ) ( )
(Rich) (Poor)
( ) ( )
(Brother) (Farm)
( ) ( )
(Friend) (Husband)
Part
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11
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Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
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8
9
10
11
Continued
There are no specific rules or patterns for the formation of the Broken Plural of the femin
feminine nouns are mostly sound plurals. However some of the Broken Plurals of the fem
(Girls) (A girl)
(Sisters) (Sister)
(Women)
different root
Part
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Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Give plural of the following words". For each of the
sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
(Girl) (Sister)
(A Muslim female) (Lady doctor)
(A doctor) (A husband)
(A wife) (A young girl)
(Elder) (Tall)
(New) (Brother)
(Big/Elder) (Tall)
(Woman) (New)
Part
1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Lesson 13 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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10
11
Revision
o The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and feminine noun
o Sound Plural.
o Broken Plural.
Vocabulary Revision
The plural
The singular
Sound plural
These
Lady teachers
Teachers (masc.)
Books
Broken plural
Female students
Gardens
Farmers
Engineers
Grand daughter
Wives
Lady instructors
Hotel
Lady doctors
Muslims
Hard working
People who fast
An investigator
Small
Supervisor
Investigators
Hard working
Instructors
(females)
Female scholars
Female scholar
Mountain /
\ Star / Stars
\
Mountains
Pen / Pens
\ Pilgrim / Pilgrims
\
Brother / Brothers
\ Doctor / Doctors
\
Young man /
\ Short
\
young men
Name / Names
\
New
\
Student / Students
\ Tall
\
Merchant /
\ Man / Men
\
Merchants
Boy / Boys
\ Learned man /
\
Learned Men
Elder / Elders
\ Paternal uncle /
\
Paternal uncles
Rich
\ Poor
\
Friend / Friends
\ Farm / Farms
\
Woman / Women
\ Husband /
\
Husbands
Sister / Sisters
\ Girl / Girls
\
\
Young lady /
\ The woman / The
Young ladies women
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
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2
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4
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
o The plural form of "That" (demonstrative pronoun) for the masculine as well as the
Singular / Masculine /
Gram
English Transliteration Arabic Plural Feminine
T
(Arabic) (Arabic)
That
/Dhlika/
(masculine)
Those /ulika/
That
/Tilka/
(feminine)
Those /ulika/
o We will learn the plural form of the Personal Pronouns for the masculine as well as t
Singular / Mascu
(Arabic) (Ara
He /Huwa/
(He is tall)
They /Hum/
(His house)
Their /Hum/
(Their house)
She /Hiya/
(She is ill)
They /Hunna/
Her /Ha/
(Her book)
Their /Hunna/
(Their book)
He went /Dhahaba/
They went
/Dhahabu/
(masc. plural)
English Arabic
Some
Part
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6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
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4
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10
Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the plural form of "That" In-Sh-Allh (God willi
pronoun for the distant objects. In the previous lessons we have already learnt the following d
o Lesson No. 2 section 1 states that ("That") is the demonstrative pronoun used to refer to
o Lesson No. 7 section 2 states that "( That") is the demonstrative pronoun used to refer to
The plural form of these demonstrative pronouns (i.e. "those") is the same for the masculin
Singular / Masculine /
(Arabic) (Arabic)
That
/Dhlika/
(masculine)
Those /ulika/
That
/Tilka/
(feminine)
Those /ulika/
The plural form of the demonstrative pronoun for the distant objects is as above
and always takes a /fatah/ on the last letter. It must however be remembered that
.:
Singular: That is a father
. :
Plural: Those are fathers
Singular: Who is that man?
:
Plural: Who are those men?
:
Singular: Where is that girl?
.:
Singular: That is a pilgrim
. :
Plural: Those are pilgrims
. :
:
Plural: Those are nurses
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Point to the following nouns using the demonstrat
objects". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and in
..... .....
(That is my sister) (That is my brother)
..... .....
(That is a new lady doctor) (Those are merchants)
..... .....
(Those are female teachers) (That is a student)
..... .....
(Those are the mothers of the students) (Those are the fathers of the s
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this section we will learn the plural form of two of the personal and two possessive p
willing):
Singular / Mascu
(Arabic) (Ara
He /Huwa/
(He is tall)
They /Hum/
(His house)
Their /Hum/
(Their house)
She /Hiya/
(She is ill)
They /Hunna/
Her /Ha/
(Her book)
Their /Hunna/
(Their book)
The plural of both the masculine and the feminine personal as well as possessive pronoun
======
======
Those are students they are from America == That is a student, he is from A
======
======
Those are students, they are hard working=== That is a student, she is hard
Lets take some more examples for better understanding of the rule:
Singular: He is a
:
.
Muslim
.
:
Plural: They are
Muslims
:
Singular: I have an
elder brother, he is in .
the university
:
Plural: I have elder
university
.
Singular: His father is a .:
doctor
. :
Plural: Their father is a
doctor.
.:
Singular: She is fasting
.:
Plural: They are fasting
Singular: She is a :
student, her house is
. :
Plural: Their books are
in the bag
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section, we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the subject of each of the following sen
necessary changes". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the
demonstrative pronoun and other nouns to plural form and include the vowel marks.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn the use of verbs with some more pronouns In-Sh-A
already learnt the use of verbs with the pronouns in (Lesson No. 10 section 7).
Masculi
Singular /
English Transliteration Arabic Femini
Plural (Arabic)
(Arabi
He went /Dhahaba/
They went
/Dhahabu/
(masc. plural)
He went
He
They went
They (masculine)
She went
She
They went
They (feminine)
Lets take some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
teacher :
.
went out with his
colleague
.
:
:
Plural: The boys sat in the
restaurant
.
:
:
Plural: They stood near
the door
.
:
:
Plural: They wrote on the
black board
:
Singular: Tahir's daughter
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following sentences to the plural". For eac
the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn a new word: meaning "some". This word
grammatical rules already covered - i.e., it takes double /ammah/ when in nominative ca
if appearing in accusative case and single /kasrah/ if appearing in genitive case. Lets tak
.
are from France
These men are pilgrims
some of them are in the
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions as in the example". Fo
the word to form an appropriate answer to the question, type out the full sentence
)
(
(Christian Muslim)
Answers:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 14 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revision
o We have also learnt the plural form of some more personal and possessive pronou
o We have learnt the plural form of the simple masculine as well as feminine verbs (e
Vocabulary Revision
They / Their
They (masculine
and feminine)
They went
They (feminine)
(masculine)
Some
They went
(feminine)
Italy
Visited
Christian /
\
The play ground
Christians
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Next Lesson
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction
o We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (i.e. Yo
masculine nouns.
Singular/
Masculine Gr
Example English Transliteration Arabic
Plural
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
You
/Anta/
(Singular)
You are a
boy
You
/Antum/
Pro
(Plural)
Yo
You are boys
Your
/Ka/
(Singular)
Your book
(P
Your
/Kum/
A
(Plural)
Your (pl) Pro
book Yo
o The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun:
Singular/
Plural (Arabic)
Categories Examples
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this section we will learn the plural form of two more pronouns In-Sh-Allh (God w
learnt the plural form of two of the detached and two possessive pronouns in (Lesson
Singular/
Masculine Gr
Example English Transliteration Arabic
Plural
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
You
/Anta/
(Singular)
You are a
boy
You
/Antum/
Pro
(Plural)
Yo
You are boys
Your
/Ka/
(Singular)
Your book
(P
Your
/Kum/
A
(Plural)
Your (pl) Pro
book Yo
If we use for a singular noun then we use for the plural nouns.
The same rule is applied for the possessive pronoun i.e., if we say ( Your pen) for
then say ( Your pen) for the plural nouns - i.e. the pen belonging to a group of peop
It must however be remembered that the personal pronouns are indeclinable i.e., they
ending with the change of case. So will have the same sukn on its last letter wh
nominative case or accusative case or the genitive case.
