LATEX Math for Undergrads Entering \textbackslash overline\{x+y\} produces x + y, and

\textbackslash widehat\{x+y\} gives x\widehat + y. Comment on an expression as

Rule One Any mathematics at all, even a single character, here (there is also \textbackslash overbrace\{..\}).
goes in a mathematical setting. Thus, for ``the value of x is
7 '' enter `the value of \textbackslash ( x \textbackslash ) is \textbackslash ( 7 \textbackslash )'. x+y \textbackslash underbrace\{x+y\}\]\{|A|\}
\underbrace{} \underbrace{}
Template Your document should contain at least this. | A|
\textbackslash documentclass \{ article \}
\textbackslash usepackage \{ amsmath , amssymb , amsthm \} Dots Use low dots in a list \{ 0, 1, 2, . . .\} , entered as
\textbackslash usepackage [ utf8 ]\{ inputenc \}
\textbackslash \{0,1,2,\textbackslash ,\textbackslash ldots\textbackslash \}. (If you use \textbackslash ldots in plain text as
\textbackslash begin \{ document \} London, Paris, \textbackslash ldots\{\}\textbackslash ,. note the thinspace \textbackslash , be-
-- document body here - -
\textbackslash end \{ document \}
fore the period.) Use centered dots in a sum or product
1 + \cdot \cdot \cdot + 100, entered as 1+\textbackslash cdots+100. You can also get
Common constructs vertical dots \textbackslash vdots and diagonal dots \textbackslash ddots.
\surd \surd Roman names Enter \textbackslash tan(x), with a backslash, instead
x2 x\textasciicircum 2 2, n 3 \textbackslash sqrt\{2\}, \textbackslash sqrt[n]\{3\}
2 of tan(x). These get the same treatment.
xi,j x\]\{i,j\} 3 , 2/3 \textbackslash frac\{2\}\{3\}, 2/3
sin \textbackslash sin sinh \textbackslash sinh arcsin \textbackslash arcsin
Calligraphic letters Use as \textbackslash ( \textbackslash mathcal\{A\} \textbackslash ).
cos \textbackslash cos cosh \textbackslash cosh arccos \textbackslash arccos
\scrA \scrB \scrC \scrD \scrE \scrF \scrG \scrH \scrI \scrJ \scrK \scrL \scrM \scrN \scrO \scrP \scrQ \scrR \scrS \scrT \scrU \scrV \scrW \scrX \scrY \scrZ tan \textbackslash tan tanh \textbackslash tanh arctan \textbackslash arctan
sec \textbackslash sec coth \textbackslash coth min \textbackslash min
Greek
csc \textbackslash csc det \textbackslash det max \textbackslash max
\alpha \textbackslash alpha \xi , \Xi \textbackslash xi, \textbackslash Xi cot \textbackslash cot dim \textbackslash dim inf \textbackslash inf
\beta \textbackslash beta o o exp \textbackslash exp ker \textbackslash ker sup \textbackslash sup
\gamma , \Gamma \textbackslash gamma, \textbackslash Gamma \pi , \Pi \textbackslash pi, \textbackslash Pi log \textbackslash log deg \textbackslash deg lim inf \textbackslash liminf
\delta , \Delta \textbackslash delta, \textbackslash Delta \varpi \textbackslash varpi ln \textbackslash ln arg \textbackslash arg lim sup \textbackslash limsup
\epsilon \textbackslash epsilon \rho \textbackslash rho lg \textbackslash lg gcd \textbackslash gcd lim \textbackslash lim
\varepsilon \textbackslash varepsilon \varrho \textbackslash varrho
\zeta \textbackslash zeta \sigma , \Sigma \textbackslash sigma, \textbackslash Sigma Other symbols
\eta \textbackslash eta \varsigma \textbackslash varsigma
< < \angle \textbackslash angle \cdot \textbackslash cdot
\theta \Theta \textbackslash theta, \textbackslash Theta \tau \textbackslash tau
\leq \textbackslash leq \measuredangle \textbackslash measuredangle \pm \textbackslash pm
\vargamma \textbackslash vartheta \upsilon , \Upsilon \textbackslash upsilon, \textbackslash Upsilon
> > \ell \textbackslash ell \mp \textbackslash mp
\iota \textbackslash iota \phi , \Phi \textbackslash phi, \textbackslash Phi
\geq \textbackslash geq \| \textbackslash parallel \times \textbackslash times
\kappa \textbackslash kappa \varphi \textbackslash varphi
\not = \textbackslash neq 45\circ 45\textasciicircum \{\textbackslash circ\} \div \textbackslash div
\lambda \Lambda \textbackslash lambda, \textbackslash Lambda \chi \textbackslash chi \sim
\ll \textbackslash ll = \textbackslash cong \ast \textbackslash ast
\mu \textbackslash mu \psi , \Psi \textbackslash psi, \textbackslash Psi
\gg \textbackslash gg \ncong \textbackslash ncong | \textbackslash mid
\nu \textbackslash nu \omega , \Omega \textbackslash omega, \textbackslash Omega
\approx \textbackslash approx \sim \textbackslash sim \nmid \textbackslash nmid
Sets and logic \asymp \textbackslash asymp \simeq \textbackslash simeq n! n!
