INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1

Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

The process of obtaining f(x) when its derivative f x is given, is known as integration. It is the
reverse process of differentiation.

Anti-derivative or Primitive

Let f(x) and g(x) be any two functions such that

d
f x g x , then f(x) is called the integral of
dx
g(x). It is symbolically written as g x dx f x . The symbol is read as integral and dx denotes that the
function g x is integrated with respect to x. The function being integrated is called integrand. Here g(x) is
the integrand.

E.g.: If
dx

d 2
x 2 x 2 xdx
x2
2

The indefinite integral and constant of integration

Suppose that
d
f x g x . Then by definition we have g xdx f x . Also if
dx
d
f x C g x 0 g x . g x dx f x . Thus we arrive at two integrals for the same function g x . But the
dx
two integrals differ only by a constant C (is called constant of integration). Since the constant C is
arbitrary*, we can assume different values so we get a number of functions all of which are integrals of g x ,
any one of them is called an indefinite integral. The function f x C is called the general integral.

Fundamental Theorems

1. c f x dx c f x dx

E.g.: 5 cos x dx 5 cos xdx 5(sin x) C 5 sin x C

2. f1 x f 2 x dx f1 x dx f 2 x dx
E.g.: 2

3 tan x 5 sec x dx 3 tan xdx 5 sec xdx 3 log sec x 5 tan x C
2

* arbitrary constant a constant, which can assume any values of R

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

Standard results:
Put a constant of integration C along with each integral.
sin x cos x

cos x sin x

tan x log sec x

cos ecx log cos ecx cot x

sec x log sec x tan x

cot x log sin x

sec 2 x tan x

cos ec 2 x cot x

sec x tan x sec x

cos ecx cot x cos ecx

xn x n 1
n 1

ex ex

e x e x

ax ax
log a

x 2 32
x
3

1 log x
x

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

x
x2
2

1 x

k kx

1 1

2 x
x

1 2 x
x

1 sin 1 x (or) cos1 x

1 x2

1 tan1 x (or) cot 1 x

1 x2

1 sec1 x (or) cos ec1x

x x2 1

1 log x a
xa

1 log x a
xa

1 log a x
ax

1 log a x
ax

1 1

x a 2 x a

1 1

x a 2 x a

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

1 1

a x 2 a x

1 1
a x 2 a x

e ax . sin bx e ax
a sin bx b cos bx
a2 b2

e ax . cos bx e ax
a cos bx b sin bx
a2 b2

Methods of integration

1. Integral of the product or quotient of two or more functions.

2. Integration by substitution
3. Integration by parts
4. Integration of rational algebraic functions by using partial fractions

Method 1

Integral of the product or equivalent of two functions. First multiply or divide by terms and then integrate
it.

- 2

x x 3 dx x dx 3 xdx
3 x4
4
3
x 2 x 4 3x 2
2

4

2
C

cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x

- 2 dx dx 2 dx 2 dx
sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x cos 2 x sin x cos 2 x
= cos ec 2 x dx sec 2 xdx cot x tan x C cot x tan x C

Method2:

Type 1: Integral of functions of the form I f ax bdx

Let I f ax bdx
Put ax b u
a.1 odx du adx du dx 1 du
a

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

I f u du f u du , which can be evaluated.

1 1
a a

Hint: Integral of the function of a function : let us assume the inside function be x and then it becomes
in the standard form. Find the integral of the standard function, replace x by the inside function and
divide the result by the derivative of the inside function.
F x
I f x dx C
x

E.g.:
cos2 x 3 cos2 x 3
sin 2 x 3dx cos2 x 3 d
1
C
2 1 0
2 x 3 2
dx
log sec3x 5 log sec3x 5
tan3x 5dx log sec3x 5 d
1
C
3 1 0
3x 5 3
dx
3 3 3
3x 5dx 3 3x 5 2 d 3x 5 2 1 C 2 3x 5 2 C
2 1 2

3x 5 3 3 9
dx

Note: Second and third powers of sine and cosine functions can be integrated using this type after
rewriting them as multiple angles.

Trigonometric functions are:

1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
1. sin2 x 2. cos 2 x
2 2

3 sin x sin 3 x 3 cos x cos 3 x

3. sin3 x 4. cos 3 x
4 4

5. 2 sin A cos B sinA B sinA B

6. 2 cos A sin B sinA B sinA B

7. 2 cos A cos B cosA B cosA B

8. 2 sin A sin B cosA B cosA B

1 cos 2 x 1 1 1 1
E.g.: i) I sin 2 xdx dx = dx cos xdx x sin x C
2 2 2 2 2
1 cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 2x
ii) I cos2 x dx = dx = x = x C
2 2 2 2 4
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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

3 sin x sin 3x 3 1
iii) I sin 3 xdx dx sin xdx sin 3xdx
4 4 4
1 cos 3x
cos x
3 3 1
C cos x cos 3x C
4 4 3 4 12
3 cos x cos 3x 3 1
iv) I cos3 xdx dx cos xdx cos 3xdx
4 4 4
3 1 sin 3x 3 1
sin x C sin x sin 3x C
4 4 3 4 12
1 1
v) I sin 5x cos 3x dx = 2 sin 5 x cos 3x dx = ( sin 8 x sin 2 x) dx
2 2
1 cos 8 x cos 2 x 1 1
C cos 8 x cos 2 x C
2 8 2 16 4
vi) I 2 sin 3x cos 5xdx sin 5x 3x sin 5x 3x dx sin 8x sin 2 x dx
cos 8 x cos 2 x cos 8 x cos 2 x
C C
8 2 8 2
vii) I cos 5x cos 3xdx 2 cos 5x cos 3xdx cos5x 3x cos5x 3x dx
1 1
2 2
1 sin 8 x sin 2 x
cos 8 x cos 2 x dx
1
C
2 2 8 2

viii) I sin 5x sin 3xdx 2 sin 5x sin 3xdx cos5x 3x cos5x 3x dx

1 1
2 2
1 sin 2 x sin 8 x
cos 2 x cos 8 xdx
1 sin 2 x sin 8 x
C C
2 2 2 8 4 16

Type 2

Integral of the functions of the form f x n x n1dx

Let I f x n x n1dx

Put x n u
1
nx n1dx du x n1dx du
n
I f u du , can be evaluated.

