CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043

QUESTION 1

a. With the help of a diagram, briefly explain the difference between

laminar and turbulent flow.
Laminar flow:
Where the fluid moves slowly in layers in a pipe, without much 1M
mixing among the layers.

1.5 M

Turbulent flow
Opposite of laminar, where considerable mixing occurs, 1M
velocities are high.

1.5M

(5 marks)
b. Water flows in a concrete pipe 400 mm in diameter at a rate of 400
L/min. Calculate the head loss due to friction over a distance of 4
km.Take = 1.14 x 10-3 Ns/m2 and absolute roughness, k = 0.9mm.

400l 400 10 3
Q 6.67 10 31.5M
m3 / s
min 60

Q (6.67 10 3 m 3 / s ) 41.5M
velocity, v 0.053m / s
A 0.4 2
1M

vd 1000 0.053 0.4

Re 18615
2M 2000
1.14 10 3
1M

1.5M
Thus: flow is turbulent

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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043

k 0.9mm
2.25 10 3 01M
.00225
d 400mm
1M

From Moody chart,

F = 0.0065
2M

4 fLv 2 4 0.0065 4000 0.0532

hf
2 gd 2 9.81 0.4 0.5M
1M
h f 0.037 m 37.2mm
1M
(15 marks)
(Total : 20 marks)

QUESTION 2

a. Analysis of flow in open channels is depending on equations

established in the study of fluid mechanics. List any TWO (2) of the
equations together with their formula:-

i. Continuity equation - Q Q1 Q2
ii. Momentum equation - F Q v2 v1 2.5M each
iii. v1 v (any 2)
Energy equation - z1 D1 2 z 2 D2 hL
2g 2g
(5 marks)

b. Determine the discharge in the channel (N = 0.013) as shown in

Figure Q2(b). The channel has side slopes of 2 : 3 (vertical to
horizontal) and a slope of 1 : 1000.

0.6 m
z

1.2 m

Figure Q2(b)

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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043
x 3
x 1M
0.9m
0.6 2

z 0.6 2 0.9 2 z 1.08

1Mm

P 1.08 1.2 1.08 31.5M

.36m

B 0.9 1.2 0.9 1M

3.0m

1
A 1.2 3.0 0.6 1M
1.26m 2
2

A 1.26
m 01.5M
.375m
P 3.36

1 2 / 3 1/ 2 1
0.375 2 / 3 1 / 1000 1.5M
1/ 2
v m i 1.265m / s
N 0.013

Q Av 1.26 1.265 1.594m 3

1.5M/s
(10 marks)

(Total : 15 marks)

QUESTION 3

a. Name TWO (2) types of turbine and give one example each.
i. Impulse turbine example Pelton wheel 2.5M
1M 1.5M

ii. Reaction turbine example Francis / Kaplan turbine 2.5M

1M 1.5M
(5 marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043
b.
Pump efficiency,

Pump head,
hp
Pump
performance, h
(m)

From the graph of pump performance above :-

i. Determine the operating point values for discharge, Qo, head of

pump, ho and pump efficiency, o.

ii. Calculate the power required for the pump.

From the plot,

Qo =15L/s
0.5M
ho =12.5m
0.5M
o = 63%
0.5M

The power output is

Pout gQo ho 1000kg / m 3 9.81m / s 2 (15l / s 1 / 1000) m 3 12.5m 1839 watt
1M 1M
So, the power required is
gQo ho 1839watt
Pin 2919
1.5 watt
0.63
(5 marks)

(Total : 10 marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043
QUESTION 4

a. Water budget can be written in terms of surface and groundwater as

S P ( E T G R)
Explain the meaning of each symbols

S - change in storage
1M
P - precipitation
1M
E - Evaporation
1M
T - transpiration1M
G - groundwater flow out of the catchment1M
R - runoff
1M

(6 marks)

b. Briefly explain the term of evapotranspiration.