Lets take some more examples for better understanding of the rule:
(masculine- singular)
/An libun/
I am a student
What is your language? /Ma lughatukum/
/Lughatun A niyyah/
Our language is Chinese
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
Do not put the small Alif on words like .
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a singular past form of the verb
Allh (God willing). In English the Past form of the verb does not change in plural form.
the park" becomes "We walked to the park". However, In Arabic different letters are add
verb and sometimes even the vowel ending is also changed to change a verb into the plu
only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the plural verb.
For the past tense of a verb i.e., the following rules are applied
English
Singular
When a singular (masculine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel ending /fatah/ is re
the letter and a letter /meem/ with a /sukn/ on it is added as the last letter so
Gend
English Arabic Sentence
Ve
!
Oh boys! You (plural) sat on a
.
chair
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
Do not put the small Alif on words like .
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the example and then change the following sent
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and include th
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
In this lesson, we will learn a new rule related to the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/ In-Sh-
learnt in Lesson No. 5 section 2 that the /Muf/ is definite even though it doesn't have /al
the adjective of a definite noun is always definite, so when we add an adjective to a /Mu
e.g.:
English Arabic
It is important to identify above the adjectives and the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/.
Similarly when the /Muf Ilaihi/ (possessor) is a possessive pronoun, the adjective of su
is definite e.g.:
English Arabic
It must be remembered that the adjective of the /Muf/ (i.e. possessed noun) that it
If the /Muf/ is in nominative case, the adjective will also take the nominative case e.g.:
English Arabic
If the /Muf/ is in genitive case, the adjective will also take the genitive case e.g.:
English Arabic
If the /Muf/ is a feminine noun, the adjective should also be feminine, e.g.:
English Arabic
More examples:
This story is from the old book of the
.
Arabic language
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Add the appropriate adjective to the following". For
out the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
.......... ..........
(Old) (New)
........... ..........
(Closed) (Open)
......... .........
(Hard working) (Easy)
.......... ...........
(Clean) (Standing)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Continued
interrogative article - i.e. it is used to ask questions. In Lesson No. 4 section 4 we have alr
English Arabic
o
will take a nominative case with a /ammah/, if it appears as - i.e.
example:
English Arabic
o
will take a genitive case with a /Kasrah/, if it is preceded by a preposition, e.g.
English Arabic
e.g.:
English Arabic
Which day is this?
.
It is Saturday
Which month is this?
.
This is the month of Rajab
Which faculty is this?
.
This is the faculty of Commerce
I am in the primary school
From which country are you?
.
I am from Jordan
Which book do you (all) like?
We like the book of Arabic language
.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 15 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revision
nouns
o The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun
Vocabulary Revision
Your (all)
You (all)
Which
You (all) went
Chinese
France
French
Singular
Plural
Day
Saturday
Month
Faculty
Commerce
Engineering
Medicine
Jordan
Road
Airport
The Islamic
Law
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
o Vocabulary Flashcards Practice your vocabulary by category.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Next Lesson
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Introduction
o We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (You / You
nouns.
Singular/
Feminine Gr
Example English Transliteration Arabic
Plural
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
You
Anti
(Singular)
You went (D
Pro
You
Antunna
Yo
(Plural)
You (all)
went
Your
Ki
(Singular)
Your
mother
P
Your
Kunna
Your (all Pro
(Plural)
of your) Yo
mother
o The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun:
English Transliteration Arabic
English Arabic
Before
After
English Arabic
He returned
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued
In this section, we will learn the plural form of two more pronouns In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi
the plural form of some of the personal and possessive pronouns in (Lesson 14 section 4) and
Singular/
Feminine Gr
Example English Transliteration Arabic
Plural
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
You
Anti
(Singular)
You went
(D
Pro
You
Antunna
Yo
(Plural)
You (all)
went
Your
Ki
(Singular)
Your
mother
P
Your
Kunna
Your (all Pro
(Plural)
of your) Yo
mother
If we use for a singular pronoun then we use for the plural pronouns.
The same rule is applied for the possessive pronoun i.e., if we say ( Your book
pronoun, we will then say ( Your (i.e. all of your) book) for the plural pronouns.
It must however be remembered that the personal pronouns are indeclinable i.e., they
ending with the change of case. So will have the same /shaddah/ with a /fatah/ on
it is appearing in the nominative case, accusative case or genitive case.
Lets take some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
(feminine - singular)
An libatun
.
I am a student
What is your religion? Ma dnukunna?
Dnun al Islmu
.
Our religion is Islam
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Exercise -
In this section, we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued
this part we will only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the
plural verb.
English
.
Singular
.
Plural
When a singular (feminine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel
Gender of
English Arabic Sentence
Verb
You (singular) went from the
.
school
Oh girls! You (all) sat on a
.
chair
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Centre at www.madinaharabic.net to find out more
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the questio
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the example and then change the followin
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and incl
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Our Native Arabic Tutors are available to teach over Skype. Please visit our Tuition Centre at www.
Madinaharab
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new grammatical term, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi
form of a noun which indicates the time when an action has occurred. This type of nouns
vowel ending of these words as well as the words following them, In-Sh-Allh (God-
nouns used as Adverbial Time Objects and we will learn two of them in this part of the less
English Arabic
Before
After
These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /
as /Muf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.
English Arabic
Muhammad entered into the room
.
after a prayer.
Ayesha went to the university before
.
the lesson.
They (fem.) wrote the story after one
.
week.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new grammatical term, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi
form of a noun which indicates the time when an action has occurred. This type of nouns
Object - " or "The object of time " . In this part of the le
vowel ending of these words as well as the words following them, In-Sh-Allh (God-
nouns used as Adverbial Time Objects and we will learn two of them in this part of the less
English Arabic
Before
After
These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /
as /Muf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.
English Arabic
Muhammad entered into the room
.
after a prayer.
Ayesha went to the university before
.
the lesson.
They (fem.) wrote the story after one
.
week.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Exercise:
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s
sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
Fatima From the faculty of Midic
With my father Yes, we returned from the pla
Before an hour Before a week
After one day After one week
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn a new verb which means returned, In-Sh-Al
like all the other verbs we have learnt so far, takes the /fatah/ and is joined to the pron
the rest of the verbs. We will cover some present tense verbs below, please read the sent
these and we will cover the principles relating to the /Muri/ (present tense) verb later I
He (masc.) is returning from the
.
function
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Lesson 16 -
Part
1
2
3
4
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9
Revision
o We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns ("You
feminine nouns
o The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun
o We have also learnt two "Adverbial Time Objects" - i.e. "before" and "after".
Vocabulary Revision :
Your (all)
You (all)
(fem.) (fem.)
Before
You (all) went
(fem.)
After
Returned
The carpet
You failed
(fem.)
Adverbial
The week
Time Object
A village
Greece
The hour
A day
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Next Lesson
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Lesson 17 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
o We will learn that there are two groups or types of noun in Arabic that are treate
Irrational nouns. We will learn how to distinguish the type of a given noun:
English Transliteration Arabic
A student /libun/
Students /ullbun/
(Rational)
A book /Kitbun/
Books /Kutubun/
(Irrational)
(Mosques) (A mosque)
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Lesson 17 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
Continued
In this section we will learn about a new form of nouns In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
In Arabic, nouns are divided in two categories that do not exist in the English
o Rational Nouns are those which refer to human beings. They are also called
intelligent i.e., . Besides human beings, angels, Jinn (in Islam), the
devil and such are included in this class. Some examples of rational nouns
o Irrational Nouns are those which refer to non human beings. They are also
objects, animals, concepts and non human beings like trees and plants etc.
