Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494

www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

Enhancement of heat transfer in a tube with regularly-spaced

helical tape swirl generators
Smith Eiamsa-ard, Pongjet Promvonge *

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,
Bangkok 10520, Thailand

Received 10 December 2003; received in revised form 13 September 2004; accepted 29 September 2004
Available online 20 November 2004

Communicated by: Associate Editor Joseph Khedari

Abstract

Inuence of helical tapes inserted in a tube on heat transfer enhancement is studied experimentally. A helical tape is
inserted in the tube with a view to generating swirl ow that helps to increase the heat transfer rate of the tube. The ow
rate of the tube is considered in a range of Reynolds number between 2300 and 8800. The swirling ow devices con-
sisting of: (1) the full-length helical tape with or without a centered-rod, and (2) the regularly-spaced helical tape,
are inserted in the inner tube of a concentric tube heat exchanger. Hot air is passed through the inner tube whereas
cold water is owed in the annulus. The experimental data obtained are compared with those obtained from plain tubes
of published data. Experimental results conrmed that the use of helical tapes leads to a higher heat transfer rate over
the plain tube. The full-length helical tape with rod provides the highest heat transfer rate about 10% better than that
without rod but it increased the pressure drop. To overcome this, dierent free-spacing ratio (s = Ls/Lh) of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5,
and 2.0 were examined. It was found that the space ratio value should be about unity for Re < 4000. The regularly-
spaced helical tape inserts at s = 0.5 yields the highest Nusselt number which is about 50% above the plain tube.

2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Heat exchanger; Heat transfer; Pressure drop; Swirl ow devices; Helical tape insert

1. Introduction 1994; Kumar and Prasad, 2000). The aim of augmenta-

In the past decade, heat transfer enhancement tech-
nology has been developed and widely applied to heat
exchanger applications; for example, refrigeration, auto-
motives, process industry, solar water heater, etc (Webb,
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kppongje@kmitl.ac.th (P. Promvonge).
tive heat transfer is to accommodate high heat uxes (or
heat transfer coecient). To date, there have been a large
number of attempts to reduce the size and costs of heat
exchangers. The most signicant variables in reducing
the size and cost of a heat exchanger are basically the
heat transfer coecient and pressure drop. An increase
in the heat transfer coecient generally leads to another
advantage of reducing the temperature driving force,
which increases the second law eciency and decreases
entropy generation. Thus, research in this area capti-
vated the interest of a number of researchers.

0038-092X/$ - see front matter
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.09.021
484 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494

Nomenclature

Q heat transfer rate (W) Nu Nusselt number

m mass ow rate (kg/s) Re Reynolds number
Cp specic heat capacity (kJ/kg K) P pressure (Pa)
T temperature (K) V average axial velocity (m/s)
h heat transfer coecient (W/m2 K) v kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
k thermal conductivity (W/m K)
A heat transfer area (m2) Subscripts
Dh hydraulic diameter (m) i inlet
D tube diameter (m) o outlet
L inner tube length (m) b mean
Ls free-spacing length (m) w local wall
Lh helical tape length (m) c cold uid
s space to tape ratio (s = Ls/Lh) h hot uid

