Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electric... https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversit...

SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

October31,2011 76Comments(https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactor
diversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/#comments)

TheworddemanditselfsaysthemeaningofDemandFactor.Theratioofthemaximumcoincident
demandofasystem,orpartofasystem,tothetotalconnectedloadofthesystem.

Forexample,anoversizedmotor20Kwdrivesaconstant15KwloadwheneveritisON.Themotor
demandfactoristhen15/20=0.75=75%.
DemandFactorisexpressasapercentage(%)orinaratio(lessthan1).

DemandFactorisalwayschangewiththetimetotimeorhourstohoursofuseanditwillnot
constant.
Theconnectedloadisalwaysknownsoitwillbeeasytocalculatethemaximumdemandifthe
demandfactorforacertainsupplyisknownatdierenttimeintervalsandseasons.
Thelowerthedemandfactor,thelesssystemcapacityrequiredtoservetheconnectedload.

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(1)AResidenceConsumerhas10NosLampof400WbutatthesametimeItispossiblethatonly9
NosofBulbsareusedatthesametime.HereTotalConnectedloadis1040=400W.Consumer
maximumdemandis940=360W.DemandFactoofthisLoad=360/400=0.9or90%.
(2)OneConsumerhave10lightsat60KweachinKitchen,theloadis60Kwx10=600KW.Thiswill
betrueonlyifAlllightsareTurnsONthesametime(Demandfactor=100%or1)
ForthisConsumeritisobservedthatonlyhalfofthelightsbeingturnedONatatimesowecansay
thatthedemandfactoris0.5(50%).Theestimatedload=600KwX0.5=300Kw.

FeederconductorsshouldhavesucientAmpereCapacitytocarrytheload. TheAmpereCapacity
doesnotalwaysbeequaltothetotalofallloadsonconnectedbranchcircuits.
Thisfactormustbeappliedtoeachindividualload,withparticularattentiontoelectricmotors,which
areveryrarelyoperatedatfullload.
AsperNationalElectricalCode(NEC)demandfactormaybeappliedtothetotalload.Thedemand
factorpermitsafeederampearcitytobelessthan100percentofallthebranchcircuitloads
connectedtoit.
DemandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmainwhichisfeedingaSubpanelora
fixedloadlikeamotoretc.Ifthepanelhavetotalloadof250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof
0.8,wecansizethefeedercablefor250x0.8=200kVA.
Demandfactorsforbuildingstypicallyrangebetween50and80%oftheconnectedload.
Inanindustrialinstallationthisfactormaybeestimatedonanaverageat0.75formotors.
Forincandescentlightingloads,thefactoralwaysequals1.

TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain

ElectricalLoad DemandFactor

1NoofMotor 1

Upto10NosofMotor 0.75

Upto20NosofMotor 0.65

Upto30NosofMotor 0.6

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Upto40NosofMotor 0.5

Upto50NosofMotor 0.4

TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain

Utility DemandFactor

Oce,School 0.4

Hospital 0.5

AirPort,Bank,Shops, 0.6

Restaurant,Factory, 0.7

WorkShop,Factory(24Hr 0.8
Shift)

ArcFurnace 0.9

Compressor 0.5

Handtools 0.4

InductanceFurnace 0.8

SaudiElectricityCompanyDistributionStandard

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Utility DemandFactor

Residential 0.6

Commercial 0.7

Flats 0.7

Hotel 0.75

Mall 0.7

Restaurant 0.7

Oce 0.7

School 0.8

CommonAreainbuilding 0.8

PublicFacility 0.75

StreetLight 0.9

IndoorParking 0.8

OutdoorParking 0.9

Park/Garden 0.8

Hospital 0.8

Workshops 0.6

WareHouse 0.7

Farms 0.9

FuelStation 0.7

Factories 0.9

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TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta

Utility DemandFactor

ResidenceLoad(<0.25KW) 1

ResidenceLoad(<0.5KW) 0.6

ResidenceLoad(>0.1KW) 0.5

Restaurant 0.7

Theatre 0.6

Hotel 0.5

School 0.55

SmallIndustry 0.6

Store 0.7

MotorLoad(upto10HP) 0.75

MotorLoad(10HPto20HP) 0.65

MotorLoad(20HPto100HP) 0.55

MotorLoad(Above100HP) 0.50

DiversityFactorisratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthevarioussubcircuitofa

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systemtothemaximumdemandofthewholesystem.

DiversityFactor=Installedload/Runningload.