In the singular form there is no difference between these two groups, however, there
is a very important difference in the plural form of these two groups. The plurals of
Rational Nouns are treated as Plural, whereas the plurals of irrational nouns are
treated as feminine singular. This concept takes some practice to understand and
Below we can see how the pronouns that relate to the singular rational nouns are
form.
are teachers)
students)
We can compare this to the plural of Irrational Nouns. We can see below that
despite the nouns being plural, the pronouns that relate to these nouns are singular
feminine - this does not change the plural word itself, only how the plural is
treated and includes adjectives - i.e. an adjective following an irrational noun will be
feminine singular:
o (this is a dog) if changed to plural will become
English Arabic
These are new students, they are
.
from Belgium
Lesson 17 -
Part
1
2
3
4
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6
Continued
We have already learnt in Lesson 13 section 7 that the Broken Plural is the plural form
of a word in which the original form of the word is changed to a great extent:
o There are more than twenty patterns of the broken plural for Arabic Nouns
and Adjectives. We have learnt some of them in previous lessons and will
learn one more pattern in this part of lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
(Mosques) (A mosque)
Lesson 17 -
Part
1
2
3
4
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6
Revision
Vocabulary Revision
Irrational
Rational
Dog / Dogs
\ Donkey /
\
Donkeys
Belgium
Note-book /
\
Note-books
Desk / Desks
\ Hotel / Hotels
Expensive
Expensive
(masculine) (feminine)
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
Lesson 18
Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
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9
10
Introduction -
o The dual form ( ) of the Arabic Nouns - i.e. the form that relates to
two of something. This is very important within the Arabic language and is
used frequently.
Sing. / Dual /
English Transliteration Arabic Masc. / Fem.
Plural
The teacher (Singular) /Al Mudarrisu/
Two teachers (Dual) /Al Mudarrisni/
(Masc.)
Two teachers (Dual) /Al Mudarrisatni/
(Fem.)
o We will also learn the dual form of the Demonstrative Pronouns for the near
objects for both the masculine and the feminine objects (i.e. these and
those):
English Transliteration Arabic Sing. / Dual / Plural Masc. / Fem.
o And we will learn the Dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person:
English Transliteration Arabic Sing. / Dual / Plural Masc. / Fem.
He /Howa/
She /Hiya/
o We will also learn a new interrogative Article in this lesson In-Sh-Allh (God
willing):
English Arabic
How many?
Lesson 18
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction -
o The dual form ( ) of the Arabic Nouns - i.e. the form that relates to
two of something. This is very important within the Arabic language and is
used frequently.
Sing. / Dual /
English Transliteration Arabic Masc. / Fem.
Plural
Two teachers (Dual) /Al Mudarrisni/
(Masc.)
Two teachers (Dual) /Al Mudarrisatni/
(Fem.)
o We will also learn the dual form of the Demonstrative Pronouns for the near
objects for both the masculine and the feminine objects (i.e. these and
those):
English Transliteration Arabic Sing. / Dual / Plural Masc. / Fem.
o And we will learn the Dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person:
English Transliteration Arabic Sing. / Dual / Plural Masc. / Fem.
He /Howa/
She /Hiya/
o We will also learn a new interrogative Article in this lesson In-Sh-Allh (God
willing):
English Arabic
How many?
Lesson 18
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10
The Dual -
involved:
o Nominative Case:
changes occur:
The last letter of the word has its vowel replaced with a single
o will become
o will become
The last letter (which is now) has its vowel replaced with a
o will become
o will become
to the Dual:
a /Kasrah/ is added.
o will become
o will become
To change a singular feminine noun with accusative or genitive case to
the Dual:
o will become
o will become
Lets look at some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Two daughters with two teachers
Two books in the two bags
Lesson 18
Part
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2
3
4
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7
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10
continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the dual form of the demonstrative pronouns
(i.e. this and that), In-Sh-Allh (God willing). In Arabic language the pronouns also
have dual form. We have already learnt the singular form of masculine and feminine
demonstrative pronouns for the nearby objects in (Lesson 1 section 1) and (Lesson
6_section 2) respectively. We have also learnt the plural form of the demonstrative
pronouns for the nearby objects for both the masculine as well as the feminine nouns
in (Lesson 13 section 2)
In this part of the lesson however, we will learn the dual form of the demonstrative
pronouns for the nearby objects representing the masculine and the feminine nouns,
In order to change the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (masc. and
added, e.g.:
will become
to the letter and a single /Kasrah/ is replaced with a single /fatah/ and
the suffix /Alif-Nn/ i.e., a long vowel /Alif/ and /Nn/ with a /Kasrah/ is
added i.e.,
will become
Lets examine some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
.
These are two pens
.
This is a girl
.
These are two girls
These two boys are with your father
.
.
This door is closed
These two doors are closed
Lesson 18
Part
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2
3
4
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6
7
8
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10
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn the dual form of the personal pronouns (he, she).
In Arabic language all types of pronouns have a dual form, not only demonstrative
pronouns. We have already learnt the singular form of masculine and feminine
personal pronouns for the third person (he / she) in (Lesson 4 section 7)
In this part of the lesson we will learn the dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the
third person representing the masculine and the feminine nouns, In-Sh-Allh (God
willing).
In order to change the personal pronouns for the third person representing
masculine and feminine nouns to the Dual form, the following steps are involved:
noun ( ) to i.e., Dual form, the last letter i.e., a /Ww/ with a
/fatah/ is replaced with i.e., /Meem/ with /fatah/ and a long vowel
/Alif/, e.g.:
will become
noun ( ) to i.e., Dual form, the genitive case /kasrah/ of the letter
/ha/ is replaced with the nominative case /ammah/ and the last letter
i.e., a /Ya/ with a /fatah/ is replaced with i.e., /Meem/ with /fatah/ and
Lets look at some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
.
He is a student
.
They both are students
.
She is a teacher
.
They are both teachers
as well
These two girls are students, they
Lesson 18
Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new Interrogative Article, In-Sh-Allh (God
willing). We have already learnt the use of Interrogative Articles in (Lesson 4 section
4).
In this part of the lesson we will learn the rules for the Interrogative Article
meaning (How many?), In-Sh-Allh (God willing). We have previously learnt that
the noun following an interrogative article takes the nominative case i.e., single
/ammah/ if the noun is definite and double /ammah/ if the nouns are indefinite.
However this rule does not apply to the noun following the interrogative article .
The following rules are applied for the use of the interrogative article :
o The noun following the interrogative article is mostly a singular indefinite
noun e.g.:
The noun following the interrogative article always takes an accusative case i.e.,
masculine indefinite noun takes an /Alif/ along with /tanwn/ in the accusative case but
the feminine indefinite noun ending in the /t marbah/ does not take the /Alif/ -
e.g.:
Lets look at some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture English Arabic
How many brothers do you
And how many sisters do
you have?
How many wheels does a
Lesson 18
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revision -
o The dual form of the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (this)
Vocabulary Revision
The two
Dual
teachers
These two
The two lady
(masculine) teachers
They (dual)
These two
(feminine)
Two teachers
How many?
Two brothers
Two kitchens
Two boys
Two gardens
Two pens
Two watches
Two note-books
Two doors
\
A ruler / Two A poor man /
\
rulers Two poor men
\
An orphan /
\ A wheel / Two
Two orphans wheels
An Eid festival /
The cycle
Two Eid
\
festivals
Eid-ul-Fitr
Eid-ul-Adha
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing):
o We will learn Number Phrase and the rules relating to the use of the numbers
Arabic
English Transliteration
Phrase Number
Six Riyals (Saudi
/Sittatu Riyltin/
currency)
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In this section we will learn the use of first two numbers in Arabic, In-Sh-Allh
(God Willing).
In Arabic language the phrase comprising of a number and a noun following that
The number is called /adad/ i.e., and the noun describing that number is
The number phrase for number "one" and "two" are treated as an Adjective Phrase.
We have already learnt the rules for the Adjective Phrase in ( Lesson 9 section 2)
The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they
come before the number, and the number following them is treated as an adjective
of these nouns, i.e..: the number will take the same case as the noun and it will take
In Arabic the numbers (one and two) i.e., - are usually omitted and
the single or the dual form is considered to be sufficient to suggest the meaning of
(one and two) i.e., in order to say one glass it is sufficient to say , and in
.
These are two brothers
.