\equiv \textbackslash equiv \nsim \textbackslash nsim \partial \textbackslash partial
\cup \textbackslash cup \BbbR \textbackslash mathbb\{R\} \forall \textbackslash forall \prec \textbackslash prec \oplus \textbackslash oplus \nabla \textbackslash nabla
\cap \textbackslash cap \BbbZ \textbackslash mathbb\{Z\} \exists \textbackslash exists \preceq \textbackslash preceq \ominus \textbackslash ominus \hbar \textbackslash hbar
\subset \textbackslash subset \BbbQ \textbackslash mathbb\{Q\} \neg \textbackslash neg \succ \textbackslash succ \odot \textbackslash odot \circ \textbackslash circ
\subseteq \textbackslash subseteq \BbbN \textbackslash mathbb\{N\} \vee \textbackslash vee \succeq \textbackslash succeq \otimes \textbackslash otimes \star \textbackslash star
\supset \textbackslash supset \textbackslash mathbb\{C\} \wedge \textbackslash wedge \surd
\BbbC \propto \textbackslash propto \oslash \textbackslash oslash \textbackslash surd
\supseteq \textbackslash supseteq \varnothing \textbackslash varnothing \vdash \textbackslash vdash .
= \textbackslash doteq \upharpoonright \textbackslash upharpoonright \checkmark \textbackslash checkmark
\in \textbackslash in \emptyset \textbackslash emptyset | = \textbackslash models
\ni \textbackslash ni \aleph \textbackslash aleph \Rightarrow \textbackslash Rightarrow Enter a|b for the divides relation a| b. Use \textbackslash mid as in
\in / \textbackslash notin \setminus \textbackslash setminus \nRightarrow \textbackslash nRightarrow \textbackslash \{a\textbackslash in S\textbackslash mid\textbackslash text\{\textbackslash (a=0\textbackslash ) or \textbackslash (a\textbackslash ) is odd\}\textbackslash \} for the
\not \in \textbackslash not\textbackslash in \equiv \textbackslash equiv set \{ a \in S | a = 0 or a is odd\} .
\sum 3
Negate an operator, as in \not \subset , with \textbackslash not\textbackslash subset. For the Variable-sized operators The summation j=0 j 2
\int 3
set complement, get A\sansc with A\textasciicircum \{\textbackslash mathsf\{c\}\}, get A\complement with \textbackslash sum\]\{j=0\}\textasciicircum 3 j\textasciicircum 2 and the integral x=0 x2 dx
A\textasciicircum \{\textbackslash complement\}, or get A\= with \textbackslash bar\{A\}. \textbackslash int\]\{x=0\}\textasciicircum 3 x\textasciicircum 2\textbackslash ,dx expand when displayed.
Decorations
3
\sum \int 3
2
\prime
f f' a\. \textbackslash dot\{a\} x\~ \textbackslash tilde\{x\} j x2 dx
x=0
f \prime \prime f'' a
\" \textbackslash ddot\{a\} x\= \textbackslash bar\{x\} j=0
\Sigma \ast \textbackslash Sigma\textasciicircum \{*\} x\^ \textbackslash hat\{x\} \vec{}x \textbackslash vec\{x\}
These do the same.