The great attempt on utilizing dierent methods is to

increase the heat transfer rate through the compulsory
force convection. Meanwhile, it is found that this way
can reduce the sizes of the heat exchanger device and
save up the energy. In general, enhancing the heat trans-
fer can be divided into two groups. One is the passive
method, without stimulation by the external power such
as a surface coating, rough surfaces, extended surfaces,
swirl ow devices, the convoluted (twisted) tube, addi-
tives for liquid and gases. The other is the active method,
which requires extra external power sources, for exam-
ple, mechanical aids, surface-uid vibration, injection
and suction of the uid, jet impingement, and use of
electrostatic elds.
The swirl ow devices can be classied into two
kinds: the rst is the continuous swirl ow and the other
is the decaying swirl ow. For the continuous swirl ow,
the swirling motion persists over the whole length of the
tube for example twisted-tape inserts (Hong and Bergles,
1976; Manglik and Bergles, 1993a,b; Marner and Ber-
gles, 1978, 1989; Date, 1974, 1990; Duplessis and Kroe-
ger, 1983), wire coil insert (Uttarwar and Raja Rao, Fig. 1. Enhancement of heat transfer in a solar water heater by
using twisted-tape inserted (Kumar and Prasad, 2000).
1985), while in the decaying swirl ow, the swirl is gen-
erated at the entrance of the tube and decays along the
ow path for example the radial guide vane swirl gener-
ator, the tangential ow injection device (Chang and
Dhir, 1995; Yildiz et al., 1996, 1999) and the snail swirl solar water heater (Kumar and Prasad, 2000) as shown
generator (Durmus et al., 2002). For the decaying swirl in Fig. 1. To carry out this research on the straight tape
ow, the heat transfer coecient and pressure drop de- twisted in geometry form of helical tape with similar
crease with the axial distance, while for the continuous geometry of the screw tape as shown in Fig. 2, the helical
swirl ow, the heat transfer coecient and pressure drop tape insert and the twisted-tape insert generate the swirl-
are rather constant. ing ow in the circular tube and both of them posses the
From the past experimental work, the twisted-tape dierent characteristics of ow. For the helical tape, the
insert is extensively used in enhancement heat transfer swirling ow goes in single way direction (a screw mo-
in a heat exchanger (Hong and Bergles, 1976; Manglik tion), while the twisted-tape shows the swirling ow in
and Bergles, 1993a,b; Marner and Bergles, 1978, 1989; two ways direction simultaneously. Because of lower
Date, 1974, 1990; Duplessis and Kroeger, 1983) and in pressure drop, twisted tape insert is, in general, more
 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494 485

Fig. 2. The inner tube tted with various helical geometries insert: (a) Full-length helical tape with a rod; (b) Full-length helical tape
without a rod; (c) Regularly-spaced helical tape without a rod.

popular than the helical tape despite higher heat transfer ber based on the inner tube diameter (Re) in a range of
rate (Bergles, 1985). However, at low values of Reynolds 23008800.
number the pressure drops for using both tapes are not
much dierent. In a solar water heater system, helical
tape insert can be well applied due to low Reynolds 2. Data reduction equations
number in the system. This helical tape can help to pro-
mote higher heat transfer exchange rate than the use of For uid ows in a concentric tube heat exchanger,
twisted-tape because of shorter pitch length which leads the heat transfer rate of the hot uid (air) in the inner
to stronger swirling ow and long residence time in the tube can be expressed as
tube as can be seen in Fig. 3. Thus, the aim of the pres- Q mC p T o  T i 1
ent work is to reduce the pressure drop occurring from
using the tape insert in the tube which benets heat while the heat transfer of the cold uid (water) for the
transfer rate. This can be conducted by: (1) no rod at outer tube is
the core of the helical tape and (2) having a free-spacing
Q hA Te w  T b 2
between the tapes. This arrangement leads to promoting
the swirl ow in continuous movement to the free space whereas,
of the following tape and this inuences on the heat T b T o T i =2 3
transfer and the pressure drop characteristics of the
tube. and
In the present study, the eect of swirling ow gener- X
ating by the helical tape insert on heat transfer and pres- Te w T w =15 4
sure drop characteristics in a concentric tube heat
exchanger is reported. In the experiment, a helical tape where Tw is the local wall temperature and evaluated at
was inserted into the inner tube with dierent helical the outer wall surface of the inner tube. It must be mea-
tape insert conditions: (1) the full-length helical tape sured at the depth from the outer surface of 0.5 mm. The
with or without a centered rod and (2) four regularly- average wall temperatures are calculated from 15 points,
spaced helical tape inserts, s = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, as lined between the inlet and exit of the inner tube. The
seen in Figs. 2 and 4. All of the experiments were carried average heat transfer coecient and the mean Nusselt
out at the same inlet conditions with the Reynolds num- number are estimated as follows:
486 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494
Fig. 3. Relationship between Nusselt number and Reynolds number for the tube with the helical-tape and twisted-tape inserts.
h mC p T o  T i =A Te w  T b
Num hDh =k
The Reynolds number is given by
Re VDh =v
Friction factor can be written as follows:
DP
f   2 
L V
q
D 2
3. Experimental apparatus and procedure
The arrangement of the experimental system of a
concentric tube heat exchanger was set up and the de-
tails of test section are depicted in Figs. 5 and 6. The
double pipe heat exchanger consisted of two concentric
tubes; the inner tube for hot air ow and the outer tube
for water ow. The diameters of the inner and outer
5 tubes were 19 and 40 mm, respectively. The tubes were
2000 mm long and 1 mm thick. Copper and steel tubes
6 were employed for the inner and outer tubes, respec-
tively. The outer tube surface was wrapped with insula-
tion to minimize heat loss to surroundings.
7 Fig. 5 represented the helical tape insert used in this
test. In the experiments, the geometric conditions of
the helical tape inserted were kept constant. The helical
tape was made of stainless steel and has the geometric
dimensions of W = 17 mm (0.95D), d = 5 mm (0.26D),
8
P = 18 mm (0.95D), t = 1 mm (0.05D), and each helical
tape was 200 mm (Lh) long. In the test run, helical tapes
were inserted in the inner tube with space-to-the tape
ratio, s = Ls/Lh, varied from 0.5 (Ls = 100 mm), 1.0
(Ls = 200 mm), 1.5 (Ls = 300 mm), and 2.0 (Ls =
400 mm), respectively as shown in Fig. 4. Moreover, in
the present work the helical tapes with and without cen-
tered-rod were carried out.
Hot air from a 7.5 kW blower was directed through
the inner tube, while cold water was pumped through
the annulus. Liquid and air ow meters were used to
measure both water and air ow rates. The volumetric
 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494 487