DiversityFactorisalways>1becausesumofindividualmax.Demands>Max.Demand.
Inotherterms,DiversityFactor(0to100%)isafractionofTotalLoadthatisparticularitem
contributedtopeakdemand.70%diversitymeansthatthedeviceoperatesatitsnominalor
maximumloadlevel70%ofthetimethatitisconnectedandturnedON.
Itisexpressedasapercentage(%)oraratiomorethan1.
Ifweusediversityvaluein%thanitshouldbemultiplywithLoadandifweuseinnumerical
value(>1)thanitshouldbedividedwithLoad.
DiversityoccursinanoperatingsystembecauseallloadsconnectedtotheSystemarenotoperating
simultaneouslyorarenotsimultaneouslyoperatingattheirmaximumrating.Thediversityfactor
showsthatthewholeelectricalloaddoesnotequalthesumofitspartsduetothistime
Interdependence(i.e.diverseness).
Ingeneraltermswecansaythatdiversityfactorreferstothepercentoftimeavailablethata
machine.70%diversitymeansthatthedeviceoperatesatitsnominalormaximumloadlevel70%of
thetimethatitisconnectedandturnedON.
ConsidertwoFeederswiththesamemaximumdemandbutthatoccuratdierentintervalsoftime.
Whensuppliedbythesamefeeder,thedemandonsuchislessthesumofthetwodemands.In
electricaldesign,thisconditionisknownasdiversity.
Diversityfactorisanextendedversionofdemandfactor.Itdealswithmaximumdemandofdierent
unitsatatime/Maximumdemandoftheentiresystem.
Greaterthediversityfactor,lesseristhecostofgenerationofpower.
Manydesignersprefertouseunityasthediversityfactorincalculationsforplanningconservatism
becauseofplantloadgrowthuncertainties.Localexperiencecanjustifyusingadiversityfactor
largerthanunity,andsmallerserviceentranceconductorsandtransformerrequirementschosen
accordingly.
Thediversityfactorforallotherinstallationswillbedierent,andwouldbebaseduponalocal
evaluationoftheloadstobeappliedatdierentmomentsintime.Assumingittobe1.0may,on
someoccasions,resultinasupplyfeederandequipmentratingthatisratherlargerthanthelocal
installationwarrants,andanoverinvestmentincableandequipmenttohandletheratedload
current.Itisbettertoevaluatethepatternofusageoftheloadsandcalculateanacceptablediversity
factorforeachparticularcase.

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OneMainFeederhavetwoSubfeeder(SubFeederAandSubFeederB),SubFeederAhave
demandatatimeis35KWandSubFeederBhavedemandsatatimeis42KW,butthemaximum
demandofMainFeederis70KW.
TotalindividualMaximumDemand=35+42=77KW.
MaximumDemandofwholeSystem=70KW
SoDiversityfactorofTheSystem=77/70=1.1
Diversityfactorcanshootupabove1.

TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionor
subdistributionboard).
Diversityfactoriscommonlyusedforacompleteacoordinationstudyforasystem.Thisdiversity
factorisusedtoestimatetheloadofaparticularnodeinthesystem.
DiversityfactorcanbeusedtoestimatethetotalloadrequiredforafacilityortosizetheTransformer
Diversityfactorshavebeendevelopedformainfeederssupplyinganumberoffeeders,andtypically
1.2to1.3forResidenceConsumerand1.1to1.2forCommercialLoad.1.50to2.00forpowerand
lightingloads.
Note:Reciprocaloftheaboveratio(willbemorethan1)alsoisusedinsomeothercountries.
Diversityfactorismostlyusedfordistributionfeedersizeandtransformeraswellastodeterminethe
maximumpeakloadanddiversityfactorisalwaysbasedonknowingtheprocess.Youhaveto
understandwhatwillbeonoroatagiventimefordierentbuildingsandthiswillsizethefeeder.
Notefortypicalbuildingsdiversityfactorisalwaysone.Youhavetoestimateorhaveadatarecords
tocreate24hoursloadgraphandyoucandeterminethemaximumdemandloadfornodethenyou
caneasilydeterminethefeederandtransformersize.
Thediversityfactorofafeederwouldbethesumofthemaximumdemandsoftheindividual
consumersdividedbythemaximumdemandofthefeeder.Inthesamemanner,itispossibleto
computethediversityfactoronasubstation,atransmissionlineorawholeutilitysystem.
Theresidentialloadhasthehighestdiversityfactor.Industrialloadshavelowdiversityfactors
usuallyof1.4,streetlightpracticallyunityandotherloadsvarybetweentheselimits.

(StandardHandbookforElectricalEngineersbyFinkandBeaty)

ElementsofSystem Residential Commercial GeneralPower LargeIndustrial

Betweenindividual 2.00 1.46 1.45

users

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1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05

Betweentransformers

1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

Betweenfeeders

1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

Betweensubstations

Fromusersto 2.00 1.46 1.44

transformers
2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15
Fromuserstofeeder

Fromusersto 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

substation
Fromusersto 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45
generatingstation

Numberofcircuits DiversityFactorin%(ks)

Assembliesentirelytested2and3 90%

4and5 80%

6to9 70%

10andmore 60%

Assembliespartiallytestedineverycase 100%
choose

CircuitsFunction DiversityFactorin%(ks)

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Lighting 90%

Heatingandairconditioning 80%

Socketoutlets 70%

Liftsandcateringhoist

Forthemostpowerfulmotor 100%

Forthesecondmostpowerfulmotor 75%

Forallmotors 80%

Apartment DiversityFactorin%(ks)

2To4 1

5To19 0.78

10To14 0.63

15To19 0.53

20To24 0.49

25To29 0.46

30To34 0.44

35To39 0.42

40To40 0.41

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50ToAbove 0.40

TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta

Area ResidenceLtg CommercialLtg Ind.Ltg

BetweenConsumer 3 1.5 1.5

Between 1.3 1.3 1.3

Transformer

BetweenFeeder 1.2 1.2 1.2

BetweenS.S 1.1 1.1 1.1

TheratiooftheActualLoadofequipmenttoFullloadofequipment.