If the decorated letter is i or j then some decorations need \int \int \int \int \bigcup
\textbackslash imath or \textbackslash jmath, as in \textbackslash vec\{\textbackslash imath\}. Some authors use \int \int \textbackslash int \oint \textbackslash iiint \bigcap \textbackslash bigcup
boldface for vectors: \textbackslash boldsymbol\{x\}. \textbackslash iint \textbackslash oint \textbackslash bigcap
Arrows Displayed equations Put equations on a separate line
with the equation* environment.
\rightarrow \textbackslash rightarrow, \textbackslash to \mapsto \rightarrow \textbackslash mapsto
\nrightarrow \textbackslash nrightarrow \mapsto - \rightarrow \textbackslash longmapsto \textbackslash begin \{ equation *\}
S = k \textbackslash log W
- \rightarrow \textbackslash longrightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash leftarrow S = k log W \textbackslash end \{ equation *\}
\Rightarrow \textbackslash Rightarrow \updownarrow \textbackslash leftrightarrow
\nRightarrow \textbackslash nRightarrow \downarrow \textbackslash downarrow You can break into multiple lines.
=\Rightarrow \textbackslash Longrightarrow \uparrow \textbackslash uparrow x3 \textbackslash begin \{ multline *\}
\rightsquigarrow \textbackslash leadsto \updownarrow \textbackslash updownarrow sin(x) = x -
3! \textbackslash sin ( x )= x -\textbackslash frac \{ x \textasciicircum 3\}\{3!\} \textbackslash \textbackslash
+\textbackslash frac \{ x \textasciicircum 5\}\{5!\} -\textbackslash cdots
The right arrows in the first column have matching left x5 \textbackslash end \{ multline *\}
arrows, such as \textbackslash nleftarrow, and there are some other + - \cdot \cdot \cdot
5!
matches for down arrows, etc.
Align using the align* environment
Fences
\textbackslash begin \{ align *\}
( ) () \langle \rangle \textbackslash langle\textbackslash rangle | | | | \nabla \cdot \bfitD = \rho \textbackslash nabla \textbackslash cdot \textbackslash boldsymbol \{ D \} \&= \textbackslash rho \textbackslash \textbackslash
\textbackslash nabla \textbackslash cdot \textbackslash boldsymbol \{ B \} \&= 0
[ ] [] \lfloor \rfloor \textbackslash lfloor\textbackslash rfloor \| \| \textbackslash | \textbackslash | \nabla \cdot \bfitB = 0 \textbackslash end \{ align *\}
\{ \} \textbackslash \{\textbackslash \} \lceil \rceil \textbackslash lceil\textbackslash rceil
They will grow with the enclosed formula using \textbackslash left and (you can have an empty left or right side of the alignment).
\textbackslash right. For each environment, get a numbered version by omitting
\Bigl\langle i
\Bigr\rangle the asterisk, as with align in place of align*.
i, 22 \textbackslash left\textbackslash langle i,2\textasciicircum \{2\textasciicircum i\}\textbackslash right\textbackslash rangle Calculus examples The last three here are display style.