Fig. 4. Geometry under investigation: (a) Full-length helical tape with a rod; (b) Full-length helical tape without a rod; (c) Regularly-
spaced helical tapes without a rod.

Fig. 5. A concentric tube heat exchanger tted with a helical tape and denition of geometric parameters of the helical tape.

ow rates of the hot air and cold water were adjusted by air was heated by an adjustable electrical heater. Both
control valves, situated before the inlet ports. The inlet the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot air and the
488 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494

PC Computer

Data Logger with

Thermocouple type K

Flow out
Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger

Flow in
(Hot air)

Flow out
Rotameter
Rotameter

U-Manometer
Flow in with Water
(Cold water)
Chiller

Thermostat
with
Electrical Heater
Water
Reservoir

Blower
Centrifugal Pump

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.

cold water were measured by multi-channel with iron-
Constantan thermocouple (type K). It was necessary
to measure the temperature at 15 stations altogether at
the outer surface of the inner tube for nding out the
average Nusselt number. All fteen evaluated tempera-
ture probes were connected to the data logger sets.
The entrance and the exit of the inner-outer tubes were
provided with pressure tapings for measuring the pres-
sure drop by connecting to the U-tube manometer.
For each test run, it was necessary to record the data
of temperature, volumetric ow rate and pressure drop
of the hot air and the cold water at steady state condi-
tions. The inlet air temperature was maintained at
80 C and the cold water was at 27 C during the exper-
iment. The Reynolds number of the heated air was from
2300 to 8800. The various characteristics of the ow and
the Nusselts number, the Reynolds numbers were based
on the average tube wall temperature. The uncertainty in
the determined Nusselt number was estimated based on
ANSI/ASME (1986). The overall uncertainty for the
Nusselt number was found in the range of 57%.
4. Conrmatory tests
The present experimental results on heat and uid
ow characteristics in a tube without the helical tape
insert were rst reported in the form of (1) Nusselt num-
ber and (2) ow (friction factor, f). The results of the
plain tube were compared with the correlations of Dit-
tusBoelter, Sieder and Tate, and Petukhov (Dittus
and Boelter, 1930; Sieder and Tate, 1936; Petukhov,
1970; Moody, 1944) for the fully developed turbulent
ow in circular tubes.
 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494 489