ItistheratioofactualkilowattHoursusedinagivenperiod,dividedbythetotalpossiblekilowatt
hoursthatcouldhavebeenusedinthesameperiodatthepeakKWlevel.
LoadFactor=(energy(kWhpermonth))/(peakdemand(kW)xhours/month)
InothertermsLoadfactorisdefinedastheratioofAverageloadtomaximumdemandduringa
givenperiod.
LoadFactor=AverageLoad/MaximumDemandduringgivenTimePeriod

LoadFactorisalwayslessthan1becausemaximumdemandisalwaysmorethanaveragedemand.

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LoadFactorcanbecalculatedforasingleday,foramonthorforayear.
Loadfactorinothertermsofeciency.
Itisusedfordeterminingtheoverallcostperunitgenerated.
HighertheloadfactorisGOODanditwillmoreOutputofPlan,lesserthecostperunitwhich
meansanelectricitygeneratorcansellmoreelectricityatahighersparkspread,Fixedcostsare
spreadovermorekWhofoutput.ApowerplantmaybehighlyecientatHighloadfactors.
LowloadfactorisaBED.Alowloadfactorwilluseelectricityinecientlyrelativetowhatwecould
beifwewerecontrollingourpeakdemand.Apowerplantmaybelessecientatlowloadfactors.
Foralmostconstantloads,theloadfactorisclosetounity.
ForVaryingLoadFactorisclosedZero.
LoadFactorisameasureoftheeectiveutilizationoftheloadanddistributionequipment,i.e.
higherloadfactormeansbetterutilizationofthetransformer,lineorcable.
Ahighloadfactormeanspowerusageisrelativelyconstant.Lowloadfactorshowsthatoccasionally
ahighdemandisset.Toservicethatpeak,capacityissittingidleforlongperiods,therebyimposing
highercostsonthesystem.Electricalratesaredesignedsothatcustomerswithhighloadfactorare
chargedlessoverallperkWh.
Sometimesutilitycompanieswillencourageindustrialcustomerstoimprovetheirloadfactors.
Loadfactoristermthatdoesnotappearonyourutilitybill,butdoesaectelectricitycosts.Load
factorindicateshowecientlythecustomerisusingpeakdemand.
Calculation:

Motorof20hpdrivesaconstant15hploadwheneveritison.
Themotorloadfactoristhen15/20=75%.

IntroductiontoPowerRequirementforBuildingJ.PaulGuyer,

Utility DemandFactor(%) LoadFactor(%)

Communicationsbuildings 6065 7075

Telephoneexchangebuilding 5570 2025

Airpassengerterminalbuilding 6580 2832

Aircraftfireandrescuestation 2535 1317

Aircraftlineoperationsbuilding 6580 2428

Academicinstructionbuilding 4060 2226

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Appliedinstructionbuilding 3565 2428

ChemistryandToxicologyLaboratory 7080 2228

MaterialsLaboratory 3035 2732

PhysicsLaboratory 7080 2228

Electricalandelectronicslaboratory 2030 37

Coldstoragewarehouse 7075 2025

Generalwarehouse 7580 2328

Controlledhumiditywarehouse 6065 3338

Hazardous/flammablestorehouse 7580 2025

Disposal,salvage,scrapbuilding 3540 2520

Hospital 3842 4550

Laboratory 3237 2025

K6schools 7580 1015

712schools 6570 1217

Churches 6570 525

PostOce 7580 2025

Retailstore 6570 2532

Bank 7580 2025

Supermarket 5560 2530

Restaurant 4575 1525

Autorepairshop 4060 1520

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Hobbyshop,art/crafts 3040 2530

Bowlingalley 7075 1015

Gymnasium 7075 2045

Skatingrink 7075 1015

Indoorswimmingpool 5560 2550

Theatres 4555 813

Library 7580 3035

Golfclubhouse 7580 1520

Museum 7580 3035

Thereciprocalofdiversityfactoriscoincidencefactor
Thecoincidencefactoristheratioofthemaximumdemandofasystem,orpartunderconsideration,
tothesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthesubdivisions

Expressedasapercentage(%)oraratiolessthan1.

UsuallyConfidenceFactorwilldecreaseasthenumberofconnectedcustomersincreases.
Thefactorksisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.distributionorsubdistributionboard).
Thedeterminationofthesefactorsistheresponsibilityofthedesigner,sinceitrequiresadetailed
knowledgeoftheinstallationandtheconditionsinwhichtheindividualcircuitsaretobeexploited.
Forthisreason,itisnotpossibletogiveprecisevaluesforgeneralapplication.

