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Mostcasesofprimarycongenitalglaucomaoccursporadically.66,67
Inapproximately10%ofcases,anautosomalrecessivehereditarypatternis
evident.Inthissituation,bothparentsusuallyareheterozygouscarriersbutdo
nothavethedisease.BysimpleMendeliangenetics,iftheseparentshavefour
children,onechildwouldbehomozygousforprimarycongenitalglaucomaand
wouldmanifestthedisease,twochildrenwouldbeheterozygouscarriers,andone
childwouldbehomozygousnormal.
Penilaiangenetikmendel,jikaorangtuamemilikiempatanak,satuanak
bermanifestasi, dua anak akan karier heterozigot dan satu anak akan normal.
Berdasarkantingginyaangkapersentaselakilakiyangmengidappenyakitinidan
sedikitangkapersentasefamilial311%,tidakmencapaiangka25%bilapenyakit
ini di wariskan secara resesif. Pada situasi tertentu, bila anak kedua dari satu
lainnnyaadalah1banding4.
Theactualsituation,however,ismorecomplex.Mostresearchersfindavariable
penetranceof4080%,althoughpenetranceincertainfamilieshasbeenashighas
90100%.Infamilieswithlowpenetrance,thenumberofaffectedchildrenwillbe
lessthantheexpected25%.
Otherresearchersbelievethatprimarycongenitalglaucomacanbeinherited
throughapolygeneticpattern.67Thisisbasedonthehighpercentageofmales
affectedandarateofinvolvementofsiblingsof311%(i.e.,thechanceofa
secondchildshowingthedisease)versustheexpected25%iftheinheritancewere
purelyrecessive.Inpracticalterms,ifasecondchildinafamilydoesmanifest
infantileglaucoma,thechanceforasubsequentsiblingwiththedisease
approachesoneoffour.66Itislikelythatmorethanonemodeofinheritanceexists.
Thepresenceofanaffectedchildshouldalertthecliniciantoexamineother
childreninthefamily.Parentsofaffectedchildrennaturallyareconcernedabout
thepossibilityofothersiblingsbeingaffected.Somehavereportedthatthereisa
45%likelihoodofoccurrenceinsiblingsoroffspringofasingleaffectedchild.
Othershaveidentifiedthesignificanceofgenderonthephenotypesexpression.
Approximately3%ofsiblingsmaybeaffectediftheaffectedchildismale,and
closeto0%ifthechildisfemale.68
Thereare,however,familiesinwhomglaucomaappearsfrequently,andwiththe
adventofmoleculargenetics,theatriskmembersmayonedayroutinelybe
identified.9Thisareaisamongthefastestgrowinginmodernmedicine.9a,9bThe
HumanGenomeOrganization/GenomeDatabasehasallocatedthefollowing
nomenclatureforglaucomagenes:GLCisthegeneralsymbolforglaucoma;1,2,
and3,respectively,standforopenangle,angleclosure,andcongenitalglaucoma;
andA,B,C,andsoforthrefertothesequentialmappingofthefirst,second,and
thirdgenesinthatsubgroup.Bylongstandingconvention,chromosomesare
identifiedbyArabicnumbers(e.g.,1,2,3);thelongarmandshortarmofthe
chromosomearedesignatedbyqandp,respectively;andfurtherlocalizationby
Arabicnumberappearsthereafter.By2008,scoresoflocihavebeenlinkedto
glaucomaandgenesidentified.70,71
Once1ofthe26humanchromosomeshasbeenidentifiedasthelocusofthe
geneticdefect,thehumangenomehassome100000humangenescomprisedof3
billionbasepairs.Onesolitarydefectivebasepaircanmanifestasadisease;
moreover,thereisremarkablephenotypicheterogeneityandexpressionof
geneticalterations,aswellasclinicaloverlapofdifferentgeneticmutations. 9,9b,72
Forexample,ithasbeenestimatedthat3%ofadultprimaryopenangleglaucoma
patientsintheUnitedStatesmanifestamutationinthetrabecularinduction
glucocorticoidregulator(TIGR),ormyocilin,gene.7274Butthereareatleastthree
knownkindsofmutationinthisGLC1Agene,withvariableexpressionsof
glaucoma.Theprecisemannerinwhichadefectivelycodedproteinparticipatesin
thecascadeofeventsthatmanifestasclinicalglaucomaalsoremainstobe
elucidated.
clinicalimplementationofsuchtechnicalinformationisacomplextask,
embracingawiderangeofethical,legal,andsocialissues.Aparticularlyhelpful
compilation,underwrittenbytheHumanGenomeProject,addressessuch
dilemmasaspredictivetestingforadultonsetdiseaseandalternativemodelsfor
geneticcounseling;nondirectivenessingeneticcounseling;morallyrelevant
featuresofdefininggeneticmaladiesandgenetictesting;abortionandthenew
genetics,andethicsofgenetherapy.75Anexampleofbutoneethicalissuein
geneticscreeningforfamilialglaucoma(and,infact,allmedicaldiseases)isthe
uncertaintythatapositivescreeningresultwillactuallyclinicallymanifest,
combinedwiththeunknownriskofclinicaldiseasemanifestingdespiteanegative
genescreenbattery.Clinicalwisdomsimplydictatesthatpatientsandtheir
familiesatriskcontinuetoundergoregularclinicalsurveillanceuntilthepre
dictivereliabilityofhumangeneticscreeningismoreestablished.
Epidemiologi dan Genetik
daripada glaukoma primer pada dewasa, dan glaukoma infantil lebih jarang lagi.
Awal kekacauan ini bervarisi. Sebelum adanya terapi operasi yang efektif, kasus
kekacauan multi sistemik genetik. Semua pasien glaukoma anak dan pasien
dewassa yang menderita glaukoma pada masa anak-anak harus dievaluasi oleh
genetik dalam suatu keluarga. Proses ini melibatkan berbagai upaya oleh satu
atau beberapa orang yang sudah terlatih untuk membantu keluarga atau individu