Nusselt number correlations: Correlation from Dittus 0.070

and Boelter (1930) is of the form:
Moody diagram
Nu 0:023Re4=5 Pr1=3 for Re P 1  104 9
0.060 Petukhov
Correlation from Sieder and Tate (1936) is of the form:
Present work
 0:14
l
Nu 0:027Re4=5 Pr1=3 for Re P 1  104 10 0.050
ls
Correlation from Petukhov (1970) is of the form:

Friction factor
f =8RePr 0.040
Nu
1:07 12:7f =81=2 Pr2=3  1
for 3000 6 Re 6 5  106 11
0.030
Friction factor correlations: Correlation from Moody
diagram (Moody, 1944) is of the form:
f 0:316Re1=4 for Re 6 2  104 12 0.020

f 0:184Re1=5 for Re P 2  104 13

0.010
Correlation from Petukhov (1970) is of the form:
f 0:790 ln Re  1:642
for 3000 6 Re 6 5  106 14 0.000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Figs. 7 and 8 show comparison between the present
experimental work and the past correlations from previ- Reynolds Number
ous work. In the gures, the present work agrees well Fig. 8. Data verication of friction factor of the plain tube.
with the available correlations with 20% in comparison

40 with Moody diagram and Petukhov for the friction fac-

Dittus and Boelter tor, and 15% in comparison with DittusBoelter, Sie-
der and Tate, and Petukhov for the Nusselt number.
35 Sieder and Tate
Petukhov