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Themaximumdemandofaninstallationisthemaximumrateofconsumptionexpressedinamperes,
kWorkVA.Itisgenerallytakenastheaveragerateofconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.Example
the15minutemaximumkWdemandfortheweekwas150kW.Maximumdemanddoesnotinclude
motorstartingcurrentsorothertransienteects.Faultcurrentsandoverloadcurrentsarealso
excluded.MaximumdemandinKWisrelevantonlyformetering/taripurposes.
Maximumdemand(oftenreferredtoasMD)isthelargestcurrentnormallycarriedbycircuits,
switchesandprotectivedevices.Itdoesnotincludethelevelsofcurrentflowingunderoverloador
shortcircuitconditions.
MaximumDemandisagreatestofalldemandsthatoccurduringaspecifictime
Themajordisadvantageofallocatingloadusingthediversityfactorsisthatmostutilitieswillnothave
atableofdiversityfactorsandsometimeitisnotviabletodetermineaccurateDiversityFactor.In
thissituationMaximumDemandisveryhelpfultocalculatesizeofFeederorTC.
ThekVAratingofalldistributiontransformersisalwaysknownforafeeder.Themeteredreadings
canbetakentoeachtransformerbaseduponthetransformerrating.Anallocationfactor(AF)can
becalculate.
AllocationFactor=MeteredDemand(KVA)/TotalKVA.
EquipmentDemand=AFxTotalKVAofEquipments

Calculation:
ActualLoadingorSizeofTC1andTC2.

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/11.jpg)

TotalLoadonTC1=10+11+12+08=41KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC1=41/1.1=37.3KW.
TotalLoadonTC2=4+3+12+02=21KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC2=21/1.2=17.5KW.
TotalLoad=37.3+17.5=54.8KW.
AllocatingFactor(AF)=M.D/TotalLoad
AllocatingFactor(AF)=0.27.
ActualLoadonTC1=0.2737.3=1.20KW.

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ActualLoadonTC2=0.2717.5=4.8KW.
AssessmentofmaximumdemandisveryeasyforResistiveLoad,Forexample,themaximum
demandofa240Vsinglephase8kWshowerheatercanbecalculatedbydividingthepower(8kW)
bythevoltage(240V)togiveacurrentof33.3A.Thiscalculationassumesapowerfactorofunity,
whichisareasonableassumptionforsuchapurelyresistiveload.
LightingcircuitsposeaspecialproblemwhendeterminingMD.Dischargelampsareparticularly
diculttoassess,andcurrentcannotbecalculatedsimplybydividinglamppowerbysupply
voltage.ThereasonsforthisareControlgearlossesresultinadditionalcurrent,thepowerfactoris
usuallylessthanunitysocurrentisgreater,andChokesandothercontrolgearusuallydistortthe
waveformofthecurrentsothatitcontainsharmonicswhichareadditionaltothefundamental
supplycurrent.
Solongasthepowerfactorofadischargelightingcircuitisnotlessthan0.85,thecurrentdemandfor
thecircuitcanbecalculatedfrom:
current(A)=(lamppower x1.8)/supplyvoltage(V)
Forexample,thesteadystatecurrentdemandofa240Vcircuitsupplyingten65Wfluorescent
lampswouldbe:I=10X65X1.8A/240=4.88A
Switchesforcircuitsfeedingdischargelampsmustberatedattwicethecurrenttheyarerequiredto
carry,unlesstheyhavebeenspeciallyconstructedtowithstandtheseverearcingresultingfromthe
switchingofsuchinductiveandcapacitiveloads.

ThereisgenerallyconfusionbetweenDemandfactorandDiversityfactor.Demandfactorsshould
beideallyappliedtoindividualloadsanddiversityfactortoagroupofloads.
Whenyoutalkaboutdiversity,therearenaturallymorethanoneormanyloadsinvolved.
Demandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmain,whichisfeedingaSubpanelora
fixedloadlikeamotoretc,individualLoad.
DemandfactorsaremoreconservativeandareusedbyNECforserviceandfeedersizing.
IftheSubpanelhavetotalloadis250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof0.8,wecansizethe
feedercablefor250x0.8=200kVA.
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionor
subdistributionboard),sizetheTransformer.
Demandfactorsanddiversityfactorsareusedindesign.Forexample,thesumoftheconnected
loadssuppliedbyafeederismultipliedbythedemandfactortodeterminetheloadforwhichthe
feedermustbesized.Thisloadistermedthemaximumdemandofthefeeder.Thesumofthe
maximumdemandloadsforanumberofsubfeedersdividedbythediversityfactorforthesub
feederswillgivethemaximumdemandloadtobesuppliedbythefeederfromwhichthesubfeeders
arederived.

