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Tavi 66
STabeWdilebis Camoyalibeba.
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aRmoCnda, rom adamianebi nebismieri Tundac umniSvnelo
informaciis miRebiT axerxeben individis Sesaxeb zogadi
STabeWdilebis Camoyalibebas. individis an misi fotosura-
Tis ramdenime wamiT daTvaliereba sakmarisi aRmoCnda
zogadi STabeWdilebis Camosayalibeblad, Seafason misi
mTeli rigi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi. individis
saxelis codnac ki informaciulia individis Sesaxeb saer-
To warmodgenis Camosayalibeblad. erTi sityviT, indi-
videbi sakmaod swrafad da mwiri informaciis safuZvelze
ayalibeben individebis Sesaxeb STabeWdilebas. am Tval-
sazrisiT socialuri percepcia gansxvavdeba aRqmis sxva
saxeebisagan. adamiani roca cdilobs sagnis (vTqvaT manqa-
nis an saxlis) Sesaxeb zogadi STabeWdileba Camoayalibos,
mas amisaTvis sWirdeba uamravi informacia maSin, roca
individis Sesaxeb STabeWdilebis Camosayalibeblad
informaciis sakmaod SezRuduli raodenobac sakmarisia.
amasTan, rodesac adamianebi aTvaliereben saxls an rome-
lime rTul sagans, maT Cveulebriv uyalibdebaT Sereuli
STabeWdileba - vTqvaT, rom saxli aris didi, mimzidveli,
saWiroebs SekeTebas, aris civi da a.S. - magram zogadi
STabeWdilebis Camoyalibeba kargia Tu cudia arc ise
advilia. Sefaseba ar aris konsistenturi. magram roca
Sefasebis obieqti individia arsebobs tendencia mivaweroT
mas konsistenturoba. maSinac ki roca individis Sesaxeb
ramdenime sawinaaRmdegl informacias viRebT, individi
aRqmuli iqneba rogorc konsistenturi.
dgeba sakiTxi, rogor vaxdenT im informaciebis integ-
rirebas, romlebic garegnulad arakonsistenturebi arian.
mniSvnelovani aspeqti pirveli STabeWdilebisa aris
Sefaseba - mogvwons Tu ar mogvwons es individi. Cveni
uSualo STabeWdileba SeiZleba mimarTulebis mimcemi
iyos individis sxva ganzomilebebis Sesafaseblad. e.i.
individis yvela sxva damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi dakav-
Sirebuli iqneba sakiTxTan mogvwons Tu ar mogvwons is.
amrigad, individis mier individis aRqmaSi SefasebiTi
ganzomileba ganixileba rogorc mniSvnelovani aspeqti,
romelic axdens unificirebuli STabeWdilebis organi-
zacias. es Tvalsazrisi naCvenebi iqna osgudis, susis da
tanenbaumis (Osgood, Susi, Tanenbaum, 1957) klasikur kvlevaSi,
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sadac gamoyenebulia meTodi romelic semantikuri dife-
rencialis meTodis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am meTodiT
umravlesi SefasebisaTvis gamoTvlili iqna sami safuZ-
vlad mdebare ganzomileba - Sefasebis, potenciis (Zalis)
da aqtivobis.
am sami ganzomilebidan ZiriTadi, romelic arsebiTad
aRqmis safuZvels warmoadgens, aris SefasebiTi ganzo-
mileba. Zalis da aqtivobis ganzomilebebi nakleb rols
TamaSoben. amasTan, kvlevebi adastureben, rom negatiur
informacias meti mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre pozitiurs, rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom individis Sesaxeb zogadi STabeW-
dilebis CamoyalibebisaTvis negatiur informacias meti
wona aqvs.
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor ayalibeben adamianebi
STabeWdilebas roca maT individis Sesaxeb aqvT mravali
informacia, arCeven or Tvalsazriss, sadac erTi xazs
usvams daswavlis mniSvnelobas, xolo meore kognitur
faqtorebs. sakiTxisadmi daswavlis Teoriis midgoma uS-
vebs STabeWdilebis Camoyalibebis or models: gasaSua-
lebis modeli da Sejamebis modeli.
