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A frequency dependent transmission line model

for a counterpoise

Article in IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering May 2006

Impact Factor: 0.21 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20005

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 A Frequency Dependent Transmission Line Model for a
Counterpoise

Arbind Kumar Mishra, Naoto Nagaoka and Akihiro Ametani

Department of Electrical Engineering
Doshisha University
Tatara, Miyakodani, Kyo-Tanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan

Abstract

This paper has proposed a methodology to obtain a frequency-dependent distributed-parameter model for a buried
naked conductor employing a time domain fitting from measured transient voltages and injected currents. The transient
characteristic impedance and propagation function are expressed by rational function in a z-plane and a genetic
algorithm has been used as an optimization tool. Frequency dependent parameters such as characteristic impedance,
propagation constant, and RLGC parameters are also derived. Simulation results by the proposed model agree well with
measured results.

Keywords: frequency- dependence, propagation, transients, z-plane

1 INTRODUCTION For transmission lines and cables the frequency

Lightning and surge protection studies require accurate
estimation of a grounding system transient, and a
simulation model of the grounding system is necessary.
Existing models are conventionally formulated in a
time domain, as it facilitates easy inclusion of the
model in general time domain simulation programs,
such as the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program
(EMTP). A number of modeling methods of grounding
electrodes have been proposed for numerical
simulations in past few years [1-4]. These attempts are
either based on computer models or analytical
expressions for current and voltage distribution under
simplifications or special initial conditions.
Time domain simulations for transmission lines have
been carried out in a model domain [5] and a phase
domain [6, 7] considering the frequency dependent
effects. In a frequency domain, a transmission line is
completely characterized by the characteristic
impedance and the propagation function [5-8].
Representation in the time domain proceeds by first
finding a rational polynomial in s that matches
characteristic impedance and propagation function
along the j axis. Some fitting techniques force the
poles and zeros to be real and stable (in the left hand
half of the s-plane) [5] while the others allow complex
poles and use other methods to ensure stable fits (such
as vector-fitting) [8].
dependent parameters are characterized by the
geometry and the physical constants. However no such
the formula is available for a buried naked conductor
and fitting are mainly done based on an experimental
observations in a time domain.
This paper develops a methodology to obtain a
frequency-dependent distributed parameter model for a
buried naked conductor employing a time domain
fitting from measured sending end and remote end
transient voltages and injected currents. The transient
characteristic impedance and propagation function are
expressed by rational functions in a z-plane [9] and a
genetic algorithm is used as an optimization tool [10,
11]. The frequency-dependent effects of the parameters
are derived from these results.
2 THEORY
For a single transmission line, the following
frequency-domain equation is well known.
vs ( ) Z c ( )is ( ) = Fl ( )[vr ( ) + Z c ( )ir ( )] (1)
vr ( ) Z c ( )ir ( ) = Fl ( )[vs ( ) + Z c ( )is ( )] (2)
where Z():characteristic impedance in a
frequency domain
Fl (): propagation function corresponds to
exp(-x) for a line with length x.
subscripts s and r for the sending and receiving ends
respectively. 3.1 Z-plane characteristic impedance and

Eq(1) and eq(2) in the frequency-domain are propagation function

transformed into the z-plane. A genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization technique
is used to approximate the constants Zl, Ck and Dk for
vs ( z) Zc ( z )is ( z ) = Fl ( z )[vr ( z) + Zc ( z )ir ( z)] (3) the characteristic impedance and constants A, Ak and Bk
to express the Propagation function in eqs (11) and
vr ( z) Zc ( z)ir ( z) = Fl ( z)[vs ( z) + Zc ( z)is ( z)] (4) (12) from measured results of sending and receiving
end transient voltages and injected current. A buried
The transient impedance and propagation function in a naked conductor is considered as an open circuit line.
z-plane are defined as; The detail of the GA application is available in
References [10, 11]. The Jury criterion for the stability
M M in z-plane is used to guarantee the stability for the
Zc (z) = Zl + Ck z k 1+ Dk z k (5)
k =1 k =1 approximated parameters [10, 11]. Here, the GA has
N M been used to maximize a fitness function defined as;
Fl ( z ) = Az m [1 + Ak z k ] 1+ Bk z k (6)

( )
k =1 k =1
-1
Fitness = {Vs (t )cal Vs (t )meas.}2 + {Vr (t )cal Vr (t )meas.}2 (13)
Z l = lim {Z ( )}