30 Present work
5. Results and discussion

5.1. Eect of the full-length helical tape insert with and

25
Nusselt Number

without a centered-rod

20 Heat transfer: The eect of using the full-length heli-

cal tape with or without rod in a circular tube on heat
transfer characteristic is shown in Fig. 9. It is found that
15 the tube tted with the tape gives higher heat transfer
rate than the plain tube. The mean Nusselt number in-
creased at about 165% when compared with those from
10 correlations of DittusBoelter, Sieder and Tate, and Pet-
ukhov. It can be attributed that the use of full-length
5
helical tape insert can cause the swirl and pressure gra-
dient in the radial direction. The boundary layer along
the tube wall would be thinner with the increase of radial
0 swirl and pressure resulting in more heat ow through
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 the uid. Furthermore, the swirl enhances the ow tur-
bulence, which led to even better convection heat trans-
Reynolds Number
fer. Thus, the higher Reynolds numbers the greater
Fig. 7. Data verication of Nusselt number of the plain tube. Nusselt number.
490 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494
50
Full-length helical
45
with a rod
40 Full-length helical
without a rod
35 Plain tube
Nusselt Number
30
25
20
15
10
5 100
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Reynolds Number
Fig. 9. Relationship between Nusselt number and Reynolds
number for the tube with full-length helical tape inserts.
In comparison between the full-length helical tape
with and without a centered-rod, it can be seen that
the tape with rod yields higher heat transfer rate than
that without rod. This can be attributed to a ow mixing
behavior between two streams from using the tape with-
out rod: swirling ow around the tape and the axial ow
along the tape core. This mixing gives rise to swirling
ow weaker than that from using the tape with rod
which has a swirling ow only. In general, the average
heat transfer rate for employing the tape with rod is
found to be 510% better than that for the tape without
rod. The corresponding increase in mean Nusselt num-
bers in the heat exchanger is about 145% to 165% with
and without rod, respectively.
Pressure drop: The relationship between the pressure
drop and Reynolds number for using the full-length heli-
cal tape with and without a centered-rod in a concentric
tube heat exchanger is presented in Fig. 10. In the gure,
it is worth noting that pressure drop from the full-length
helical tape insert decreases at low Reynolds numbers
due to weak swirling ow but increases substantially at
higher values of Reynolds number. It can be seen that
the trend of pressure losses is similar for both the axial
ow (plain tube) and the swirl ow (helical tape inserts).
The pressure loss for the tube with the tape is substan-
tially higher than that for the plain tube because of a
higher surface area and the dissipation of dynamic pres-
sure of the uid at high viscosity loss near the tube wall.
Moreover, the pressure loss had high possibility to occur
by the interaction of the pressure forces with inertial
1000
Full-length helical
with a rod
900
Full-length helical
800 without a rod
Plain tube
700
Prerssure Drop (Pa)
600
500
400
300
200
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Reynolds Number
Fig. 10. Relationship between the pressure drop and Reynolds
number for the tube with full-length helical tape inserts.
forces in the boundary layer. Also, the ow velocity is
larger since the motion is not in an axial direction.
It is obvious that the use of helical tape with rod gives
higher pressure drop than that of the helical tape with-
out a rod due to larger contact surface areas. Besides,
the presence of helical tape with rod reduces ow areas,
resulting in a high speed rotating ow. This leads to the
substantial pressure loss action of the uid (hot air) be-
tween the rod surface and the inner tube wall higher
than the case of the tape without rod. From the results
of the tape without rod, pressure loss could be reduced
around 30% in comparison with the full-length helical
tape with rod. As compromise the use of the tape with-
out rod for Reynolds number less than 4000 is appropri-
ate as Nusselt number values remain nearly the same
especially.
5.2. Eect of the regularly-spaced helical tape
Heat transfer: Fig. 11 shows the results obtained
from the hot air side experimental data, the variation
of the Nusselt numbers with the Reynolds numbers were
depicted for the regularly-spaced helical tape without a
centered-rod. In the gure, the trend of increasing Nus-
selt number with Reynolds number for the regulary-
spaced helical tape is similar to that for the full-length
helical tape. The use of small value of space ratio (s)
yields a higher heat transfer rate than that of large value
of space ratio (s). The large free-spacing between the
helical tapes for s = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is found to be not
 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494
HELICAL WITHOUT A CENTER-ROD
45
40
35
30
Nusselt Number
25
20
15
10
0
0 2000
Reynolds Number
Fig. 11. Relationship between Nusselt number and Reynolds number for the tube with regularly-spaced helical tape inserts without
rod.
sucient to maintain the swirl intensity to extent to the
next helical tape. The swirling ow decays faster in the
large free-spacing before reaching the next helical tape
to build up swirling ow again. The optimum value of
the space ratio should be less than unity to get benet
of a higher heat transfer rate and reduction of pressure
loss in comparison with the plain tube.
Throughout the experimental results, it is visible that
using the smaller free space ratio (s = 0.5) yields the
higher values of heat transfer than the greater space
ratio (s = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) but lower than the full length
helical tape (s = 0.0). In the gure, the regularly-spaced
helical tape without a centered rod for s = 0.5, s = 1.0,
s = 1.5 and s = 20, gives the maximum heat transfer rate
at about 145%, 140%, 133% and 129% respectively, all
compared with the plain tube. It is observed that at
the small free-space ratio, s = 0.5, there are slight dier-
ences in the heat transfer rate when compared with the
full-length helical tape. This can be attributed to a
strongly swirling ow remain for the small space ratio
while decaying swirling ows for the large space ratio.
Furthermore, the reductions of the Nusselt number
from using the regularly-spaced helical tape are 5%,
10%, 17% and 21% for s = 0.5, s = 1.0, s = 1.5, and
s = 2.0, respectively, in comparison with the full-length
helical tape.
491
Full length helical, s=0.0
Regularly-spaced
helical, s=0.5
Regularly spaced
helical, s=1.0
Regularly-spaced
helical, s=1.5
Regularly-spaced
helical, s=2.0
Plain tube
4000 6000 8000 10000
Pressure drop: Fig. 12 shows the relationship between
the pressure drop in the inner tube and Reynolds num-
ber values at various regulary-spaced helical tape with-
out a centered-rod in comparison with experiemental
data of the full-length helical tape. In this arrangement
of the helical tapes, the swirling ow can happen conti-
nously in the free-spacing but at dierent swirl levels.
The presence of the free-spacing region is to reduce the
surface areas that aect considerably the pressure loss
of uid ow. Many space ratios are introduced to inves-
tigate ow behaviours. In Fig. 12, the large pressure
drop occuring from the full-length helical tape insert
can be decreased substantially by using the regularly-
spaced helical tape. It can be seen that for the space ratio
of s = 0.5, s = 1.0, s = 1.5, and s = 2.0, the reduction of
pressure drop is found to be about 45%, 52%, 58%
and 62%, respectively. It can be seen that use of the reg-
ularly-spaced helical tape results in the decrease in pres-
sure loss considerably. The space ratio of 1 or lower is
suggested especially at low Reynolds number.
6. Flow visualization
Flow characteristics in a tube tted with a helical
tape were studied by a visualization method. A particle
492 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494