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individi aris gulwrfeli (+3) da frTxili (+1) Sejamebis
modelis Tanaxmad zogadi STabeWdilebis Camoyalibebisas
xdeba am ori mniSvnelobis Sejameba da am individze ufro
met upiratesoba miniWebul STabeWdilebas viRebT (3+ 1=+
4).
gansxvavebul midgomas gvTavazobs gasaSualoebis meTo-
di. am meTodis Tanaxmad zogadi STabeWdilebis Camoyali-
beba xdeba gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobebis
gasaSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi Tu gvaqvs informacia, rom
individi aris inteligenturi (+3) da frTxili (+1) zogadi
STabeWdileba (+2) mniSvnelobis iqneba.
n. ardesonis (Norman Anderson 1965) eqsperimentebi ufro
mxars uWeren gasaSualebis princips. Tumca gasaSualebis
procesSi met wonas iReben is Tvisebebi, romlebsac Semfa-
seblis azriT meti mniSvneloba aqvs. mag. roca kandidatis
SerCeva xdeba samecniero kvleviT laboratoriaSi misa-
Rebad, 3inteleqtualobas4 meti mniSvneloba eZleva vidre
3mimzidvelobas4. magram, Tu individs arCeven televiziaSi
samuSaod, 3mimzidvelobas4 meti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
konsistentoba
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cudi (an sasiamovno-arasasiamovno) da sxva Tvisebebi
aRqmulia rogorc am Sefasebis konsistenturi. visac
miewereba iarliyi 3kargi4 mas aqvs pozitiuri aura, da
miewereba sxva kargi Tvisebebi. 3cuds4 raTqmaunda eqneba
negatiuri aura.
pozitiuri gadaxra
33
motivirebuli percepcia
miznebi
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safuZvladmdebare struqturas vidre, roca mizani iyo
ubralod informaciis gaxseneba.
gansxvavebul miznebs qmnis agreTve sxvebTan anticipi-
rebuli urTierTobebi. marTlac kvlevebi aCveneben, rom
rodesac subieqtebi moelodnen momavalSi urTierTqmede-
bas individebTan, isini ixsenebdnen met informacias maT
Sesaxeb da axdendnen informaciis organizirebas gansxva-
vebulad.
afeqturi miniSnebebi
Sefasebis sizuste
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Sesaxeb. es emyareba jererTi adamianis sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebis gamocdilebas. mag. roca vxedavT quCaSi ada-
mians uniformaSi Cacmuls, wiTeli qudiT da iaraRiT -
viciT, rom is policielia da vafasebT mas Sesabamisad.
vxedavT ra adamians romelic morbis avtobusisaken,
vgulisxmobT rom agviandeba da vcdilobT xeli ar Sevu-
SaloT. aseT SemTxvevebSi, konteqsti, romelSic vxedavT
adamians SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vicodeT mis Sesaxeb
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi - rac xels gviwyobs ar davuS-
vaT Secdomebi masTan urTierTobaSi. garTulebulia
problema roca STabeWdilebis Camoyalibeba xdeba aseTi
formaluri miniSnebebis ararsebobisas. amis gamo, xSirad
urTierTqmedebisas iqmneba konfliqti, romelic umetes-
wilad arazusti socialuri percepciidan momdinareobs.
mraval situaciaSi adamianebi iZulebulni arian Seafa-
son pirovnebebi zedapiruli informaciis safuZvelze,
roca aSkara garegani miniSnebebi ar arseboben. es miTume-
tes mniSvnelovania, roca adamians ar SeuZlia an ar surs
gviTxras Tu ras grZnobs is. mag. dedam unda Seafasos
bavSvi tiris imitom rom daiRala, Tu imitom rom raRaca
stkiva an yuradRebas moiTxovs. aseT zust Sefasebas moiT-
xovs uamravi sasicocxlo situacia. tipiuri niSani
romelsac amJRavnebs aseTi situacia aris orazrovani da
raTa normaluri urTierToba warmarTos, adamianma unda
SeZlos am orazrovnobis gaSifvra. dgeba sakiTxi ramdenad
zustad SeuZlia amis gakeTeba adamians.