3.2 Parameters in frequency domain
m = wave travelling time (t) sampling time ( t) The frequency-domain representation of the
characteristic impedance and propagation function in
Rearranging and inversely z-transforming lead to the eqs (5) and (6) is easily carried out by applying one of
backward and forward wave in the time domain at the the many methods available to convert a discrete model
sending and receiving ends as: into a continuous model. Here, we adopt a bilinear
transform method. Lets define the following equations
Bs (n) = vs (n) Z l is (n)
M
C k i s (n k )
M
Dk {Bs (n k ) v s (n k )} (7) in the frequency domain;
k =1 k =1
M M
Br ( n) = v r ( n ) Z l i r ( n) C k ir (n k ) Dk {Br ( n k ) v r ( n k )} (8) Z c ( ) = Z c ( ) z (14)
k =1 k =1
M M Fl ( ) = Fl ( ) p (15)
Fs (n) = v s (n) + Z l is (n) + C k i s (n k ) Dk {Fs (n k ) v s (n k )} (9)
k =1 k =1
M M
Fr (n) = vr ( n) + Z l ir ( n) + C k ir ( n k ) Dk {Fr ( n k ) vr ( n k )} (10) From the relation between a propagation function and
k =1 k =1
propagation constant, the following equations are
where B: back ward wave, F: forward wave, n: derived.
sample number.
( ) = ln{Fl ( ) }
1
(16)
x
From the above equations, the voltages at the sending
and receiving ends are given by: 1
{
( ) = p + 2n
x
} (17)

N N
vs (n) = Z l is (n) + AFr (n m) + Ak Fr ( n (m + k ) Bk Bs ( n k ) + v( ) = (18)
k =1 k =1 ( )
M M
Ck is ( n k ) + Dk {Bs (n k ) vs (n k )} (11)
k =1 k =1
N N
where (): attenuation constant
vr (n) = Z l ir (n) + AFs (n m) + Ak Fs (n (m + k ) Bk Br (n k ) + (): phase constant
k =1 k =1
M M v(): propagation velocity
Ck ir (n k ) + Dk {Br (n k ) vr (n k )} (12)
k =1 k =1

3.3 Frequency-Dependent RLGC Parameters

The history of the forward and backward characteristics Lets consider the L equivalence of a
wave in eqs. (11) and (12) are obtained from eqs. distributed-parameter line shown in Fig.1. The series
(7)-(10). and shunt impedance are;

3 METHODOLOGY Z( ) = R ( ) + jL ( )
This paper employs a curve fitting technique directly in
Y ( ) = G ( ) + jC( )
the time domain to obtain the characteristic impedance
1
and propagation function as a rational function in a
Zc ( ) = (Z ( ) Y ())
2
z-plane. The frequency dependent attenuation constant,
1
propagation velocity and RLGC parameters are derived
( ) = {Z ( )Y ( )}
2
from the above parameters. = ( ) + j ( )
where, frequency dependence. Also, the attenuation constant
R( ) = Re al{Z c ( ) ( )} ( 19) increase indicating the counterpoise becomes lossy as
the frequency increases.
Im ag{Z c ( ) ( )}
L( ) = ( 20)
The derived value of the conductance, inductance and
G( ) = Re al{ ( ) / Z c ( w)} (21) capacitance are found very close to that of Sundaes
Im ag{ ( ) / Z c ( w)} formula [13] up to the frequency 100 kHz. However in
C ( ) = (22) a frequency range between 100 kHz and 10 MHz,

RLGC parameters shows strong frequency dependency.
Thus, the frequency dependent values of R, L, G and C The series resistance increases with frequency while the
can be determined by Zc() and () from eqs. (14), inductance decreases almost in the same trend as that of
(16) and (17). the ground return impedance of the underground cable.
However unlike a transmission line, the conductance
L() R() and the capacitance for a buried naked conductor shows
strong frequency dependence. It is also observed that
C()
the error due to constant parameter assumption is
G()
relatively high in phase angle characteristic than the
error associated in the magnitude characteristic. Table 1
compares the derived RLGC parameters with Sundes
Fig.1 Distributed line model of a counterpoise
one, and the frequency characteristics of the parameters
are presented in Fig.6.
4 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Case -1: 6m horizontal electrode in 100 m soil
The proposed methodology is employed for modeling a
horizontal electrode of hard drawn copper conductor
having 2cm diameter buried at the depth of 20 cm. The I
length of conductor is 6 m and the soil resistivity of the
site is 100 m. Fig.2 illustrates an experimental circuit 0.2 m
and injected current [12]. 6m

Both the characteristic impedance and propagation

function in a z-plane is composed of 20th order each. (a) Experimental set up
Though even a low order approximation (e.g.10th)
gives a reasonable accuracy in a time domain
2
simulation, the reason for high order approximation is
to retain the accuracy for investigating the frequency 1 .5
dependence of the RLGC parameters. Fig. 3 shows 1
C u r r e n ts ( A )

simulation results of sending and remote end voltages.

