Paediatrica Indonesiana
VOLUME 49
The association between onset, frequency, duration of
seizure and IQ level in epileptic children
Yulia, Sjarif Hidayat Effendi, Budi Setiabudiawan
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder found in
all races and age groups. Epilepsy becomes a serious problem when
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that onset, frequency, and duration of seizures are associated
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determine prognostic and holistic management.
Objective To determine the association between onset, frequency,
GXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUHDQG,4OHYHOLQHSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQ
Methods This cross sectional study was carried out at the
Department of Child Health, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung,
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May  NUMBER 3
Original Article
E
pilepsy is a common neurological disorder
found in males and females in all races
and age groups. Epilepsy becomes a serious
problem when it occurs during the critical
development period of a child. Although exact
figures are not available, it is predicted that the
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ZLWKDSUHYDOHQFHRISHUSRSXODWLRQ
In the Neuropediatric Outpatient Clinic of Hasan
Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, the number of epileptic
HSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQDJHG\HDUVROGEHLQJWUHDWHGZLWKYDOSURLF SDWLHQWVLQFUHDVHGIURPYLVLWVQHZFDVHVLQ
acid. Statistic analysis was done using logistic regression analysis,  WR   QHZ FDVHV LQ  Epilepsy
25DQG55ZLWKFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDO
is a chronic neurological disease characterized
Results7KHUHZHUHVXEMHFWVZLWKHSLOHSV\PDOHV7ZHQW\
VXEMHFWVVKRZHGRQVHWRIVHL]XUHVDWPRQWKVROGWKHVH by recurrent seizures.  Nowadays, management
VXEMHFWV KDG  KLJKHU ULVN IRU KDYLQJ D ORZ ,4 OHYHO VFRUH of epilepsy is focused on patient quality of life,
FRPSDUHGWRWKRVHZLWKVHL]XUHRQVHWDWPRQWKVROG with cognition being one of the most important
3 6L[W\VXEMHFWVKDGDVHL]XUHIUHTXHQF\RI! parameters.13 Some studies reported the relationship
WLPHV DQQXDOO\ WKH\ KDG  KLJKHU ULVN RI KDYLQJ D ORZ ,4
FRPSDUHGWRWKRVHZLWKVHL]XUHIUHTXHQF\WLPHV3 
between epilepsy and cognition dysfunction, especially
6HYHQVXEMHFWVKDGVHL]XUHVRI!PLQXWHVWKH\KDG intellectual function, while others reported
KLJKHUULVNRIKDYLQJDORZ,4FRPSDUHGWRWKRVHZLWKVHL]XUHVRI otherwise. Prospective studies conducted by
PLQXWHV3 
Conclusion2QVHWRIVHL]XUHVDWPRQWKVROGLVVLJQLILFDQWO\
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ORZ ,4 OHYHO ZKLOH IUHTXHQF\ DQG GXUDWLRQ
RI VHL]XUH KDYH QR VLJQLILFDQW DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK ORZHU ,4 OHYHO
[Paediatr Indones. 2009;49:177-81].
Keywords: epilepsy, onset, frequency, duration of
seizure, IQ level, Wechsler intelligence scale
Nolan et al4 and Singhi et alI showed that duration
From the Department of Child Health, Medical School, Padjadjaran
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Reprint request to <XOLD 0' 'HSDUWPHQW RI &KLOG +HDOWK 0HG-
0HG
LFDO6FKRRO3DGMDGMDUDQ8QLYHUVLW\+DVDQ6DGLNLQ*HQHUDO+RVSLWDO-O
Pasteur no.38, Bandung, Indonesia. Tel/Fax.   (PDLO
st_rafael2004@yahoo.com.
Paediatr Indones, Vol. 49, No. 3, May 2009177
 Yulia et al7KHDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQRQVHWIUHTXHQF\GXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUHDQG,4OHYHOLQHSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQ
and frequency of seizure were significantly correlated
ZLWK ,4 LQ FKLOGUHQ ZLWK LGLRSDWKLF JHQHUDOL]HG
epilepsy, while a study conducted by Sturniolo et al