E.g.: I x 2 sin( x 3 ) dx

1
put x3 = u 3x2.dx = du x2.dx = du
3

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

sin u . du = cos u C = cos ( x 3 ) C

1 1 1 1
I = sin u . . du =
3 3 3 3

Type 3

Integral of the functions of the form

Let
Put
, which can be evaluated.
2
tan 1 x dx
2 1
E.g.: I tan 1 x dx
2
(1 x ) (1 x 2 )

1
Put dx du
1 x2
3
3 tan1 x
C C
u
I u 2 du
3 3

Corollary of type 3

Let
Put
Then

Put

i.e., if the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denominator, then integral of the function is
logarithm of the denominator.

cos x
E.g.: i) I cot x dx dx log sin x C
sin x
sin x sin x 1
ii) I tan x dx dx dx log cos x log log sec x C
cos x cos x cos x

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

1
log x
log x

sec x tan x sec xsec x tan x sec 2 x sec x tan x

iii) I sec x dx sec x. dx dx dx
sec x tan x sec x tan x sec x tan x

sec x tan x sec 2 x

dx log sec x tan x C
sec x tan x

cos ecx cot x cos ec 2 x cos ec cot x

iv) I cos ecx dx cos ecx . dx dx
cos ecx cot x cos ecx cot x

cos ecx cot x cos ec 2 x

dx log cos ecx cot x C
cos ecx cot x

Type 4

Integral of the functions of the form f x f x dx

Let I f x f x dx

Put f x u f x dx du
I u . du , can be evaluated.

E.g.:
sin(log x) 1
1. I dx sin(log x). dx
x x

1
Put log x u dx du
x
I sin u du sin u du cos u C coslog x C

sin x 1
2. dx sin x . dx
x 2 x
1 1
Put x u dx du dx 2du
2 x x

I sin u 2du 2 sin u du 2 cos u C 2 cos x C

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

Type 5

Integral of functions of the form:

dx 1 x
tan 1 C
x2 a2 a a
xa xa
C or
dx 1 1
log ln C
x2 a2 2a xa 2a x a
ax ax
C or
dx 1 1
log ln C
a2 x2 2a ax 2a a x
dx x
log x x 2 a 2 C (or ) In x x 2 a 2 C (or ) sinh 1 C
x2 a2 a

dx x
log x x 2 a 2 C (or ) In x x 2 a 2 C (or ) cosh 1 C
x2 a2 a
dx x
sin 1 C
a2 x2 a

E.g.:
dx 1 x
1. I tan1 C (1) of Type 5
2
5 x 2 5 5
dx dx 1 x 3 1 x 3
2. I log C log C (2) of Type 5
x2 3 x 3 2
2 2 3 x 3 2 3 x 3
dx 1 3 x 1 3 x
3. I log C log C (3) of Type 5
2
3 x 2 23 3 x 6 3 x
dx
4. I log x x 2 5 2 C (4) of Type 5
x 2 52

5. I
dx

dx
log x x 2 3 2 C log x x 2 3 C (5) of Type 5
x 32 2
x 3 2

dx x
6. I sin 1 C (6) of Type 5
32 x 2 3

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

Method to integral of functions of the form

dx dx
(i). 2
and (ii). . where, the denominator is a non-resolvable quadratic polynomial of x.
ax bx c 2
ax bx c

2
b 2 4 ac
Then we can write the denominator ax2 bx c a x
b
. Then depending on the sign of b 2 4ac ,


2a 4 a 2

the function will take on the forms as in Type V.

E.g.:
dx
1. I
2
2 x 3x 1

3
2
3 2 4 2 1 3
2
9 8 3
2
1
2
Here 2 x 3x 1 2 x 2 x 2 x
2

2a
4 22 4 16
4 4
3 1 4x 3 1
x
dx 1 4 4 C 4 log 4
I 2 2 log C
3
2
1
2 1 3 1 4 x 3 1
x 2 x
4 4 4 4
4 4

4x 2 22 x 1 2 x 1 C
4 log C 4 log C 4 log
4x 4 4x 1 2x 1
dx
2. I 2
x 2x 3

2 2 4 1 3
2
2
2 4 12 8
x 2 2 x 3 1 x = x 12 = x 12 = x 12 2 = x 12 2
2 1 4 1 2 4 4

I
dx
= log x x 12 2 2 C log x x 2 2x 3 C
x 1 2
2 2

dx
3. I
3 4x 2x 2

dx
Let I
3 4x 2x 2

4 2 4 2 3
2
Let 3 4 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 4 x 3 2 x
4

2 2
42 2

16 24 40 5
2x 12 2x 1 2x 1
2 2
16 16 2

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS PART 1
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

2 2
2 5 5
2x 1 2 x 12
2 2

x 1
5
dx 1 dx 1 1 2
I log C
2 5 2
x 1
2 2 5 5
5 x 12 2
2 x 12 2 2 2
2

5 2x 1

1

2
log C 1 log 5 2x 2 C
5 2x 1

2 2 5 2 5 5 2x 2

Chances favour only the mind that are prepared Louis Pasteur
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