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
) (
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the two numbers, one and two and make
the following words as nouns for these two numbers - once with one and then with
two". In each of the boxes below type the word again followed by the numbers one
and then two (in the next box) using the keyboard (as above) including the vowel-
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number phrase (from 3 to 10) -
)(
In this part of the lesson we will learn the Arabic numbers from 3 to 10 and the rules
In Arabic language, for the numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied:
o The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after
o The noun should always be in plural form whereas the number always appear
o The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the noun
will always take the genitive case, i.e., meaning "Seven days"
o The noun is mostly indefinite, and hence it takes the double /kasrah/ e.g.,
as the last letter i.e., whenever there is a masculine noun, the number for
"5 men".
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the numbers within the brackets in
words and make the given words as nouns for them". Type out the words and numbers
Lesson 19
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the formation of the number phrase and the rules
The number
The number
phrase
One
The numbered
noun
Three
Two
Five
Four
Seven
Six
Nine
Eight
A soldier
Ten
Grapes
\ Countries / A
\
country
Pockets / A
\ Passengers / A
\
pocket passenger
Quarsh / Quroosh
The bus
\
(Qursh = 1/10th of
Riyal)
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
Arabic
English Transliteration
Phrase Number
Lesson 20 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number phrase -
In this section, we will learn the use of the first two numbers in Arabic, In-Sh-Allh
(God Willing) relating to feminine /Ma'dood/. To recap the rules we learnt in the
previous section:
We have already learnt in the previous lesson that in Arabic language the phrase
comprising of a number and a noun following that number is called a Number Phrase
i.e.,
the number is called /A'adad/ i.e., and the noun
describing that number is called /Ma'adood/ i.e., the noun for that
number.
The number phrase for number "one" and "two" are treated as an Adjective Phrase.
We have already learnt the rules for the Adjective Phrase in (Lesson 9 section 2)
The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they
come before the number and are treated as the adjective of that number i.e.:
For example:
Lesson 20 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
o Do not use diacritics in the following cases:
The Alif followed by laam ( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
) (
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the two numbers, one and two and make
the following words as nouns for these two numbers - once with one and then with
two". In each of the words below simply type the word again with the numbers one
and then two using the keyboard (as above) including the vowel-marks and
punctuation
Lesson 20 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number phrase -
In this part of the lesson, we will revise the Arabic numbers from 3 to 10 and the
rules relating to their use, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing). In Arabic language, for the
numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied, this is revision with examples of
feminine /ma'dood/:
o The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after
The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the
The noun is always indefinite, and hence it takes the double /Kasrah/
o The number of the feminine noun is always masculine .i.e., whenever there is
a feminine noun, the number for that noun should always be in masculine
form e.g.:
She went to five different lady
.
doctors
Lesson 20 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
o We have learnt the Number Phrase with the feminine noun as /Ma'adood/
Vocabulary Revision
Two
One
Four
Three
Six
Five
Eight
Seven
Ten
Nine
\
Two chickens / One Two faculties / One
\
chicken faculty
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction
o We will learn about the words which do not have tanwn i.e.: double Vowel
sign in any case. These types of words are called Diptotes in English and
in Arabic. There are many reasons that will
cause a word to fall under the classification of a diptote. Examples are listed
below along with their reason for falling under this classification:
Hamza (name)
Masculine Proper nouns ending in "T Marbah" do not
have Tanwn
Tanwn
Black
Adjectives on the pattern of do not have Tanwn
Thirsty
Adjectives on the pattern of do not have Tanwn
Doctors
Agents
Mosques
Keys
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In this lesson, we will learn about the words which do not have Tanwn .i.e., the
In Arabic language most of the nouns and adjectives have Tanwn. However there
definite article then it does not take the double vowel. e.g.:
The phrase
if annexed to will be
o When the noun is Muf: We have learnt in (Lesson 5_section 2) that Muf is
5_section 7) that when a noun is preceded by the vocative article, the double
vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with a single ammah. e.g.:
The word
- when preceded by the vocative article the
double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with single ammah, so
it will become
Lets review some examples to revise these rules:
Tanwn)
'Book' is annexed with
The big book
the definite article
The book of Arabic
Possessive Expression
Language
The husband is in the Annexed to the definite
field article
.
Oh Waheed where did Preceded by Vocative
you go? Article
He is the Dean of the
Possessive Expression
.
University
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the
o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the
o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and
use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
o Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
) (
The Arabic sentence above means Write the reason of un-nunation. For each of
the words. Write the grammatical rule (in Arabic) that has caused the removal of
o (Vocative Particle)
(Oh Muhammad) (The expert doctor)
(The students of the class) (The Lord of the Universe)
(This family is big) (Oh Adam)
(The Arabic magazine) (Creator of the Universe)
Part
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The Diptotes -
In the Arabic language, there are certain nouns and adjectives which never have
Tanwn. These types of nouns and adjectives are called Diptotes in English and
such words:
o Feminine Nouns: All the feminine proper nouns (i.e. names), suffixed by the
o Masculine Nouns: The masculine proper nouns (i.e. names) with T Marbah
o Masculine Proper nouns on the pattern of : All the masculine proper
nouns (names) which resemble the pattern of never have Tanwn. e.g.:
the masculine proper nouns which resemble these patterns of verb never
Reason of Un-
Picture Translation Arabic
nunation
Nadia went out of
.
the house
Feminine Proper This is Asma, she is
.
Noun my sister
Maryam ate the
.
food
Masculine Proper
Noun on the pattern The professor's
of name is Ajmal
.
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we ha
Choose a word from column that can be used to complete the sentence in column . Click on a
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable complement in
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain you
The sentence above means "Distinguish the Nunated and un-nunated nouns and explain the reaso
For each of the sentences in the column ) (there is a matching reason in the column ) (to expl
word in red is un-nunated. The current order of the reasons in column )( is not correct an
the matching reason and write this down - the correct order can be found in the Answers after yo
the question.
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is important that
writing skills in the duration of this course to master the language In-Sh-Allh (God-willing). This
vocabulary. To hear the pronunciation of any of the words or vocabulary, click on the word/ sentenc
( ) ()
( )
(Masculine noun on pattern of )
( )
(Feminine Noun)
( )
(Possessive Expression)
( )
(Masculine Noun with T Marbah as ending letter)
( )
(Masculine noun on pattern of )
( )
(Vocative particle)
(Definite Article )
( )
(Yazeed is in the class with the teac
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The Diptotes -
( Angry)
(Full)
( Red)
( Black)
( White)
o Non Arabic Proper nouns: Most of the non Arabic proper nouns are unnunated an
Tanwn. e.g.:
The Biblical Names: Most of the Biblical names do not take Tanwn e.g., na
i.e.:
etc. because they are not deri
Other Foreign Arabicised Names: All the foreign names which have been A
on them e.g.:
etc.
o Exception to this Rule: However the non Arabic names comprising of three radica
Reason of
Picture Translation Arab
Unnunation
Pattern class room and I am
angry
Adjectives on the
Pattern This colour is green
.
Foreign Arabicised Pakistan is a Muslim
.
Nouns country
Ishaq is an
Biblical Noun
.
intelligent student
Foreign Arabicised January is the first
.
Words month of the year
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In this section, we will learn about one more group of the Diptotes, i.e. another type
Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals
which never take Tanwn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:
o i.e., ( Colleagues)
o i.e., ( Rich)
o i.e., ( Mosques)
o i.e., ( Lamps)
Broken Plural on
In the street there are
the Pattern
.
poor people
Many partners went
.
together
Broken Plural on
They are friends
.
the Pattern
These merchants are
.
rich
There are a lot of
.
schools in this village.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern These are beautiful
mosques.
.
These are wooden
.
desks.
Golden keys are for the
.
Broken Plural on house
the Pattern
These handkerchiefs
.
are dirty
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals
which never take Tanwn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:
o i.e., ( Colleagues)
o i.e., ( Rich)
o i.e., ( Mosques)
o i.e., ( Lamps)
Reason of
Picture Translation Arabic
Unnunation
.
poor people
Many partners went
.
together
the Pattern
These merchants are
.
rich
There are a lot of
.
schools in this village.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern These are beautiful
mosques.