showed no influence of sex, social background, age
of onset, and seizure type on school achievement. In
DGGLWLRQDVWXG\E\6LOODQSDDUHSRUWHGWKDW
of epileptic children had mental retardation. In
epileptic patients, intelligence is influenced by factors
such as brain damage, onset, duration and frequency of
seizures; therefore early intervention can help optimize
the quality of life of the patients.
Intelligent assessment of epileptic patients
is important to determine prognostic and holistic
management. Intelligence of school-age children is
assessed using the Wechsler Intellegence Scale for
To determine the association between onset,
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used multiple logistic regression analysis. Statistical
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1999, SPSS mc, Chicago-Illinois, USA.
Results
)URP2FWREHUWR'HFHPEHUVXEMHFWVZHUH
HOLJLEOH IRU RXU VWXG\ 7KHUH ZHUH  PDOH DQG 
female subjects. The mean age of the subjects was
 \HDUV ROG &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXEMHFWV DUH
shown in Table 1.
,4 OHYHOV DFFRUGLQJ WR RQVHW RI VHL]XUH ZHUH
&KLOGUHQ:,6&$FFRUGLQJWRWKH:,6&,4OHYHOV GLYLGHGLQWRWZRJURXSVPRQWKVROGDQG18
are classified into very superior (score VXSHULRU PRQWKV ROG DFFRUGLQJ WR IUHTXHQF\ RI VHL]XUH ,4
VFRUH  KLJK DYHUDJH VFRUH  OHYHOV ZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR JURXSV  WLPHV
DYHUDJH VFRUH  ORZ DYHUDJH VFRUH  annually, and  WLPHV DQQXDOO\ DQG DFFRUGLQJ
ERUGHUOLQHVFRUHDQGLQWHOOHFWXDOO\GHILFLHQW WRGXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUH,4OHYHOVZHUHFODVVLILHGLQWR
mental retardation (score )RUWKHSXUSRVHRI WZRJURXSVPLQXWHVDQGPLQXWHV$OOWKH
RXUVWXG\,4OHYHOVZHUHFODVVLILHGLQWRQRUPDOKLJK VXEMHFWVKDGVHL]XUHPLQXWHVVRIRUWKLVVWXG\
(score DQGORZVFRUH31 The aim of this
study was to determine the association between onset,
IUHTXHQF\ DQG GXUDWLRQ RI VHL]XUH ZLWK ,4 OHYHO LQ
children wi.th epilepsy.
Methods
Epileptic children at the Neuropediatric Outpatient
Clinic of Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung,
Indonesia, whose parents had given their consent,
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and PLQXWHV
Next, we looked at the characteristics of the
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groups. We identified subjects in both groups with an
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annually and a duration of PLQXWHV1H[WZH
analysed this data using univariate analysis. The data
are shown in Table 2.
/RZ ,4 OHYHO ZDV IRXQG LQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ PRUH
FKLOGUHQ ZLWK RQVHW RI VHL]XUH DW  PRQWKV ROG
were enrolled in this study. Diagnosis of epilepsy WKDQLQWKRVHZLWKRQVHWRIVHL]XUH18 months
was made based on International League against
Epilepsy (ILAE) classification.  The inclusion
FULWHULDZHUHHSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQDJHG\HDUVROG Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects
being treated with valproic acid. The exclusion Number
criteria were children with congenital anomaly of Subject
characteristics Low IQ Level Normal/High IQ Level
the central nervous system, children with brain (Score <90)
5EQTG
dysfunction (infection, cerebral palsy, malignancy Age (years)
Interval 6-15 4-14
of the central nervous system), and children with
Mean 10.375 8.1
visual/hearing impairment. Children who fulfilled Sex
WKHLQFOXVLRQFULWHULDXQGHUZHQW,4DVVHVVPHQWXVLQJ Male 9 37
WISC. History of onset, frequency, and duration of Female 7 37
Total 16 74
seizure was recorded. The study was approved by Nutritional Status
Ethic Committee of Hasan Sadikin Hospital. The Well nourished 16 74
HVWLPDWHGVDPSOHVL]HZDV Malnourished 0 0