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Theestimatedelectricaldemandforallfeedersserveddirectlyfromtheserviceentranceiscalculated
bymultiplyingthetotalconnectedloadsbytheirdemandfactorsandthenaddingallofthese
together.Thissumisdividedbythediversityfactor(frequentlyassumedtobeunity)tocalculate
theserviceentrancedemandwhichisusedtodetermineampacityrequirementsfortheservice
entranceconductors.
WhenusedDiversityandDemandFactorinanelectricaldesignitshouldbeappliedasfollows,the
sumoftheconnectedloadssuppliedbyafeedercircuitcanbemultipliedbythedemandfactorto
determinetheloadusedtosizethecomponentsofthesystem.
Thesumofthemaximumdemandloadsfortwoormorefeedersisdividedbythediversityfactorfor
thefeederstoderivethemaximumdemandload.
Example1:CalculateSizeofTransformerhavingfollowingdetails:

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/2.jpg)

FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=FeederBreaker1xDemandFactor.

FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=20000.7=1400KVA

FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=FeederBreaker2xDemandFactor.

FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=15000.6=900KVA

FeederBreaker3DemandLoad=FeederBreaker3xDemandFactor.

FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=10000.5=500KVA
TotalFeederBreakerDemand=1400+900+500=2800KVA
TransformerDemandLoad=TotalFeederBreakerDemand/DiversityFactor.
TransformerDemandLoad=2800/1.1=2545KVA
IfweCalculatedTotalLoadonTransformerwithoutanyDemand&
Diversity=2000+1500+1000=4500KVA.

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ButafterCalculatingDemand&DiversityFactorTotalLoadonTransformer=2545KVA

Example2:CalculateSizeofMainFeederofMainTransformerhavingfollowingDetails:

(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/3.jpg)

SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC1=10KWx0.65=6.5KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC2=20KWx0.75=15KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC3=30KWx0.65=19.5KW
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC1is1.5so,
MaximumDemandonTC1=6.5KW/1.5=4KW.
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC2is1.1so,
MaximumDemandonTC2=15KW/1.1=14KW
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC3is1.5so,
MaximumDemandonTC3=19.5KW/1.5=13KW.
IndividualMaximumDemandonMainTransformer=04+14+13=31KW.
MaximumDemandonMainFeeder=04+14+13/1.3=24KW

Loadfactoranddiversityfactorplayanimportantpartinthecostofthesupplyofelectrical
energy.Higherthevaluesofloadfactoranddiversityfactors,lowerwillbetheoverallcostperunit
generated.
Thecapitalcostofthepowerstationdependsuponthecapacityofthepowerstation.Lowerthe
maximumdemandofthepowerstation,theloweristhecapacityrequiredandthereforeloweristhe
capitalcostoftheplant.Withagivennumberofconsumersthehigherthediversityfactoroftheir
loads,thesmallerwillbethecapacityoftheplantrequiredandconsequentlythefixedchargesdue
tocapitalinvestmentwillbemuchreduced.
Similarlyhigherloadfactormeansmoreaverageloadormorenumberofunitsgeneratedforagiven
maximumdemandandthereforeoverallcostperunitofelectricalenergygeneratedisreduceddue
todistributionofstandingchargeswhichareproportionaltomaximumdemandandindependentof

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numberofunitsgenerated.
Thusthesuppliersshouldalwaystrytoimprovetheloadfactoraswellasdiversityfactorbyinducing
theconsumerstousetheelectricalenergyduringopeakhoursandtheymaybechargedatlower
ratesforsuchschemes.

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AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.
Hehasmorethan13yearsexperienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergy
theftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectricalProjects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).
HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputyManagerat
Ahmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsof
ElectricalEngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorand
ElectricalIndiaMagazines.HeisTechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,French
languages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeandhelptechnicalenthusiaststofind
suitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

1.Manish says:
October31,2011at4:14pm
Thankyouverymuchforsuchagoodanddetailedarticle.
Yourblogpostsarealwaysquitegood!

Reply
2.Dieter says:
November9,2011at10:55am
AsajuniorE&IEngineer,Iherewiththankyouforyourkindnessofsharingyourknowledge.

Ilookforewardtomoreofyourwork.

18 of 29 2/20/2017 6:39 PM
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Reply
S.SAMBATH says:
November29,2011at1:36pm
Sir,
TheinformationsareveryusefullikemeasElectricityBoardEngineer.ThankuandIexpect
more.
s.sambath

Reply
zaheerkhattak says:
May30,2012at7:15am
dearsir,thanksalotbothofuiamelectricalengineerandimworkinginconsultancyfirmin
pakistan
imostlydesignhighriseocialandresidentialbuilding.iwanttoshareandgainsome
importantknowledgeaboutdesigningforAllofuandeveryonehowhelpme.
thanks
Zaheerkhattak
shazconsultantPeshawarPakistan

availableonFacebook

3.chemie says:
November30,2011at6:21am
mefrommalaysiauaregreatsir..thanksalot

Reply
4.Md.Samiuddin says:
December7,2011at8:58am
DearMr.JigneshParmar,

Thedetailsprovidedbyareveryuseful.Excellent!