.
These are wooden
.
desks.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern Golden keys are for the
house
.
These handkerchiefs
.
are dirty
Lesson 21 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revision -
o We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns
o The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun
Vocabulary Revision
Angry
Thirsty
Mosques
Agents
The farm
Keys
Food
Director
The Lord of the
Expert
Universe
The magazine
The Creator of
the Universe
Filled
Doctors
Black
White
Jacob
Red
Jesus
Isaac
David
Pakistan
Moscow
London
January
Tehran
Loot
Noah
Green
Golden
Wooden
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
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Lesson 22 -
Cases of Diptotes -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cases of Diptotes -
In this part of the lesson, we will learn the cases of the Diptotes In-Sh-Allh (God
Willing) i.e.,
Unlike the ordinary nouns, "The Diptotes" do not take double vowel mark. Similarly,
We know that the noun takes the genitive case i.e., single /Kasrah/ if it is definite
in genitive case. We have already learnt in the previous lesson i.e., ( Lesson 20 section
4) that Diptotes are those nouns or adjectives which never take /tanwn/ i.e., Double
Ilaihi/ it will take a /fatah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ - for example - Ahmad's book i.e.,
The same is the case with all the other groups of diptotes we have learnt so far.
.
I am from Pakistan /Ana min Bakistan/
What is your name? /Mas muka/?
.
My name is Anwar /Ismi Anwaro/
/Rajatu maa Ahar, huwa
I returned with Athar, he
is my friend
adq/
.
meal?
I ate a fish
.
/Akaltu samakatan/
Talha neither drinks in
/ alatu l yashrabua f
Lesson 22 -
Cases of Diptotes -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cases of Diptotes -
In this section, we will learn the accusative case of diptotes In-Sh-Allh (God
Willing):
Previously we have learnt only one situation when a noun takes the accusative case
o However, since the diptote does not take a /tanwn/, if it is used as the object
e.g.,
Lesson 22 -
Cases of Diptotes -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
o The declension of the diptotes in the accusative case (as a direct object of the
nominal sentence)
Vocabulary Revision
Fish
The meal
Golden Paris
London
Jeddah
The guests
Wooden
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
Lesson 23 -
Noun and its Types
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In this part of lesson we will learn the first type of the definite noun i.e., Proper Noun
A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place e.g., Hamid ,
people, states, tribes, rivers or oceans and the mountains. The proper nouns
take the cases similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double ammah when in
nominative case, Double Fatah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in
genitive case.
However the proper nouns which are Diptotes follow the rule of diptotes that we
Fatima is at the shore Fimatu ala Shi'i al Bar-
.
of the Red Ocean il-Amari
I rubbed the Black
Masatu Al aara al Aswada
.
Stone
Lesson 23 -
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In the previous lessons we have learnt that in Arabic language there are two types of
.
Similar to the English Language, the Arabic Pronouns are divided by 1st. person ( I /
We), 2nd. person (You) and 3rd. person (He / She / They).
I / We 1st.
You 2nd.
We can see the detached pronouns that we normally use for the different persons
below as well as the attached pronouns which we will cover in more detail below.
I Singular
Masculine or
1st
Feminine
We Plural
Masculine or
Feminine
2nd
He Singular Masculine
3rd
She Singular Feminine
They Dual
Masculine and
Feminine
o The Attached Pronoun for 1st Person Singular is for both masculine and feminine
e.g., (my bag (fem.)) and for Plural it is for both the masculine and
of all of you"
kitchen"
ground".
duty
It must be remembered however that the noun followed by the attached pronoun is
always a definite noun and therefore it does not take a double vowel.
.
He is the owner of the house.
.
This is his house
You and your colleagues have read
.
the book
Muhammad and I are colleagues, our
.
houses are near the Masjid
Lesson 23 -
Noun and its Types
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
The beach
The Red Sea
Rubbed
The Zamzam Water
Busy
Book of Allah (God)
Cave of Hira
Son of Mary
Duty
The Holy House
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confusion.
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Lesson 24
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the Demonstrative Pronouns
In previous lessons we have learnt the basics of the Demonstrative Pronouns (see
Lesson 1, Lesson 2, Lesson 6, Lesson 7|L007_001.html||, Lesson 13, & Lesson 18) and
"A Demonstrative Pronoun is a noun that represents the near or the distant object.
o We know that in English "This" is used to point to the near singular object and
"That" is used for the distant object and "These" is used to point towards the
near Plural Objects and "Those" is used for the Distant Objects. However
different nouns are not used for the Dual (in English language) and there is
no difference of gender i.e., the same nouns are used for the masculine as
dual and plural objects. Similarly different Nouns are used for the masculine
Demonstrative
Nouns
Hdh Masculine/Singular
This
Hdhihi Feminine/Singular
Hdhni Masculine/Dual
These
two
)(
Htni Feminine/Dual
Dhlika Masculine/Singular
That
Tilka Feminine/Singular
Those
)(
Dhnika Masculine/Dual
two
Tnika Feminine/Dual
This is a book
.
This is a notebook
.
That is a cow
.
These are two books
.
"A Relative Pronoun is a noun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it".
o The Arabic Relative Pronouns have different forms for singular, dual and
Relative
Nouns
Al-Ladh Masculine/Singular
Who/That
Al-Lat Feminine/Singular
Al-ladhni Masculine/Dual
Those two/Who
(dual)
Al-latni Feminine/Dual
(all)
Al-L Feminine/Plural
English Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed
.
Those are the brothers who went to the
.
University
Lesson 24
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In this part of lesson we will learn all the Demonstrative Pronouns i.e., singular, dual
In the previous section we have already defined the Demonstrative Pronoun as "A
In Arabic language there are different Demonstrative Pronouns for the dual objects
This is a pen
.
This is a bag
.
That is a car
.
Lesson 24
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Relative Pronouns -
In this part of lesson we will learn all the Relative Pronouns i.e., singular, dual and
In Arabic language there are different Relative Pronouns for the singular, dual and
Relative
Nouns
Al-Ladh Masculine/Singular
Who/That
Al-Lat Feminine/Singular
Al-Ladhni Masculine/Dual
Those two/Who
(dual)
Al-Latni Feminine/Dual
Al-ladhna Masculine/ Plural
Those all/Who
all
Al-L Feminine/Plural
He is the
owner of the
house who
This is the
student who
.
who work hard
in the class
who cheat in
.
the exam
two students
(female) who
are hard
.
working
Lesson 24
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Revision
o We have learnt all the forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns referring to the
nouns
o All the forms of Relative Pronouns referring to the masculine and the feminine n
Vocabulary Revision
These two
These two
(masculine) (feminine)
Those two
Those two
(masculine) (feminine)
Two Oranges
Two baskets
Two broom
Favourite
sticks
Muslim
Famous
Believers (feminine dual)
Respectful
Faithful
(feminine dual)
who (masculine
Who (feminine
dual) dual)
Who (masculine
Who (feminine
plural) plural)
Noble (feminine
He sent them
plural)
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusio
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-All
Lesson 25
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the difference between the declinable and the non-
We will study that the vowel endings in the declinable nouns are changeable
according to the grammatical case and according to the position in the sentence. You
can see a noun like /kitb/ signed with /ammah/ on its end in a certain
with /kasrah/ in a third situation . This change in the ending of the word
(according to its position in the sentence) means that the word is declinable.
Consider the declension of the noun /kitbun/ in the following examples (please read
Explanation
predicate, so it is in the
Nominative ammah This is a book.