178Paediatr Indones, Vol. 49, No. 3, May 2009

 Yulia et al7KHDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQRQVHWIUHTXHQF\GXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUHDQG,4OHYHOLQHSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQ

Table 2. Univariate analysis of IQ level according to onset, 7KHUHZHUHPRUHPDOHVXEMHFWVIHPDOH

frequency, and duration of seizure
YV  UHVSHFWLYHO\ EXW WKH GLIIHUHQFH ZDV QRW
IQ statistically significant. This was similar to the findings
Seizure Low Normal/high
of Mac et al34ZKHUHHSLGHPLRORJ\RIHSLOHSV\LQ
P
characteristics (score <90) (score >90) Asian countries was studied; here the mean age of
n N HSLOHSWLF SDWLHQWV ZDV  \HDUV ROG DQG WKHUH ZHUH
Onset <18 months old 8 12 0.011 slightly more males than females but that this was not
(TGSWGPE[VKOGUCPPWCNN[ 8 22 0.296 VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWPDOHVYVIHPDOHVLQ
&WTCVKQPOKPWVGU 7 18 0.270
6LQJDSRUHDQGPDOHVIHPDOHVLQ/DRV
Total 16 74
Table 3 VKRZVDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQ,4OHYHO
RI HSLOHSWLF FKLOGUHQ ZLWK RQVHW RI VHL]XUHV DW 
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of IQ level according to onset,
months old, compared to that of epileptic children
frequency, and duration of seizure ZLWKRQVHWRIVHL]XUHVDWPRQWKVROG&KLOGUHQ
ZLWK RQVHW RI VHL]XUH DW  PRQWKV ROG 
Seizure B S.E Wald df Sig. Exp (B)
KDGDORZ,4OHYHOVFRUHFRPSDUHGWRWKRVH
Onset -1.860 0.619 9.034 1 0.003 0.156
Frequency -0.845 1.171 0.521 1 0.470 0.430 with onset of seizure at  PRQWKV ROG 
Duration -0.348 1.276 0.881 1 0.644 0.706 3 3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVDOVRUHSRUWHGWKHLQIOXHQFH
Constant 2.973 1.533 3.762 1 0.052 19.544 RIRQVHWRQSV\FKRVRFLDOIXQFWLRQ3
Alvarez found that the mean age of onset of seizure
in epileptic patients with mental retardation was 1.3
years old, while Devinsky and Tarulli found this mean
ROG3 LQFKLOGUHQZLWKIUHTXHQF\ age to be one year old. Vasconcellos et al38 reported
of seizure  WLPHV DQQXDOO\  WKDQ LQ that patients with onset of seizures during the first
WKRVHZLWKIUHTXHQF\RIVHL]XUHWLPHVDQQXDOO\  PRQWKV ZLOO KDYH D ORZHU ,4  (SD 
EXWVWDWLVWLFDOO\QRWVLJQLILFDQW3  FRPSDUHGWRWKRVHZLWKODWHURQVHWRIVHL]XUH
and in children with duration of seizure PLQXWHV (SD 3 
WKDQLQWKRVHZLWKGXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUH Table 3 VKRZV WKDW ORZ ,4 OHYHO ZDV IRXQG
PLQXWHV  EXW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ QRW VLJQLILFDQW LQ PRUH VXEMHFWV ZLWK VHL]XUH IUHTXHQF\ RI 
3  WLPHVDQQXDOO\WKDQLQWKRVHZLWKVHL]XUH
The results of multivariate analysis to examine IUHTXHQF\RIWLPHVDQQXDOO\EXWWKLV
WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ RI ,4 OHYHO DQG RQVHW ZDV QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW 3  +RLH39
frequency, and duration of seizure are shown in Table UHSRUWHGWKDWVHL]XUHIUHTXHQF\RI!WLPHVDQQXDOO\
3. This analysis showed that there is a significant ZLOOGHFUHDVH,4OHYHO
DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ ,4 OHYHO DQG RQVHW RI VHL]XUH In this study we did not find a significant
3 ZKLOHIUHTXHQF\DQGGXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUH DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ IUHTXHQF\ RI VHL]XUHV DQG ,4
KDGQRVLJQLILFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQZLWK,4OHYHO3  level, due to variation of epilepsy type. Loiseau and
DQG3 UHVSHFWLYHO\ Panayiotopoulos,41GHILQHGDEVHQFHVHL]XUHDV
VHL]XUHGDLO\IRUVHFRQGVHDFKVHL]XUHDQGVWLOO
shows good prognosis. There were no subjects with
Discussion VHL]XUHVZLWKGXUDWLRQRI!PLQXWHVWKLVLVEHFDXVH
epilepsy is very responsive to treatment. Therefore,
,QWKLVVWXG\WKHPHDQDJHRIWKHVXEMHFWVZDV ZH FODVVLILHG GXUDWLRQ RI VHL]XUH LQWR  PLQXWHV
\HDUVROG\HDUVROG6WXG\E\2VWURPet and PLQXWHV'DYLVet al stated that prolong
al3 found that mean age of the epileptic patients was
 \HDUV ROG ZKLOH VWXG\ E\ 6WXUQLROR DQG
*DOOHWWL found the most prevalence age of epileptic
SDWLHQWZDV\HDUVROGDQGWKDWRIWKHVXEMHFWV
RI+HQNLQ<et al33ZDV\HDUVROG
VHL]XUHPRUHWKDQPLQXWHVFDQFDXVHQHXURORJLFDO
impairment, including intelligence impairment. In this
VWXG\RIVXEMHFWVZLWKDVHL]XUHGXUDWLRQ
PLQXWHVKDGORZHU,4FRPSDUHGWRRIVXEMHFWV
ZLWKDVHL]XUHGXUDWLRQRIPLQXWHV+RZHYHUWKLV
Paediatr Indones, Vol. 49, No. 3, May 2009179
 Yulia et al7KHDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQRQVHWIUHTXHQF\GXUDWLRQRIVHL]XUHDQG,4OHYHOLQHSLOHSWLFFKLOGUHQ

ZDVQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW3 
In conclusion, there is a significant association
EHWZHHQ RQVHW RI VHL]XUH DQG ,4 OHYHO RI HSLOHSWLF
children. Further study is needed to clarify the
association between frequency and duration of seizure
DQG,4
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Paediatr Indones, Vol. 49, No. 3, May 2009181