adamianis mier adamianis aRqmis problemaSi gansxvave-
biT sxva saxis percepciebisagan, igulisxmeva rom individs
aqvs Sinagani statusi - grZnobebi, emocia, pirovneba, rac
qmnis siZneles. saWiroa swored am Sinagani statusis Sefa-
seba. Cven gviyalibdeba STabeWdileba, rom adamiani aris
Tbili, patiosani, gulwrfeli. vafasebT adamianis iseT
Sinagan maxasiaTebels rogoricaa atitudi ama Tu im
movlenis mimarT. vigebT is aris demokrati Tu respub-
likeli, religiuria Tu ara religiuri. yvelaferi es
uSualod ar Cans. maT Sesaxeb unda davaskvnaT xel-
misawvdomi miniSneblebidan. individis mier individis
aRqmis sizusteze kvlevebis umetesoba fokusirebulia
emociebis gamocnobaze.
36
emociis aRqma
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rogorc Sedegebis analizi aCvenebda, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT me-3-e, me-4-e da me-5-e jgufis emociebis
gansxvaveba erTmaneTisagan, magram ver ansxvaveben maT
zizRisagan. iyo monacemebi, romlebic amtkiceben rom
zogierTi emociis identifikacia SedarebiT advilia (mag.
bedniereba, SiSi, siyvaruli) - xolo zogierTi emocia
(mag. siZulvili da zizRi) gacilebiT Zneli gamosacnobia.
amasTan, kvlevebi mainc Riad tovebda sakiTxs, SeuZ-
liaT Tu ar adamianebs emociebis zusti gamocnoba.
monacemebi iZleva varaudis SesaZleblobas, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT emociebis jgufebs Soris gansxvavebis daWera
garkveuli sizustiT iseTi minimaluri maniSnebebidan,
rogoricaa fotosuraTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaoceba da
mwuxareba sakmaod gansxvavdebian mniSvnelobiT, subieqtebi
ver axerxebdnen maTi erTmaneTisagan garCevas.
saintereso kuTxiT ganixila emociis identifikaciis
problema stenli Sexterma. man ikvlia emociis fiziolo-
giuri da socialuri faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebuleba.
saerTod kvleviTi monacemebi miuTiTebdnen, rom umetesi,
Tu ara yvela, emocionaluri reaqciebi bioqimiurad msgav-
sni arian. e.i. maTi Sinagani fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebi
erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian. aqedan gamomdinareobda
is, rom mxolod am monacemebze dayrdnobiT gaZneldeboda
sakuTari emociebis identifikacia. Sexters da zingers.
TavianT eqsperimentSi subieqtebis organizmSi SeyavT epi-
firini, romelic iwvevs Zlier fiziologiur aRgznebas,
romelic msgavsia imisa rasac individebi ganicdian
emocionaluri aRgznebis dros: epifiriniT ineqcirebul
subieqtebs amyofeben gansxvavebul socialur situaciaSi -
zogi imyofeboda eiforiul mdgomareobaSi myof indi-
videbTan erTad, zogierTi ki moxvda gabrazebuli an
mxiaruli subieqtebis kompaniaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
subieqtebs miRebuli hqondaT erTidaigive ineqcia, isini
TavianTi gancdebis identifikacias axdendnen im emocieb-
Tan, romlebsac gamoxatavdnen is individebi visTanac
erTad iyvnen. e.i. emociebis identifikacias gansazRvravda
socialuri situacia.