.
nominative case signed with
The word /al kitbi/ is Muf
The color of the
ilaihi, so it is in the genitive case Genitive Kasrah
.
book is beautiful.
signed with kasrah on its end
We will also learn the indeclinable words, i.e. the words which do not change
according to their position in the sentence. The indeclinable words have constant
endings whatever their position in the sentence is. Consider the ending of the
Indeclension Sentence
Explanation
.
case, but it is signed with
Fatah
The word /dhlika/ is a direct
constant ending.
the fatah)
Lesson 25
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Continued...
Any Arabic word is either declinable or indeclinable. The declinable words are the
words that have the feature of changing their endings according to their
grammatical position in the sentence. The indeclinable words are those words
that do not have that feature (i.e. their vowel endings never change whatever
their grammatical position is). Arabic language (like most Semitic languages) is
which we distinguish the position of each word by certain signs above or below each
word, while in the non-declension languages (e.g.: English) we guess the position of
each word in the sentence from the word form and the word order in the sentence.
In the first sentence, we understand that the killer is the man, while he is the one
killed in the second sentence. We understand this meaning from the word order (i.e.
In Arabic the doer is that which is in the nominative case (i.e. signed originally with
ammah) regardless of its order in the sentence, and the direct object is that which
is in the accusative case (i.e. signed originally with fatah) regardless its order in the
The killer here is the man because the noun is
The man killed the snake.
.
signed with the ammah (nominative case)
object)
This means that you have to learn the declension cases and signs in order to speak
and to understand properly Arabic Language. In these lessons we will help you learn
the different grammatical cases of words and the signs related to each case In-
In spite of this, there are some types of Arabic words which have constant (fixed)
endings, without consideration to their position in the sentence. These are called
Arabic words are divided into three categories: nouns, verbs and articles. The
general rule of the nouns is that they experience declension, so the indeclinable
nouns are an exception to the rule. The general rule of the verbs is one of
indeclension, so a few cases of verbs are declinable. The articles are all indeclinable
(without exception).
In the next part (part 3) we will learn the declinable nouns and in part 4 we will learn
The declinable and the indeclinable verbs will be studied in part 6 of this lesson.
Lesson 25
The Declinable and the non-Declinable
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
The majority of Arabic nouns are declinable. The general rule of the nouns is that
they experience declension, so the indeclinable nouns are an exception to the rule.
We will learn in this part the rules related to the declinable nouns In-Shaa-Allaah
(God willing).
Any declinable noun has many possible changes (declensions) in its ending according
to its grammatical case and to its position in the sentence. There are many positions
that the noun can occupy in the sentence. There are also many forms that affect the
sign (vowel ending) of the noun. Lets first study the grammatical cases of the noun
the grammatical case of the noun. The grammatical case of any noun can be
occupies in the sentence. In this language course we learn which nouns are in
the nominative case, which are in the accusative case and which are in the
genitive case.
o Some examples of nouns in the nominative case (which will be studied in later
lessons) are:
lesson no.:
English Arabic English Arabic
explained
Lesson 64 the verbal
the lesson sentence)
.
The subject (of
The cat is
Lesson 58 the nominal
beautiful.
sentence)
The predicate
The stone
Lesson 58
(of the
.
is heavy. nominal
sentence)
The pro-agent
The bag
Lesson 65 (of the passive
.
was stolen.
voice verb)
o Some examples of nouns in the accusative case (that will also detailed in later
lessons):
The The direct
teacher
Lesson 66
object (of
explained the verbal
Indeed, the The noun of
beautiful.
sisters
became
Lesson 59 predicate (of
heavy. the nominal
sentence)
The boy
stayed
Lesson 71 The status
lonely.
o Some examples of nouns in the genitive case (that will also detailed in later
lessons):
The noun
teacher
stood in Lesson 76
after the
preposition
the
(Marr)
class.
.
The
This is
annexed
the cat
Lesson 05 noun (al
.
of the
muf
girl.
ilaihi)
From the above mentioned examples we understand clearly that the nouns position
in the sentence determines its grammatical case and the different positions of the
nouns will be the main topics of the coming lessons In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing).
Once we distinguish the nouns position and grammatical case, we can automatically
think about the sign of the ending of the noun. This will be detailed in the next point:
B. The sign of the ending of the declinable noun:
o The nominative noun is originally signed with ammah on its end, the
accusative is originally signed with fatah and the genitive is originally signed
with kasrah. The original signs occur when the noun is in the basic form. If
the noun is not in the basic form (i.e. dual, sound plural etc.) we have to use
the secondary signs. Therefore we will have many signs for each case
o The following table summarizes the ending signs of the nouns according to
the grammatical cases and different reasons for taking the original sign or
Example
Picture
English
Reason Sign Case
The book
-
Main sign
is beautiful
Nominativ
)(
The two
doctors are
clever
.
Dual
)(
The
employees
-
attended
(came).
.
)(
Sound
masculine
plural
Your
.
father
came.
Five nouns
-
I read the
Main sign
book.
)(
Accusative
I saw the
two
teachers.
Dual
)(
-
These are
not
employees
)(
.
Sound
Long vowel
masculine
plural
-
I do not
have a
moustache
Five nouns
)(
I saw the
clever
female
doctors.
Sound
)(
feminine
plural
In the
book, there
is a
Main sign
beautiful
lesson.
)(
Genitive
-
This is the
house of
the two
Egyptian
Dual
men.
)(
.
I talked to
the -
employees
.
Sound
masculine
plural )(
Long vowel
Go to your
.
brother.
Five nouns
-
This
woman is
from
Damascus.
. )(
diptotes
Please remember that the above mentioned secondary signs and their reasons will
supposed to be a guide to the coming lessons and to show you that the declinable
Lesson 25
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
We learnt earlier that the majority of Arabic nouns are declinable and the
indeclinable nouns are an exception to the general rule. We also learnt that the
indeclinable noun is the noun which has a constant (fixed) ending regardless of its
position or grammatical case in the sentence. Following are the types of the
indeclinable nouns:
1. The pronouns
:
o The pronouns are considered nouns in the Arabic grammar, because the
words in Arabic are divided into only three categories; nouns, verbs and
articles. Therefore the pronouns, the demonstratives and the relatives are
subdivisions of nouns.
o We will not study the pronoun divisions in detail right now; this will be
detailed in many lessons (lesson 44 to lesson 48). Here we will learn some
examples which will help us to understand the rules above. Consider the
following examples:
Vowel Sentence
Fatah
This is your friend
.
speaking with you
They are
hardworking
Sukn
workers. They
indeed work in the
field (farm).
.
Fatah (for
the attached
form) and He is Omar and
form
ammah
for the
detached We study our
.
and long lessons.
alif for the
attached
are considered below. These demonstratives are studied in detail in lesson 24.
o All demonstrative pronouns are indeclinable except for the dual masculine and
feminine forms which are declinable as detailed in the declension of the dual
English Arabic
(hdh) falls in different positions (direct object, subject, and Murr) but it
o More examples:
English Arabic
Do you know these (people)? These are
.
the new employees.
o You will notice that /huli/ above is indeclinable on kasrah on its ending
3. Relative pronouns :
o All relative nouns are indeclinable except for the dual masculine and feminine
which follow the general declension of the dual nouns (as detailed in lesson 18
The workers who are in the field
.
are active.
accusative (in the second example) or genitive (in the third example).
5. Conditional nouns
:
following examples:
Whenever you feel pain, you visit
the doctor.
//ayyna tashuru bil-alami, tadhhab il a-
abb-i//
yusallim alayh-i//
6. Verbal nouns :
o We will learn in lesson 50 that the verbal nouns are the nouns which have the
meaning of verbs and forms of nouns (i.e. they are not conjugated as verbs),
o All the verbal nouns are indeclinable. Consider the following examples:
Picture English Arabic
I suffer from this pain
malicious rumors.
o The verbal nouns in the above mentioned examples are indeclinable, i.e. they
have their own constant ending regardless their position in the sentence.
In addition to the six types of indeclinable nouns mentioned above there are some
indeclinable adverbs (e.g. since), and some allusive nouns that are indeclinable
1- The single person addressed by the call (lesson 82), e.g. (oh man).