0 .5
The step responses of the characteristic impedance and
the propagation function are presented in Fig.4. Fig.5 0
illustrates the frequency response of the characteristic - 0 .5
0 .0 0 0 .2 0 0 .4 0 0 .6 0 0 .8 0 1 . 0 0
impedance and the propagation constants. T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d )

It is observed that the step response of the characteristic (b) Injected Current
impedance fall to a steady state value gradually, while
the propagation function tends to converge to the Fig.2 Experimental Observation
maximum steady value. The minor oscillations in these
step responses are indication of the complex poles. The vs m e a s u re d
80 vs s im u la t e d
multi-frequency oscillations are heavily damped and vr m eas ured
disappear quickly as the time passes. It is found that the 60 vr s im u la t e d
maximum and minimum oscillating frequencies are
V o lt a g e ( V )

40
746.28 MHz and 11.80 MHz for characteristic
impedance and 288.23 MHz and 11.74 MHz for the 20
propagation function respectively.
0
0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6
The frequency response of Fig. 5 clearly indicates that a -2 0
buried naked conductor behaves like a purely resistive T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d )
circuit in a low frequency range. This is reasonable for
the high conductance. As the frequency increases, the Fig.3 Comparison of Measured and simulated Result
response shows an R-L and R-L-C characteristics with
 60 200
50
150
40

( m /m ic r o s )
V e lo c ity
Im p e d a n c e
(o h m ) 30 100
20
10 50
0
0
0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1
T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d ) 1 .E + 0 3 1 .E + 0 4 1 .E + 0 5 1 .E + 0 6 1 .E+ 0 7
Fre q u e n c y (Hz )

(a) Characteristic Impedance (d) Velocity of Propagation

0 .6
Fig.5 Frequency response
0 .5
0 .4
Table 1 Frequency dependence of R, L, C and G
0 .3
A m p litu d e

0 .2
Sunde
Frequency 100 kHz 1MHz 10 MHz
0 .1 Formula
0
R( /m) 1.7091 2.3162 32.8807 -
- 0 .1 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1

T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d ) L(H/m) 0.9672 1.1852 0.1432 0.8492

(b) Propagation Function G(mS/m) 6.7744 8.3424 10.0748 7.4030

Fig.4 Step Response C(nF/m) 0.8797 0.2084 0.1791 0.7860

60 40 1. 6

30
50 1. 2
R ( o h m /m )

L ( m icr o H /m )
20 0 .8
40
im p e d a n c e

10
(o h m )

0 .4
30 0 0
1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 7 1. E + 0 3 1.E + 0 5 1. E + 0 7
20 Fre q u e n c y (Hz ) Fre q u e n c y (Hz )
10
0
(a) Resistance (b) Inductance
1 .E + 0 3 1 . E + 0 4 1 .E + 0 5 1 . E + 0 6 1 .E + 0 7 10 1
Freq u e nc y (Hz ) 8 0 .8
G ( m iliS /m )

C ( n a n o F /m )

6 0 .6

(a) Characteristic impedance: magnitude 4 0 .4

2 0 .2
0 0
20 1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 7 1. E + 0 3 1. E + 0 5 1. E + 0 7

Fre q u e n c y (Hz ) Fre q u e n c y (Hz )

15
10 (c) Conductance (d) Capacitance
p h a se (d e g )

5
0 Fig.6 RLGC Parameter
-15.E + 0 3 1 .E+ 0 4 1 .E + 0 5 1 .E+ 0 6 1 .E + 0 7
-1 0 4.2 Case -2: 34m counterpoise in 200 m soil
The proposed method is applied to a counterpoise of
-1 5
Fre quenc y (Hz ) which the details are as given in Table 2 [14]. Fig. 7
illustrates the simulation results of sending and remote
(b) Characteristic impedance: phase angle end voltages. The step responses of the characteristic
impedance and propagation function are presented in
0 .8
Fig.8. Fig.9 illustrates the frequency responses of the
0 .6 characteristic impedance and propagation constant.
From the results presented in Fig. 8 and Fig.9, it is
A tt e n u a t io n
( d b /m )

0 .4 observed that both the time domain and the frequency

domain responses show a similar trend as those of the
0 .2
previous case. The RLGC parameters in Fig. 10 also
0 .0 show the similar characteristic as described in previous
1 .E+ 0 3 1 . E + 0 4 1 .E + 0 5 1 . E + 0 6 1 .E + 0 7 section.
Freque nc y (Hz )