Ineedasmallhelp.IamanIndian,nativeofAndhraPradesh.Iamamechanicalengineer,handling
anewprojectinJeddah,SaudiArabia.
Thedetailsinthepowersummaryreportare:
ConnectedPowerUsage=1290KWH
Aftermultiplyingbypowerfactorsandmaximumutilizationfactorsindividuallytoeachequipment
thesumis=535KWH.
Example:Craneconnectedpower=95kwh;powerfactor=0.6;Max.Utlzn.Factor=0.75gives
95kwhX0.6X0.75=42.75kwh

Now,IfIwantbuythegenerators(OR)toaskforelectricitydept.whatpowershouldIask?Willit
be1290KWHor535KWH?Pleaseclarifyandexplainmetoimprovemyawaenessinthisperticular
topicbecausealwaysIcomeacrosswithsuchincidents.

Pleasereplytometomyemail:(or)

Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.

BestRegard

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electric... https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversit...

Md.Samiuddin
Plantmanager
MIMCo.,
Jeddah
KSA

Reply
5.MansourA, says:
January15,2012at7:08pm
ThankuverymuchMr.Parmar,Ireallygetuseandunderstandthesefactorswhichwereconfused
tome.Ihavesetthissiteinfavouritieslookingforewardtoreadyourgoodactivities.

Reply
6.francisazumah says:
February18,2012at2:49pm
amverygreatfulfortheexplanatorynotes,isaywelldonebutneedsmoreofthat.thankyou

Reply
7.Rahman says:
February27,2012at11:49am
veryusefullinkthankyou

Reply
8.opeyemi says:
March17,2012at6:32am
Greatanswer,itreallymeetmydemand

Reply
9.ranx says:
March23,2012at6:57pm
Thankforyourkindness,yourexplanationveryusefulandveryunderstadbletous.

Reply
10.ranx says:
March23,2012at6:58pm
Thanksforthesharingofyourknowledgethissveryusefultomydesign

Reply
11.anam says:
April25,2012at1:03pm
canihavethedefinitionofgrowthfactor?

Reply
12.goldwincs says:
June18,2012at2:42pm
greatpost!canyouexplainaboutpeakdiversityfactor?

Reply
13.ahmednazmi says:
July19,2012at9:05am

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electric... https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversit...

whatthedierencebetweendiversityfactoranddiversityfactor(ks)andwhereiwilluse:diversity
factor,diversityfactor(ks)anddemandfactor

Reply
14.daniel says:
August8,2012at5:45pm
great,pleasedomorepostanddetailedexplanation

Reply
15.mynameisokekhianstanley. says:
August16,2012at2:34pm
Thankyouforyourknowledge.Thiswillbeofhelpinmyfieldwork.

Reply
16.kwame says:
August16,2012at2:57pm
Thanksverymuch,Iamreallyenlightenedalot.

Reply
17.JoseAntonioMartins says:
September28,2012at6:06pm
DearMr.JigneshParmar,

Thedetailsprovidedaboutthisissueareveryuseful.

Wouldyoumindinformingmeabouttheoriginofthetable:DiversityFactorforanapartment
block?

Pleaseanswermebyemail.

Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.

Reply
JoseAntonioMartins says:
December19,2012at8:21pm
IhavealreadyfoundthereferredtableintheFrenchStandardNFC14100(2008):Lowvoltage
mainsinstallations.
Pleaseconsiderthecorrections:
whereis40To40shouldbe40to49
whereis50ToAbove,ks=0.40shouldbe50toAbove,ks=0.38.

Reply
18.dhananjayPrasad says:
October12,2012at2:18am
Thankyousir

Reply
19.salmanp says:
November7,2012at8:16am
thankusir

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Reply
20.tiger says:
November19,2012at11:05am
Verygoodarticle,butthesecalculationderivedfromwhichCodeorstandard???speciallytable
(DemandFactor&LoadFactoraccordingtoTypeofIndustries),becausethesevaluesisvariedand
dependonthepracticewise

Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
November19,2012at2:35pm
Yes.Agreewithyou.ThisisjustreferenceValue.ThisValuevaryaccordingtoitsusers
Profile.
Wecannotpredicttheactualvaluebutthistablevaluehelpfulustocalculatemorerealistic
assumption.
IgotthisTablefromoneBookorManual.IfitismorevaluableforYouthanIwilldefiantly
conveyitsReferenceSource.

Reply
tigerman says:
November20,2012at7:48am
Manythanksforyourreply,andihopetosendtomethisreferenceorbookitwillbeakind
fromyou

Samer says:
January2,2013at9:10am
Canyoupleaseprovidemewiththereferencesource?Itisveryimportanttome.
Thankyouforthegreatarticle.
Regards.

21.RonChatterji says:
December5,2012at1:26pm
IamfromUS.MynameisRon.Iwanttotalkwithyouonsomething.Pleasetellmewhatphone#I
cancallandtime.Iwillcallyouaftergettingyour3

Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
December5,2012at2:20pm
IamavailableonEmail.
MyEmailIdisjiguparmar@yahoo.com

Reply
Mohammed says:
February24,2013at4:16pm
DearJignesh,ineedthereferencesofyourdiversity,demandandcoincidencefactrostables.
aretheyasperanyinternational/nationalcodes.Yourkindreplywillbnehelfulinstudyinga
project.