2- The composite numbers from eleven to nineteen (except the first part of
3- The noun of (l) of the generic negation when the noun is singular indefinite
this).
With this we end the declinable and the indeclinable nouns. After the exercises we will start
Lesson 25
Part
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
The general rule is that the verb should be indeclinable and the declinable verbs are
The verbs in Arabic are divided into three types; past, present and imperative.
The past and the imperative verbs are always indeclinable. The present verbs are
generally declinable except for two situations; when the verb is attached to the /nn/
confirmation (the emphatic suffix); in these two situations the present verb is
indeclinable.
Originally, the past verb is indeclinable with a fatah on its end, e.g.: ( he
he threw, he invited.
When the past verb is attached to a pronoun, it may be indeclinable on another sign
E.g. I wrote
you (masculine) wrote you
plural) wrote.
E.g.: we wrote.
masculine :
Other than the above mentioned situations, the past verb should be indeclinable with
a fatah.
Have you written the
homework, Marwan?
.
The employees completed the
work.
The teacher explained the new
.
lesson.
sign on which the imperative is indeclinable depends on the attached pronoun which
, e.g.: respectively.
The Arabic grammarians says that in order to memorize these signs of the
indeclension of the imperative you have to match them with the azm case of the
Write your lesson, oh both of you
Y libn-i uktub- darsakum
[two] students!
following situations:
Therefore we will learn the declinable present verb first and then its two indeclinable
cases:
The present verb is originally declinable, i.e. its vowel ending is changeable
indicative case .
by an accusative or jussive
The present verb is preceded by
on its end.
on its end.
As you notice in the above mentioned examples, there are three cases for the
present declinable verb; the indicative (nominative), the accusative, and the jussive
case. For each case there is a main sign (vowel ending); the ammah for the
indicative, the fatah for the accusative, and the sukun for the jussive case. These
original signs should be replaced by secondary signs if the verb is attached to some
pronouns (as detailed in lesson 37 named the five verbs). Consider the secondary
In the above mentioned table we notice that the five verbs are those that are
attached to the pronoun of the plural masculine third person, the plural masculine
second person, the dual third person, the dual second person, and the feminine
second person. In the indicative case they are signed with the firmness of the final
/nn/, and in the accusative and jussive case they are signed with the elimination of
the /nn/. Again we remind you that this will be repeated with more details and
1- The first situation of the indeclinable present verb is when it is attached to the
They (feminine) did not write They (feminine) will not write They (feminine) write
You (feminine plural) did not You (feminine plural) will not You (feminine plural) write
write write
o In the above mentioned examples, you may notice the equality of the form of
the present verb in the three cases. This is because it is indeclinable, i.e. it
2- The second situation in which the present verb is indeclinable is that when it is
examples:
. .
.
Do not think that the matter is so I will never go with bad companions. I will visit my friend tomorrow (for
easy. sure)
In the above mentioned examples, you may notice that the present verb is
jussive case).
To apply this rule on the the present verb, the attachment to the emphatic /nn/ has
in the middle, the verb returns back to its original declension (as detailed in lesson
97).
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Articles -
All articles In Arabic are indeclinable without any exception.
We cannot study all the Arabic articles in one lesson; rather we will learn each type
of article in its own grammatical topic and lesson. Here we will gain a general idea
There is no rule for the vowel ending on which the article is indeclinable (some of
them are indeclinable on fatah, others on sukn, others on long vowel, etc.)
Therefore you have to memorize the vowel ending of each new article you learn. The
following table contains some examples of each type of article and their sign of
indeclension:
Sukn From
Preposition
Sukn About
Kasrah With
Kasrah For
Fatah And
Sukun Rather, but
Sukun But
Fatah Indeed
Fatah But
Interrogative Article
Sukun Is?
Fatah Is?
Conditional article
Sukn If
Sukn If
Accusative article
Sukn To
Sukn Will not
Jussive article
Answering article
Sukn Yes
Negating article
N.B.: Exceptionally, the vowel ending of some articles may change when followed by
a sukn on the first letter of the following word as in the following examples:
Example
Note
English Arabic
The vowel ending of /ann/ is changed from sukn into About the
kasrah, because the following sound is sukn moon
The vowel ending of /Aw/ is changed from sukn into The night or
kasrah, because the following sound is sukn the day
The vowel ending of /hal/ is changed from sukn into Is the square
kasrah, because the following sound is sukn far?
In the above mentioned examples the articles are indeclinable with virtual signs
which were found on the single article before the structure and the vowel ending is
Lesson 25
Revision -
o The declinable nouns which are changeable in their vowel endings according
1. Pronouns
.
2. Demonstrative pronouns
.
3. Relative pronouns
.
4. Interrogative nouns
.
5. Conditional nouns
.
6. Verbal nouns
.
o Examples of the Arabic articles (many types). We also learnt that all articles
Vocabulary Revision
Declinable
Indeclinable/structured
Right/true
I doubt
Damascus
Diptote
The field
Yesterday
I passed by
The employees
Active (pl.)
Conditional nouns
Whenever
Wherever
Hush
The pain
Releasing
Rumors
In a such way
Malicious
Since
The nn of plural feminine
Ww of the third
Emphatic nn
person plural
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
Lesson 26
Part
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11
12
13
Introduction
We learnt in lesson 19 and lesson 20 the numbers from 1 to ten as applied for
In this lesson we will learn the numbers from 11 to 19 In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
"ithn ashar" (twelve) in a special section, and the special rules relating to
these numbers.
ashar" (thirteen) to (
" )tisata ashar" (nineteen).
feminine?
Below we will cover some examples. Read the examples carefully and then study
" aarat thaltha ashrata mudarrisatan"
"nimtu khamsa ashrata satan"
decade numbers (i.e. 20, 30,90) and (2) the other numbers:-
The composite number may include two numbers connected with the ( ) (and):-
Lesson 26
Numbers 11 and 12
In this part we will learn the two numbers " aada ashara" (eleven)
and " ithn ashara" (twelve), as they are similar to each other with the
exception of declension.
Before we consider the gender of the number, we need to understand the gender of
the noun that is being referred to. If the noun is feminine then the number will also
be feminine, likewise with the masculine noun / masculine number. To change the
The number should be identical with the numbered noun (that comes after the
masculine.
o But we say:
The same applies to the number " ithn ashara" (twelve). For example:
masculine.
o But we say:
We will now cover the number ( " ) aada ashara" (eleven) in more
"mabniyah", i.e. static or indeclinable in all cases of grammar this means that they
do not change their endings in nominative, accusative or genitive case. Let us look
Umri aada ashara
The nominative case I am eleven years old.
man
Ra'aytu ida ashrata
The accusative case I saw eleven girls.
bintan
We will now cover the number " ithna ashar" (twelve) in more detail In-
Sh-Allh (God-willing).
The two words " ithna" (masc.) and " ithnata" (fem.) are dual nouns. In
the nominative case, we say " ithna" and " ithnata" while in the accusative
The nominative case a ithna ashara
Twelve students came.
liban
(masculine)
The nominative case at ithnata ashrata Twelve female students
libatan
(feminine) came.
The accusative case Ra'aytu ithnai ashara
I saw twelve students.
liban
(masculine)
The accusative case Ra'aytu ithnatai I saw twelve female
ashrata libatan
(feminine) students.
The genitive case for the number twelve will take the same form as the example in
Lesson 26
In this section we will study the numbers from 13 to 19. These numbers have the
same rules, therefore we will study them in one section In-Sh-Allh (God-willing).
(thirteen) - are composed of two parts. The gender of each part depends on the
gender of the noun that is being referred to. The first part is always opposite to
the gender of the noun, and the second part is the same gender as the numbered
noun.
The first part may be feminine ( " )thalathata" (three) or may be masculine
( " )thalatha". The second part may also be feminine (" )ashrata"
(ten) or may be masculine ( " )ashara" (ten). As above, the rule we apply
here is related to the noun (that comes after the number). Here are some examples:
There are thirteen students in
Fil-fal thalathata ashara liban
the class.