(c) Attenuation constant

 Table 2 details of case-2
15
Soil resistivity 200 m
10
Conductor 60mm2 hard drawn Copper

p h a s e (d e g )
5
Buried depth 1meter
0
Length 34.1m 1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 4 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 6 1.E + 0 7
-5
Peak injected current 0.20A
Fre q u e n c y (Hz )
v s m e a s u re d
12 v s s im u la t e d (b) Characteristic impedance: phase angle
10 v r m e a s u re d
8 v r s im u la t e d 0 .2

6
V o lta g e ( V )

0 .15

A t t e n u a tio n
4

( d b /m )
0 .1
2 0 .0 5
0
0
- 20 . 0 0 0 .2 0 0 .4 0 0 .6 0 0 .8 0 1 .0 0 1 .2 0 1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 4 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 6 1.E + 0 7
T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d )
Fre q u e n c y (H z )
Fig.7 Comparison of measured and simulated result
(c) Attenuation constant
70 200
60
15 0
50

( m / m ic r o s )
40
V o lo c ity
Im p e d a n c e

10 0
(o h m )

30
50
20
10 0
0 1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 4 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 6 1.E + 0 7
0 0 .4 0 .8 1.2 1.6 2

T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d ) Frequ enc y (Hz )

(a) Characteristic impedance (d) Velocity of propagation

Fig.9 Frequency response
0 .8
10 1.2
0 .6
8 1
0 .8
0 .4 6
R ( o h m /m )
A m p lit u d e

0 .6
L ( m ic r o H /m )

4
0 .4
0 .2 2
0 .2
0
0
0 1.E + 0 3 1.E
6 +0 5 1.E + 0 7 1.E + 0 3 1. E + 0 5 1. E + 0 7
6

0 0 .5 1 1.5 2 Fre q u e n c y (H z ) F re q u e n c y (H z)
T im e ( m ic r o s e c o n d ) (a) Resistance (b) Inductance
5 4

(b) Propagation Function 4 3

3
G ( m iliS /m )

C ( n F /m )

2
2
Fig.8 Step response 1 1

0 0
1.E + 0 3 1.E
6 +0 5 1.E + 0 7 1.E + 0 3 1.E
6 +0 5 1.E + 0 7
Freq uenc y (Hz ) Fre q u e n c y (Hz )
50
40 (c) Conductance (d) Capacitance
30
Fig.10 RLGC Parameter
Im p e d a n c e
(O h m )

20

10
0 5 CONCLUSIONS
1.E + 0 3 1.E + 0 4 1.E + 0 5 1.E + 0 6 1.E + 0 7
This paper has proposed a method to compose a
Frequ enc y (Hz )
frequency-dependent transmission line model for a
buried counterpoise employing a time domain fitting.
(a) Characteristic impedance: magnitude Both the transient characteristic impedance and
propagation function are expressed by rational
functions in a z-plane. It has been found that a buried [13] E.D. Sunde, Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission
naked conductor behaves like a purely resistive circuit Systems, 2nd ed., New York:Dover Publications,1968.
in a low frequency. As the frequency increases, it [14] A.Ametani etal, Basic Investigation of wave
behaves an R-L and R-L-C characteristics with propagation Characteristics on an Underground Naked
Conductor, ICEE2002 Proceedings, Jeju, Korea, July 2002,
frequency dependence. Also, both the attenuation
pp.2141-2146.
constant and propagation velocity increases, as the
frequency becomes higher.
Biographies
No remarkable frequency dependence is observed in the Arbind Kumar Mishra was born in Saptary, Nepal on
RLGC parameters of the buried conductor for the September, 26, 1970. He received Master in Power system
frequency up to 100 kHz. The conductance, inductance engineering (Gold medalist) from IIT Roorkee, India in 1997.
and capacitance are found very close to those given by He Joined the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University,
Sundes formula in this frequency range. However for Nepal as a lecturer in 1997. Presently Mr. Mishra is a Ph. D.
Degree student in Doshisha University, Japan from October
the frequency between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, the
2002. His research interest includes optimization techniques
RLGC parameters show strong frequency dependence. and computer modeling of power system. Mr. Mishra is a
It is also observed that the error due to constant student member of IEE and the IEE Japan.
parameter assumption is relatively high in the phase
angle characteristic than the error in the magnitude Naoto Nagaoka was born in Nagoya, Japan on October 21,
characteristic. 1957. He received B.S., M.S. and Dr. Eng. Degrees all from
Doshisha University in 1980,1982 and 1993 respectively. He
joined the Doshisha University in 1985, and has been a
REFERENCES professor since 1999. Dr. Nagaoka is a member of IEE, IEEE
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