M.A.Bari

Shakil says:

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July6,2013at2:49am
Jignesh.Parmar,Ineedyourhelp.IamfmBangladesh.Iamalsoaelectricalengineer.Isawthat
youhavemostexperienceinpowersector.In15thjuly,aBangladeshipowergeneration
companycallainterview.Iamalsoacandidateforthatinterview.Sirpleasegivesome
materialsandtellmehowcanigotthatjob.Iliketoinformyouthat,Ihavenoexperienceto
workanypowerplant.Iamafresherelectricalengineer

22.RonChatterji says:
December5,2012at1:27pm
Ineedyourphone#andthetime/date

Reply
23.minhaz says:
December23,2012at5:00am
exellent

Reply
24.saad says:
December23,2012at9:31am
thanksdear

Reply
25.MarkJasonAcopioObordo says:
January17,2013at2:08pm
thanks!!nowiknow.:)

Reply
26.colinchallinger says:
February5,2013at9:59am
HiIhaveanappartmentblockwith12flatstocostandtheyareallelectrilyheatedtoalpotdivesity
equals22.4Kva
refto(ks)willthisfactorstillapplytotheincomingmain?

Reply
27.PercyMakhuvha says:
February28,2013at8:28am
ThankyouverymuchknowIamhappy

Reply
28.AllanSanjose says:
March18,2013at12:32am
Yourfirststatementregardingdemandfactorisalwayslessthanone.

ifyourdemandfactoris100%thatisequaltoone.

Philippines

Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
March18,2013at2:25pm
PleasecarefullyReadDefinitionFirst!!!

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DemandFactor=Maximumdemandofasystem/Totalconnectedloadonthesystem.
YourmaxdemandnevergoesbeyondconnectedloadsoD.Fisalwayslessthan1.
Hopethisclarificationmayclearyourdough.

Reply
29.Rahul says:
March21,2013at5:22pm
Dearsir,

Icameacrossanotherformulalike

Maximumnormalrunningplantload=100%sumofallcontinuouslyoperatingloads+30%sumof
allintermittentloads.

Where100%and30%areconsideredasthediversityfactorsofcontinuousandintermittentloads
respectively

Sirdoyouknowwhichindustryisthisformulacommonlyused.canyouexplainthisformula..

Ihopeyouwillreplytomyquestion

Reply
30.KhwajaSalim says:
April3,2013at9:36am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.Itisveryusefulindesigningofelectricalinstalltion.

Reply
31.John says:
May11,2013at2:52pm
DearSir,Iwouldliketolearnaboutthereferenceforthisinfo.Thankyouverymuchforyourkind
help.

Reply
32.avtarsingh says:
May27,2013at10:44am
Dearsir,oneconfusionisthatifmyconectedloadis450kwandconsumptionis307kwhthenwhat
theratingofincommingtransformerpleasetellmebrief.

Reply
33.Bala says:
September22,2013at5:56am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.

Reply
34.pritchitroda says:
October3,2013at6:04pm
veryusefullthingsuhavegiven,thanks,

Reply
35.saad says:
November2,2013at8:04am

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electric... https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversit...

thankyouverymuch.

Reply
36.atest says:
November12,2013at7:52am
thisisatest

Reply
37.aki says:
November25,2013at8:17am
thankuuu

Reply
38.haseebullha says:
November25,2013at12:51pm
niceandsimpleinformationthanksforyoureort

Reply
39.irdanraybodiongan says:
January17,2014at8:44am
whatisthedemandfactorandloadfactorfordraftingroom?

Reply
40.AlbertoGasmen says:
February24,2014at8:21pm
Basically,thesedatafortheDEMANDandDIVERSITYfactorsareexcellentinfoforafast
estimationofPOWERSUPPLY,CABLE/WIRESIZES,manythanks

Reply
41.souvik says:
March22,2014at8:56am
thanksforthearticle..ithelpedme.thanks

Reply
42.SPSarathy says:
March23,2014at12:46pm
Youreortislaudable.Westandtogainwithyoursharinginasimpleway.

Reply
43.ashokchaudhary says:
September7,2014at6:00am
thanksforusefulAndapplicablekno
wlge

Reply
44.HarishKumarJohri says:
September8,2014at5:10am
ThankyouMr.Jignesh!NiceexplanationsoftheseElectricityfactorsinoneArticle.
HarishKumarJohri,L&TFaridabad.

Reply

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45.Rafiq says:
September21,2014at5:55pm
Thanksforthisnote,hopefullycaniknowwhatisyourreferenceforthisImgladto
knowthanksinadvance

Reply
46.Godfrey says:
November15,2014at8:45am
Amappreciationforthisprovisionoftheinfomatiomaboutdiversityfactorbcauseitsalwaysdicult
tofindreliablenotesforthistopic.