ZiriTadi azri ganxorcielebuli kvlevebisa aris is,
rom emocia aris rogorc fiziologiuri ise socialuri
garemo pirobebis funqcia. rom individs sakuTari emociis
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identifikaciaSi socialuri da fizikuri konteqsti
uwyobs xels.
kriteriumis problema. Semdegi problema, romelic
dgeba emociebis identifikaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aris kriteriumis problema, anu rogor ganvsazRvroT Tu
ramdenad zustia identifikacia. mag. rodesac mxatvari
qmnis ama Tu im emociis gamomxatvel portrets, sadaa
garantia, rom emocia zustadaa gamoxatuli? mxatvris
STabeWdileba ama Tu im emociaze SeiZleba gansxvavebuli
iyos sxva individebis STabeWdilebebisagan. cnobilia erTi
saintereso eqsperimenti. subieqtebs uCveneben mxatvris
mier daxatul gansxvavebuli emociebis gamomxatvel
portretebs. subieqtebs evalebodaT imis identifikacia,
Tu ra emocia iyo gamoxatuli portretSi. aRmoCnda, rom
subieqtebis mxolod 32% eTanxmeboda mxatvris STabeW-
dilebas. magram roca subieqtebs eubnebodnen Tu ra emo-
cia gamoxata mxatvarma mocemul portretSi, subieqtebis
75% eTanxmeboda mxatvris Tvalsazriss.
es problema sakmaod seriozulia. radgan eqsperimentSi
gamoyenebul gamosaxulebebs, radgan isini specialurad
saeqsperimentodaa Seqmnili, tendencia aqvs iyos ukidure-
sad stereotipuli. an roca individs sTxoven garkveuli
emociis pozirebas, isini cdiloben gadaWarbebulad gaus-
van xazi emocias, anu iyeneben ufro stereotipul
gamoxatulebas, vidre bunebrivs. amave principiT xdeba
eqsperimentSi saCvenebeli suraTis SerCeva. arCeven im
suraTs, romelic xazgasmulad ufro ukeTesi da stereo-
tipulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom kvlevebi, sadac dastur-
deba rom individebs SeuZliaT emociebis zusti identifi-
kacia, SeiZleba ubralod aCvenebda, rom adamianebs SeuZ-
liaT stereotipebis identifikacia, Tu rogor gamoiyureba
garkveuli emocia.
kriteriumis arCevis problema arsebobs socialuri
percepciis yvela doneze. roca individs vTxovT Seafasos
sxvebis simaRle, asaki, rasa, profesia an Tundac
inteleqtualuroba xelTa gvaqvs garkveuli kriteriumebi
riTac SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT Tu ramdenad zustad
axerxeben amas subieqtebi, magram emociis da pirovnebis
Sefasebis sando obieqturi kriteriumi ar gagvaCnia. obi-
eqturi kriteriumis gareSe, Zalian gaZneldeba vikvlioT
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aqvs Tu ara individs ama Tu im emociis an pirovnuli
Tvisebis aRqmis unari. roca subieqti individs aRiqvams
rogorc iumoristuls, pirvel rigSi Cven unda viyoT
darwmunebuli, rom is marTlac iumoristulia.
socialur fsiqologiaSi gamoyenebulia mravali aseTi
kriteriumi - magram maT absolutur sandoobaze albaT ar
SeiZleba vilaparakoT.
erTerT aseT kriteriumad gamoyenebul iqna eqspertebis
Sefaseba. moiwveven daxelovnebul fsiqologebs - da maTi
Sefaseba an Catarebuli testuri Semowmebis Sedegebi
CaTvlili iqneba kriteriumad. am meTodis problema imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom Tundac saukeTeso testi an daxelovne-
buli fsiqologis interviu ar aris srulyofili. inter-
viu da fsiqologiuri testebis sizuste sakmaod proble-
mur sakiTxs warmoadgens.
meore SesaZlebeli kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos individis
TviTSefaseba - an im individebis mier mocemuli Sefaseba
romlebic mas kargad icnoben. magram fsiqologebma ician,
rom rogorc erTi ise meore Sefaseba ar aris dazRveuli
Secdomisagan.
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Si. aRmoCnda, rom es gogonebi fotoSi ufro xedavdnen
saSiS individs, vidre sakontrolo jgufis gogonebi.
amrigad, Semfaseblis grZnobebi gavlenas axdenen maT mier
saxva individis Sefasebaze. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebs
tendencia aqvT TaviavTi grZnobebis proeqcia moaxdinon
sxva individebze da amasTan ufro sensitiurebi arian
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis mimarT sakuTari emocionaluri
mdgomareobis gamo.