HELICAL WITHOUT A CENTER-ROD

700

600

500 Full-length helical

without rod
Pressure Drop (kPa)

Regularly-spcaed
400 helical, s=0.5
Regularly-spaced
helical, s=1.0
300 Regularly-spaced
helical, s=1.5
200 Regularly-spaced
helical, s=2.0
Plain tube
100

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Reynolds Number

Fig. 12. Relationship between the pressure drop and Reynolds number for the tube with regularly spaced helical tape inserts without
rod.

Fig. 13. Photograph of the ow in a circular tube tted with the helical tape.

image method was adopted to observe the ow eld in
the tube. The working uid is water, which is seeded
with a small amount of neutral-buoyancy particles.
The pictures of particle path lines are taken within the
transparent test section illuminated with a light sheet
to make visible of the whole ow structures in the swirl-
ing ow eld.
Flow through the helical tape in the inner tube was
observed as shown in Figs. 13 and 14. In the experiments,
the helical tape was inserted into an acrylic circular tube
having diameter equal to the inner tube of the concentric
tube heat exchanger. The photographs of ow character-
istics were taken at Reynolds number 4000. The photo-
graphs of the swirling ow through the helical tape
with and without a centered-rod along the tube length
can be seen in Figs. 13 and 14(a). Fig. 14(b) shows that
the swirling ow rapidly becomes a weak swirl ow at
the free-spacing between each tape element. Fig. 14(c)
demonstrates the weak swirl ow from the free-spacing
changes to stronger swirl ow in the next helical tape.
For the small space ratio, s = 0.5, the strong swirl
ow still remains exist at the free-spacing while for the
longer free-spacing length, s = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 the weak
swirl ow and some axial ow are observed.
 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494 493

Fig. 14. Photograph of the ow in a circular tube tted the helical tape without a rod: (a) Swirling ow created by upstream helical
tape; (b) Swirling ow decaying in the free-space; (c) Swirling ow recreated by downstream helical tape.

7. Conclusion tube. The increase in heat transfer and pressure drop

An experimental study has been conducted to inves-
tigate heat transfer enhancement by means of helical
tape inserts in a double pipe heat exchanger using cold
water and hot air as the test uids. From the experimen-
tal results, it can be concluded as follows:
It is found that enhancing heat transfer with passive
method using dierent types of helical tape construc-
tion in the inner tube of a concentric double pipe heat
exchanger can improve the heat transfer rate e-
ciently. The maximum mean Nusselt number may
be increased by 160% for the full-length helical tape
with centered-rod, 150% for the full-length helical
tape without rod and 145% for the regularly-spaced
helical tape, s = 0.5, in comparison with the plain
can be explained by the swirling ow as a result of the
secondary ows of the uid.
When using a small space ratio of 0.5, the mean Nus-
selt number is around 15% lower than the full-length
helical tape with centered-rod but the reduction of
pressure drop is about 63%. The larger free-spacing
length, s = 2.0 provides lower values of heat transfer
rate and pressure loss reduction around 16% and
17%, in comparison with space ratio s = 0.5.
Visualization technique has been performed to show
the ow pattern of the ow through the helical tape
in the tube. It was observed that there are strong
swirling ows in the tube tted with the helical tape
while the axial ow and the weak swirling ow were
seen in the free-spacing in the case of the regularly-
spaced helical tape without a rod.
494 S. Eiamsa-ard, P. Promvonge / Solar Energy 78 (2005) 483494
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