Reply
47.DaramolaDele says:
November23,2014at7:00am
yourarticleisalwaysedifyingmystudies.MayGodBlessyoumoreandmore

Reply
48.DaramolaDele says:
November24,2014at10:06am
howcangetthispaper

Reply
49.MahmoudElghazaly says:
December29,2014at11:14am
thankyouverymuchforsuchvaluableinformations

Reply
50.Rajesh says:
January19,2015at12:12pm
Verysimpleexplanationandreallyvaluable.
Thisisanantibioticformyknowledge

Reply
51.zak says:
March2,2015at12:57pm
dearJignesh

ihaveasmallquestionregardingthetransformers.
ineedtoknowaccordingtoNECwhatisthepercentagetobeloadedforthecapacityofa
transformer.
Asapracticewealwaysconsider80%oftotalkvaofatransformer.
ex.ifwehave1600kvat/rthenwecanuse1600*80%=1280kva.
wecanuseonly1280kvainsteadof1600kva.supooseyourtotalloadis1400kvathenyouhavetogo
tohighersizethatis2000kva.

Reply
52.usman says:
April2,2015at7:12am
niceeortformakingitunderstandabletonontechnicalalso..

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Reply
53.RAJNISHKUMAR says:
April22,2015at9:30am
Sir,thanksforprovidingusefulinformationasithelpsinpreparationofamie

Reply
54.monacodelpasao says:
June16,2015at5:38am
greatnotesbutalotofspellingmistakes

Reply
55.avnishkumar says:
July6,2015at9:41am
iamplantengineer(electrcial).disconceptalwayswerusing,soundestandtheLF,DFetc..

Reply
56.thongraty says:
August4,2015at8:46am
Dearsir,

Actuallysir,CouldyoupleasemoredetailformeaboutwhatistheKuandWhatistheKscosistill
confusewithwhatyoushowedabove.

Bestregard,

Reply
57.8463838172 says:
August22,2015at2:55pm
siriamelectricalengg.studentiwanttowriteresearchpaperonruralelectricitysocouldyouhelp
me

Reply
58.sourabhvishwakarma says:
November9,2015at7:37am
thankyouforthisinformationbutihaveanQuestion:ifihave2000kwconnectedloadthanhow
muchkvatransformerweshoulduseeitherhigherfrom2000kworbelow.accordingtoyour
calculationitgiveverylowcapacitycapacityoftransformer.pleasereply.

Reply
59.kimdongmin says:
December15,2015at1:46am
Thankyouforsharingyourknowledge!!

Reply
60.Nandakumar.R says:
December30,2015at1:33pm
DearMr.Jignesh.Parmar
Thankyouforyourideaandimplementationofsharingyourexperience&knowledgeandhelp
technicalenthusiaststolearnmore.

GREATTHINKING;GREATJOB!

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Reply
61. says:
February7,2016at9:34am
+32.thanksverygoodsite,thankforhelp

Reply
62.ChandrakantGhan says:
February12,2016at9:07am
ChandrakantGhan:
DearMr.Parmar,AveryusefularticleandclearsmanydoubtsaboutthefactorsinElectrical
isntalltion.

Thanksforsucharticle.

Regards

Reply
63.sunny says:
May12,2016at5:52am
whatisthecapacityoftransformerfor33000sqfeetareaplssuggested

Reply
64.AboderinSulaiman says:
June1,2016at3:33pm
DearMrParmar

WearecurrentlyworkingonaprojectforLagosStateMinistryofHousingatotalof53blocks.Each
blockisafourfloorscomprisesof8Nos1bedroomflat(2nosperfloor)onawingand8Nos2
bedroomflat(2Nosperfloor)ontheotherwing.Thetotalloadforeachblockis478.4KWandforall
the53blocks,thetotalloadwas25,355.2KWi.e25.355MW.

SelectingTransformersfortheEstate:

Adiversityfactorof0.8(1.25)wasapplyforeachblockandaloadfactorof0.3wasusedforthe
entireestate,enblock

ThetotalutilityfactorappliedfortheentireEstateis0.8multiplyby0.3=0.24

TotalestimatedloadforselectionofTransformeris25.355MWX0.24=6.085MW

Applyingpowerfactorof0.8,estimatedloadinKVA=7,606KVA

NumberofTransformerrequired(AssumedeachselectedTransformerisof(500KVA)=
7,606/500No=15.2say16Noof500KVAwillberequiredfortheEstate.

IneedyouradviceandIwanttoknowifthereisaRegulationthatconfirmtheaboveapplication
factorforfinalload(Estimated)asdoneabove.

IwanttoknowifIamontherighttrackconsideringyourdefinitionofdiversityfactor,loadfactor
etc.

Baseontheabovecalculationwhatisthesizeofthemaininjectionsubstationthatwillsupplythe

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entireestate.Thankyou.

ThankyouasIexpecttohearfromyousoonest.

Reply
65.DeepakM.R. says:
July28,2016at6:38am
ThanksalotSir.Theseinformationwereveryuseful.

Reply
66.venkat says:
August26,2016at11:51pm
IliketoreadyouranswersiwouldliketoSizeofGeneratorformynewPlant.Pladvicehowto
arrivecorrectsizeofDGset.similarly,ifiwanttodosamefromrunningplant,plspecifythesame
also..thanks..venkat

Reply

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