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asocirebuli. Tvisebes, romelic mraval sxva Tvisebeb-
Tanaa asocirebuli uwodeben centralur Tvisebebs (S.Ash,
1946). raTa eCvenebina Tbili-civi Tvisebebis centraluro-
ba, aSi avalebda subieqtebs individis aRwera-daxasiaTebas,
romelsac miewereboda Semdegi Svidi Tviseba inteligen-
ti, daxelovnebuli, industriuli, Tbili, determinirebu-
li, praqtikuli, frTxili. subieqtebis meore jgufs amave
mizniT eZleoda individze miwerili Tvisebebis igive sia
im gansxvavebiT, rom Tviseba Tbili Secvlili iyo civiT.
aRmoCnda, rom subieqtebis am ori jgufis mier aRwerili
portreti individebisa mkveTrad gansxvavdebda erTmaneTi-
sagan. e.i. gansxvavebas qmnida Tbili-civi Tvisebebis
Secvla. meore eqsperimentul pirobebSi nacvlad Tbili-
civi wyvilisa gamoyenebuli iyo zrdilobiani-uxeSi. Sede-
gebma aCvena, rom zrdilobianis uxeSiT Secvla naklebad
cvlida saerTo suraTs. igive Sedegebi iqna miRebuli
kelis (1950) kvlevebSi, romelic ufro realur pirobebSi
Catarda.
Semdgom kvlevebs garkveuli koreqtivebi Seaqvs
sakiTxis dasmaSi. kerZod naCvenebi iqna, rom Tvisebebis
centraluroba garkveul xarisxSi, damokidebulia kon-
teqstze. kvlevebi aCveneben, rom roca individi aRwerilia
rogorc morCili, susti, zedapiruli, ara ambiciuri da
pativmoyvare maSin mcire mniSvneloba aqvs iqneba is Tbili
Tu civi - es Tvisebebi ar moqmedeben sxva Tvisebebze. igive
daadastura zrdilobian-uxeSi wyvilis centraluroba-ara-
centralurobis kvlevebma. kvlkvebi, agreTve aCvenebda, rom
amaTuim Tvisebis mniSvneloba damokidebulia imaze Tu ra
maxasiaTeblebiT axdenda subieqti individis Sefasebas.
mag. Tu individs sTxoven Seafasos individebis socialu-
roba an misi popularoba da eZleva garkveuli sia Tvise-
bebisa, Tbili-civi ganzomilebis mniSvneloba ueWvelad
meti iqneba.
Saravandedis efeqti emyareba tendencias adamianebi aR-
viqvaT kargi-cudis ganzomilebaSi. e.i. arsebobs zogadi
tendencia adamianebi ganixilon rogorc kargebi an
cudebi. Tu individs raRac niSnis gamo movaTavsebT karge-
bis kategoriaSi, es qmnis pozitiur auras, ris gamoc mas
miewereba sxva kargi Tvisebebi. ufro meti, zogierTi
Tviseba, romelsac arc Tu ise kargad vTvliT, am auras
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zegavleniT garkveul dadebiT elfers iRebs. magram Tu
individi 3cudi4 kategoriaSi moxvda, negatiuri auris
gamo, igive Tviseba aSkara negatiur elfers miiRebs.
daSvebuli msgavseba
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rom ukeTesad SegviZlia gavigoT misi calkeuli wevrebi.
individis Sefaseba misi subkulturis stereotipebis
mixedviT imdenad iqneba zusti, ramdenadac stereotipebi
zustia da individi, romelsac vafasebT konformulia am
stereotipisa. erTerT kvlevaSi, raTa eCvenebinaT es
fenomeni, subieqtebs sTxoves SeefasebinaT individi,
romelic arasodes ar enaxaT da identificirebuli iyo,
rogorc kolejis studenti. Semdeg imave subieqtebs
warudgines axalgazrda (romelic iyo kolejis studenti)
da sTxoves misi Sefaseba. aRmoCnda, rom Sefaseba,
romelsac iZleodnen subieqtebi sanam naxavdnen uSualod
individs, ufro zusti iyo vidre is Sefaseba, romelsac
subieqtebi iZleodnen individis naxvis Semdeg. e.i.
stereotipebi kolejis studentebis Sesaxeb uzrun-
velyofda studentis ukeTes Sefasebas vidre maTi
vizualuri STabeWdileba.