Every \textbackslash left must match a \textbackslash right and they must end on
f : \BbbR \rightarrow \BbbR f\textbackslash colon\textbackslash mathbb\{R\}\textbackslash to\textbackslash mathbb\{R\}
the same line in the output. For a one-sided fence put a pe-
riod \textbackslash left. or \textbackslash right. on the other side. 9.8 m/s2 9.8\textasciitilde \textbackslash text\{m\}/\textbackslash text\{s\}\textasciicircum 2
\bigm|
df \bigm| \bigm| f (x + h) - f (x)
\textbackslash left.\textbackslash frac\{df\}\{dx\}\textbackslash right|\]\{x\]0\} \mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m} \textbackslash lim\]\{h\textbackslash to 0\}\textbackslash frac\{f(x+h)-f(x)\}\{h\}
dx \bigm| x0 h\rightarrow 0 h
\int
Fix the size with \textbackslash big, \textbackslash Big, \textbackslash bigg, or \textbackslash Bigg. x dx = x3 /3 + C
2
\textbackslash int x\textasciicircum 2\textbackslash ,dx=x\textasciicircum 3/3+C
n
\Bigl[ \sum 2
\Bigr] d d d
ek \textbackslash Big[\textbackslash sum\]\{k=0\}\textasciicircum n e\textasciicircum \{k\textasciicircum 2\}\textbackslash Big] \nabla = \bfiti + \bfitj + \bfitk \textbackslash nabla=\textbackslash boldsymbol\{i\}\textbackslash frac\{d\}\{dx\}+ \cdot \cdot \cdot
dx dy dz
k=0

Arrays, Matrices Make an array of mathematical text as Discrete mathematics examples There are four
you make a table of plain text. modulo forms: m mod n is from m\textbackslash bmod n, and a \equiv b
(mod m) is from a\textbackslash equiv b\textbackslash pmod m, and a \equiv b mod m
0 \updownarrow 0 \textbackslash begin \{ array \}\{ rcl \}
0 \&\textbackslash lef tright arrow \&0 \textbackslash \textbackslash is from a\textbackslash equiv b\textbackslash mod m, and a \equiv b (m) is from
1 \updownarrow 1 1 \&\textbackslash lef tright arrow \&1 \textbackslash \textbackslash a\textbackslash equiv b\textbackslash pod m.
2 \updownarrow 4 2 \&\textbackslash lef tright arrow \&4 \textbackslash \textbackslash
For combinations the binomial symbol nk is from
\bigl( \bigr)
.. .. \textbackslash vdots \& \&\textbackslash vdots
. . \textbackslash end \{ array \} \textbackslash binom\{n\}\{k\}. This resizes to be bigger in a display (to
require the display version use \textbackslash dbinom\{n\}\{k\} and for the
Definition by cases is an array with two columns.
inline version use \textbackslash tbinom\{n\}\{k\}).
\Biggl\{ f\]n = For permutations use nr from n\textasciicircum \{\textbackslash underline\{r\}\} (some
a if n = 0 \textbackslash begin \{ cases \} authors use P (n, r), or n Pr from \{\}\]nP\]r).
fn = a \&\textbackslash text \{ if \textbackslash ( n =0\textbackslash )\} \textbackslash \textbackslash
r \cdot fn - 1 else r \textbackslash cdot f\] \{n -1\} \&\textbackslash text \{ else \} Statistics examples
\textbackslash end \{ cases \}
\sqrt{} \sum
\sigma 2 = (xi - \mu )2 /N \textbackslash sigma\textasciicircum 2=\textbackslash sqrt\{\textbackslash sum (x\]i-\textbackslash mu)\textasciicircum 2/N\}
A matrix is another array variant. With this abbreviation \sum
E(X) = \mu X = (xi - P (xi )) E(X)=\textbackslash mu\]X=\textbackslash sum (x\]i-P(x\]i))
you need not specify that columns are centered.
\biggl( \biggr) \textbackslash begin \{ pmatrix \}
The probability density of the normal distribution
a b a \& b \textbackslash \textbackslash
c d c \& d 1 (x - \mu )2
\textbackslash end \{ pmatrix \} \surd e - 2\sigma 2
2\sigma 2 \pi
For the determinant use |A| inline and vmatrix in display. comes from this.
Spacing in mathematics \textbackslash frac \{1\}\{ sqrt \{2\textbackslash sigma \textasciicircum 2\textbackslash pi \}\}
\textbackslash , e \textasciicircum \{ -\textbackslash frac \{( x -\textbackslash mu )\textasciicircum 2\}\{2\textbackslash sigma \textasciicircum 2\}\}!.
\rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash , \rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash quad
\rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash : \rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash qquad For more See also the Comprehensive LATEX Symbols List
\rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash ; \rightarrow \leftarrow \textbackslash ! at mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive and
The left column spaces are in ratio 3 : 4 : 5. The last in the DeTEXify at detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html.
right column is a negative space, opposite to \textbackslash ,. Get arbi-
trary space as in \textbackslash hspace\{0.5cm\}. Jim Hefferon, Saint Michael's College, VT USA 2017-Jan-19