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largely the same genes, but genes are present in different arrangements on
the cpDNA molecules on inverse repeats within the cpDNAs of most
species. However, in Euglena gracilis, the 16s and 23s rRNA genes are
present on the three direct tandem repeats, with a separate fourth copy of
the 16s rRNA gene locate nearby in the genome. By comparing the location
of genes on different chloroplast genomes , palmer has been able to show
that many of the changes in cpDNA organization have resulted from
inversions of segments of DNA. In other case, deletions and insertions of
DNA were found to have occured in intergenic regions and within introns of
genes. However, the major documented changes in cpDNA structure seem
to have resulted from large inversions.
paramecia are favored organism for genetic investigation. they are large ,
unicellular protozoans that reproduce by both asexual and sexual processes.
asexual reproduction occurs through cell fission to produce clones of
genetically identical cells. in the sexual phase, paramecia conjugate
periodically and transfer genetic meterial from one cell to another.
paramecia and other ciliates have two kinds nuclei: a large vegetative
macronucleus and small micronucleus, which goes through the meiotic
sequence and procducea haploid gametes . A micronucleus also gives rise
to the macronucleus that devides in a asexual cell division. it is possible in
the laboratory to make sexual crosses through which nuclear DNA is
transferred from a donor to a recipient, resulting in heterozygous progeny ,
that is, AA x aa -> Aa. a process of self fertilization, called autogamy ,
result in the complete homozygosis of the resulting progeny (fig. 20 8).
folowing meiosis , the cells are haploid, but through autogamy they become
homozygous diploids. this provides a basis for comparing extranuclear and
nuclear inheritance , and thus for demonstrating that progeny can differ
from wild type in traits controlled by both nuclear and extranuclear genes.