Evapotranspiration is the combined effect of evaporation and

transpiration, where evaporation is the conversion of water from its 1M
liquid state into vapour state as water vapour through the transfer of 1.5M
water molecules to the atmosphere and transpiration is the
transformation of water into vapour through plant and other 1.5M
vegetation.
(4 marks)

c. A lake had a water surface elevation of 100.0 m above the datum at a

beginning of a certain month. In that month, the lake received an
average inflow of 5.0 m3/s from a surface runoff sources. In the same
period, the outflow from the lake had an average value of 5.5 m3/s.
Further that month, the lake received a rainfall of 135 mm and the
evaporation from the lake surface was estimated to be 60 mm. The
average surface area of the lake was 45 km2. Write the water budget
equation for the lake and calculate the new water surface elevation of
the lake at the end of the month in m3. Assume there is no contribution
to or from the groundwater storage.

In a time period, t, the water budget equation of the lake is

S
I 0.5M
O
t

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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043
where t = 1 month = 1 x 30d x 24hr x 60min x 60s = 2.592 x 106s
0.5M

3 6 6 3
1M Surface runoff inflow, I = 5 m /s x 2.592 x 10 s = 12.96 x 10 m
3 6 6 3
1M Outflow from the lake, O = 5.5 m /s x 2.592 x 10 s = 14.26 x 10 m

Surface area of lake, A = 45km2 = 45 x 106m 2

0.5M

1MPrecipitation inflow (rainfall) = 0.135m x 45 x 106m2 = 6.075 x 106m3

1MEvaporation outflow = 0.06m x 45 x 10 m = 2.7 x 10 m
6 2 6 3

Total Inflow = (12.96 x 106 m3) + (6.075 x 106m3) =19.035 x 106m

1M3

Total Outflow = (14.26 x 106 m3) + (2.7 x 106m3) =16.96 x 106m

1M
3

Change in storage, S = Total Inflow Total Outflow

= (19.035 x 106m3) (16.96 x 106m3)
= 2.075 x 106m0.5M
3

S 2.075 10 6
Change in elevation, z 0.046
1M m
A 45 106
So, new water surface elevation at the end of the month is;
=100 + 0.046
= 100.046 1M
m
(10 marks)

(Total : 20 marks)

QUESTION 5

a. List FIVE (5) factors affecting water demand.

i. Size of the city
ii. Industry & commerce
iii. Characteristics of the population (any 5)
iv. Rainwater harvestingMetering of water 1M each
v. Poor water quality
vi. High pressure in system
vii. Maintenance program
(5 marks)

b. Explain FOUR (4) disadvantages slow sand filter.

i. Requires a large land area 1M
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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043
ii. Labour manual cleaning of sand 1M
iii. High capital cost 1M
iv. Slow rate, not suitable for municipalities. 1M
(4 marks)

c. Label the FIVE (5) basic process in water treatment system and
briefly explain the function of any THREE (3 ) of them.

Water
supply

A B C D E Disinfectio
n

Distribution system

A - Screening
B - Coagulation 5M
C - Flocculation
(1M each)
D - Sedimentation
E - Filtration

Screen to prevent suspended material enter the structure

Coagulation to removed fine particles by adding coagulant into the
treatment system.
Flocculation formation of flocs after the adding of coagulant.
6M
Sedimentation the process where the particles or suspended solids
settle. (Any 3 - 2M
Filtration to remove the remaining suspended and colloidal materials each)
after the process of sedimentation.
Disinfection to reduce organisms in water to such a low level that no
infection of disease will results when the water is
consume.
(11 marks)

(Total : 20 marks)

QUESTION 6
a. Explain the function of communitor or shredder and aeration in
wastewater treatment process
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CONFIDENTIAL NOVEMBER 2014/SET B/ECW2043

Communitor or shredder to reduce suspended solids in size so they 2.5 M

will not interfere with other system.
Aeration increase the dissolved oxygen content of flow so that the 2.5 M
odor will reduce
(5 marks)

b. There are FOUR (4) steps in treating wastewater. Draw the flowchart
and briefly explain each of the function.

4MPreliminary Primary Secondary Tertiary

treatment treatment treatment treatment

i. Preliminary treatment remove large floating solids, grit and

grease.
ii. Primary treatment remove suspended solids
6M
iii. Secondary / biological treatment remove the remaining 40% -
(1.5M each)
50% soluble and colloidal.
iv. Advanced / tertiary treatment enchanced the quality of
wastewater.
(10 marks)

(Total : 15 marks)

(TOTAL : 100 MARKS)

END OF PAPER

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k/d

IR