THE CENTRAL

PROCESSING UNIT
AND CHIPSET
History and engineering
HISTORY

Vacuum Tubes (1950s) - one bit on

the size of a thumb;
Transistors (1950s and 1960s) - one
bit on the size of a fingernail;
Integrated Circuits (1960s and 70s) -
thousands of bits on the size of a
hand
Micro Processor - millions of bits on
the size of a finger nail.
VACCUM TUBES
The vacuum tube, used up to
this time in almost all the
computers and calculating
machines, had been invented
by American physicist Lee De
Forest in 1906. The vacuum
tube, which is about the size of
a human thumb, worked by
using large amounts of
electricity to heat a filament
inside the tube until it was
cherry red. One result of
heating this filament up was
the release of electrons into
the tube, which could be
controlled by other elements
.within the tube
TRANSISTORS

In the 1950's two devices

would be invented that would
improve the computer field and
set in motion the beginning of
the computer revolution. The
first of these two devices was
the transistor. Invented in 1947
by William Shockley, John
Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of
Bell Labs, the transistor was
fated to oust the days of
vacuum tubes in computers,
radios, and other electronics.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

An integrated circuit or
monolithic integrated circuit
(also referred to as an IC, a chip, or
a microchip) is a set of
electronic circuits on one small plate
("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon. This can be made
much smaller than a discrete circuit
made from independent
electronic components. ICs can be
made very compact, having up to
several billion transistors and other
electronic components in an area
the size of a human fingernail.
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer
processor which incorporates the
functions of a computer's
central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few
integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock driven, register based,
programmable electronic device which
accepts digital or binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions
stored in its memory, and provides results
as output. Microprocessors contain both
combinational logic and
sequential digital logic. Microprocessors
operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary numeral system.
INSIDE A CPU/CPU CORE

A processor core is a processing unit

which reads in instructions to perform
specific actions. Instructions are chained
together so that, when run in real time,
they make up your computer experience

Originally, CPUs had a single core. That meant the physical CPU had a
single central processing unit on it. To increase performance,
manufacturers add additional cores, or central processing units. A dual-
core CPU has two central processing units, so it appears to the operating
system as two CPUs. A different process can be using each core at the
same time. This speeds up your system, because your computer can do
.multiple things at once
CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory (
RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly
with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate
bus interconnect with the CPU.

The basic purpose of cache memory is to store program

instructions that are frequently re-referenced by software
during operation. Fast access to these instructions increases
.the overall speed of the software program
As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache
memory; if it finds the instructions there (from a previous reading
of data), it does not have to do a more time-consuming reading
.devices storage of data from larger memory or other data
INTEL 4004

* 1969
* Clock speed : 108 KHz
* Number of transistors:
2300
* 4-bit register and 4-bit data bus.
The world first microprocessor
INTEL 8008

* 1972
* Clock speed : 800 KHz
* Number of transistor: 3500
* 8-bit register and 8-bit data bus.
INTEL 8080

* 1974
* Clock speed : 2 MHz
* Number of transistor: 4500
* 8-bit register and data bus.
INTEL 8086

* 1978
* Clock speed : 4.47 MHz
* Number of transistors:
29000
* 16-bit register and data bus.
INTEL 8088

* 1981
* Clock speed : 4,47 MHz
* Number of transistors: 29000
* 16-bit register and data bus.
The worlds first PC ran on an Intel 8088
microprocessor
INTEL 286

* 1982
* Clock speed: 12 MHz
* Number of transistor: 134000
* 16-bit register and data bus.
INTEL 386

* 1985
* Clock speed: 16 MHz
* Number of transistors: 275000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL 486
* 1989
* Clock speed: 25
MHz
* Number of
transistor:
1,200,000
* 32-bit register
and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM

* 1993
* Clock speed: 66 MHz
* Number of transistor: 3,300,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO

* 1995
* Clock speed: 200 MHz
* Number of transistor: 5,500,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM ||

* 1997
* Clock speed: 300 MHz
* Number of transistor: 7,500,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM |||

* 1999
* Clock speed: 500 MHz
* Number of transistor: 9,500,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM 4

* 2000
* Clock speed: 1 GHz
* Number of transistor:
15,500,000
* 64-bit register and data bus.
INTEL PENTIUM D

* 2005
* Clock speed: 3.6 GHz
* Number of transistor: 47,500,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
INTEL CORE 2 / QUAD

* 2006/2007
* Clock speed: 3.6 GHz
* Number of transistor:
214,500,000
* 32-bit register and data bus.
CORE I3

* The first Core i3 processors were launched on January 7, 2010

* Variants530 2.93GHz Hyper-Threading
- 540 3.06GHz Hyper-Threading
- 550 3.2GHz Hyper-Threading
- 560 3.33GHz Hyper-Threading

64 Kb L1 cache
512 Kb L2 cache
4MB L3 cache
CORE I5

* The first Core i5 was introduced on September 8, 2009

* Variants650/655K 3.2GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost

- 660/661 3.33GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost
- 670 3.46GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost
- 680 3.60GHz Hyper-Threading Turbo Boost

64 Kb L1 cache
512 Kb L2 cache
4MB L3 cache
CORE I7

Introduce 2008 but ,In January 2011, Intel released a

line of Sandy Bridge based chips under the Core i7
brand.
Variants940XM Extreme Edition - 2.13GHz/3.33GHz
Turbo Boost (8MB L3, TDP 55W)
920XM Extreme Edition - 2.00GHz/3.20GHz Turbo Boost (8MB L3,
TDP 55W)
840QM - 1.86GHz/3.20GHz Turbo Boost (8MB L3, TDP 45W)
820QM - 1.73GHz/3.06GHz Turbo Boost (8MB L3, TDP 45W)
740QM - 1.73GHz/2.93GHz Turbo Boost (6MB L3, TDP 45W)
720QM - 1.60GHz/2.80GHz Turbo Boost (6MB L3, TDP 45W)