Thirteen lady teachers attended.
aarat thalathu ashrata
mudarrisatan
Dhabatu sittata ashara diikan I slaughtered sixteen roosters.
This boy (young man) is
nineteen years old.
ashrata sanatan
In these examples, the first part of the number is opposite in gender to the
Now we will explain the word-ending of the number and the numbered noun.
o The two parts of the composite number for numbers from 13 to 19 e.g.
o The numbered noun in this case always ends with a ( )short vowel
o [Note that the "n" at the end of ilatan and adiiqan is the ( )Tanwn
(nunation; the root to pronounce the letter N), but both words end with the
Lesson 26
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10
11
12
13
There are numbers in the Arabic language that are called ( " )alfaah
20
ishriina ishruun
30
thalathiin thalathuun
40
arbaiin arbauun
50
khamsiin khamsuun
60
sittiin sittuun
70
sabiin sabuun
thmnuun
80
thmniin
90
tisiin tisuun
"amu mudhakkar slim" (regular masculine plural) are applied. They always end
with ( " )-uun" or (" )-iin" according to their position in the sentence. Here
Askunu maa ishriin
I live with twenty Muslims
musliman
Sometimes a composite number consists of two numbers connected with (wa and),
such as:
These are twenty-one teachers
These are twenty-one lady teachers
I read twenty-five books
My friend read twenty-seven stories
The price of my clothes is fifty-five pounds.
I have twenty-two garments.
We notice here that the first number before ( ) "wa" (and) is similar to the numbers
"wid" (one) and ( " )ithnn" (two) should be masculine or feminine according
to the numbered noun. For example, the numbers in the following sentences are
Huli widun wa ishruuna ustadhan
The numbers in the following sentences are feminine because the numbered noun in
each is feminine:
to 9 should be opposite to the numbered noun, i.e. the first part should be masculine
Alternatively, the first part should be feminine if the numbered noun is masculine.
For example:
Note: the numbered noun after the decade numbers is always singular and in the
accusative case (mansb ) (ending, originally, with the short fatah, a).
For example:
Male professor/teacher
Ustdhan
Female professor/teacher
Ustdhatan
Book
Kitban
Story
Qiatan
Pound
unayhan
Paper
Waraqatan
Long garment (for men and women)
ilbban
Lesson 26
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10
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13
Hundreds and thousands
The last lesson in the composite number is the numbers of hundreds and
thousands, as follows:
These numbers are declinable on the short vowels of declension based on their case
e.g.:
)(
Ending in short ammah (u) a miatu raulin
)(
)(
The short vowels (ammah, fatah and kasrah) appear on the first part of the
)(
years.
)(
)(
Numbers 1000 "alf", 2000 "alfn", 3000 "thalthatu alf", etc., have the same rules
)(
a alfu raulin
Ending in short ammah (u)
One thousand men came.
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
Note: the numbered noun after numbers of hundreds and thousands is always
singularLesson 26
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Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
Units of Ten
Slaughtered
numbers
My salary
Rooster
Emigrated
Invoked
Rent
Engineer
Line of verse
Club
Died
Family
Attended
Stayed
Live
Floor
Meeting
Pray
War
Rakah
Cow
Paper
Field
Garment
Dictionary
Fasted
Continued
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional
o Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of
confusion.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-
and marr (
( )endinLesson 27
The Maqr, Manq and Mamdd Nouns -
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Introduction
In this lesson, we will study the nouns that end with vowels In-Sh-Allh (God-
Willing). The vowels are described as weak letters that cannot have diacritic signs
(e.g. ammah, fatah, kasrah, sukn). The importance of this is that these words
do not change in the physical sense in different cases e.g. the word is said to have
The weak letters in the Arabic language are ( ) "alif", ( ) "ww", and () "y'". We
will find that some Arabic nouns end with an alif maqrah, and are therefore called
(
" )maqr noun or ism maqr" [a noun ending with a long alif /-
/]. Look at the examples below, pay particular attention to coloured words in the
2nd and 3rd examples which would normally end with a Kasrah on the last letter but
aara Muaf il al-mustashf
yalisu ab al al-maqh
Some Arabic nouns end with the letter ( ) (y) /-/ and are called (
" ) manq noun or ism manq" [a noun ending with the long vowel '-
']. The same rule as discussed above regarding diacritical marks applies here.
Notice for example that normally the word in the first sentence below would have a
ammah as it is in the nominative case (as it is the subject of a verbal sentence)
"hamzah" [glottal stop], which is a semi-weak letter. This type of nouns is called
(
" )mamdd noun, or ism mamdd" [a noun ending with a hamzah
We will also learn how we can write the dual and plural of these numerals In-Sh-
Dual in the
nominative genitive cases genitive cases
nominative case
case
Type Word
Musafayna Maqr
Qdna Qna Qiyni Qiyayni Q
Manq
Part
1
2
3
4
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7
8
9
10
11
In Arabic we call a noun that fulfils the following criteria a Maqr noun [a noun
is not a maqr noun, because it is a preposition, not a noun. The same also
rule in grammar, the last letter is normally affected by taking a certain diacritical
mark (e.g. fatah, ammah, kasrah). For example, al al maktabi upon the
declension i.e we assume that the word is in a certain case but we do not see the
physical Kasrah as the example above shows. This may appear to be a difficult
concept to grasp but it is quite simple i.e. we do not put the normal diacritical
The diacritical signs of declension are assumed and do not appear on the long Alif of
I saw Murtada in the school.
Madrasah
assumed fatah
) (
al-nd
assumed kasrah
The word Murta is a masculine noun in the nominative case in the first sentence.
The sign of the nominative case is an assumed ammah, because it is the verb doer
In the second sentence, the same word is in the accusative case because it is the
object of the verbal sentence i.e. the thing / person upon which the action is done.
In the third sentence the word is in the genitive case. In all of them, the sign of
declension is ( " )muqaddarah" assumed or virtual. This means that the three
signs are not spoken and this is called ( " ) irb taqdr", i.e.
assumed or virtual declension that is, it does not appear on the word-final.
This applies to all maqr nouns. For example:
Picture Sentence
Lesson 27
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( ), ghl (), etc. These are the same conditions that we described
The diacritical signs of declension only appear when the manq noun is in the
If the manq noun is in the nominative or genitive cases, the diacritical signs
(ammah in the nominative and kasrah in the genitive cases) do not appear. For
example:
Declension
The judge of the
a q al-madnah
city came.
Nominative
hdh baytu al-q
This is the
judge's house.
Genitive
The letter ( ) "y" /-/ is always omitted in the manq noun except in the
a al-q
a q al-madnah
3- When it comes in the accusative case with the diacritical sign of short fatah:
Raaytu qiya-n
I saw a judge.
In cases other than the three mentioned above, the ( ) "y" of the manq noun is
omitted, and it is written with tanwn (an un-voweled nn at the end of a noun). For
example:
Definite,
prefixed with
Annexed
(muf)
Not prefixed
Indefinite,
without ( ),
hdh qi-n marartu bindi-n kabri-n
and not
word ( " )al q" (the judge) in the first sentence, but we write the letter
( ) "y" because the manq noun is prefixed with the definite (" )al-".
not appear on the word ( " )q" (judge), because it is an annexing noun.
judge), the y is omitted because the word "q" is indefinite (not prefixed with
What has been said about the nominative case in which the diacritical sign ammah
is assumed or virtual is also applied to the genitive case, so the diacritical sign of
The accusative case is the only different case where the diacritical sign fatah
appears on the manq noun. The final-word ( ) "y" /-/ in the manq noun is
always written. This is because the ( ) is omitted when the manq noun is
indefinite, not annexed, or not in the accusative case ending with the short fatah.
But when it ends with the short fatah, the letter ( ) is written, even if the word is
" "
zara ab al-ndiy-a
" "
ra akh ndiya-n kabra-n
" "
ra ab ndiya-n kabra-n