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maxasiaTeblebi. is maxasiaTebeli, romelic gamoyenebuli
iyo erTi romelime bavSvis aRsawerad ar gansxvavdeboda
imisagan, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo sxvebis aRsawerad.
situacia gansxvavebuli iyo, roca analizi gakeTda imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor aRwerda erTi romelime bavSvi sxva
danarCenebs. am kuTxiT monacemebis analizi miuTiTebda,
rom yovel bavSvs tendencia hqonda gamoeyenebina erTida-
igive maxasiaTebeli, miuxedavad imisa Tu vis aRwerda.
rogorc vxedavT, monacemebis am kuTxiT analizi avlenda
konsistentobis maRal xarisxs. bavSvebi gansxTvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisagan imsdami xedviT, Tu romel maxasiaTeblebs
iyenebdnen isini. yoTel maTgans SerCeuli hqonda romelime
maxasiaTebeli, anu is, romelsac is ganixilavda, rogorc
mniSvnelovans da iyenebda mas sxva bavSvebis aRwerisas. e.i.
aRmoCnda, rom Tu romeli ganzomileba iqneboda gamoyene-
buli, damokidebuli iyo aRmqmelze da ara aRsaqmelze.
es miuTiTebs imaze, rom yovel individs aqvs sakuTari
Tvalsazrisi pirovnebaze da im Tvisebebze, romlebic misi
azriT mniSvnelovania. yovel Cvengans aqvs tendencia moax-
dinos samyaros organizacia, gansakuTrebiT adamianTa
samyarosi, sakuTari TvalTaxedviT da gamoiyenos is sxva
adamianebis percepciaSi. individebs, roca maT pirvelad
vxvdebiT, vayalibebT mis Sesaxeb STabeWdilebas im
maxasiaTeblebiT, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT rogorc
mniSvnelovans. da es miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens
TviT is individi.
miRebuli Sedegebis erTi nagulisxmevi azri aris is,
rom Znelia miviRoT sxvisi zusti an mecnierulad mniSv-
nelobis mqone aRwera sanam, individs ar mivcemT SesaZ-
leblobas aRweris dros maxasiaTeblebi gamoiyenos Tavisi
survilis mixedviT. es ki eWvis qveS ayenebs pirovnebis
Sefasebis kvlevebSi standartuli skalebis gamoyenebis
tradiciis sandoobas. pirovnebis Sefaseba winaswar Semu-
Savebuli skalebiT im SemTxvevaSi iqneba efeqturi, Tu is
daemTxveva im skalas, romelsac subieqti Cveulebriv
iyenebs.
garda amisa, savaraudoa, rom adamianebi samyaros erT-
nairad ar aRiqvamen. isini xazs usvamen sxva adamianebis
gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, fokusirebas axdenen gansxvavebul
Tvisebebze. es SeiZleba iyos erTi da igive maxasiaTeb-
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lisaTvis gansxvavebuli terminologiis gamoyenebis Sede-
gi. rodesac erTi adamiani laparakobs meoris iumoris
grZnobaze da siTboze sxvam imave individSi SeiZleba xazi
gausvas mis sikeTes da karg bunebas, da SeuTanxmebloba
SeiZleba ar iyos semantikaSi.
mizezobriobis aRqma.
rogorc aRvniSneT, pirovnebis aRqmis unikaluri aspeq-
tia is, rom adamianebs aqvT emociebi, grZnobebi, sxvadasxva
motivebi, ganzraxva, miznebi. fizikuri movlenebi xdeba
meqanikuri da SemTxveviTi mizezebiT, garegani Zalebis
moqmedebiT, magram adamianebi moqmedeben imitom, rom maT
raRaca surT, an raRac miznebi aqvT. amitom, roca
vakvirdebiT vinmes qcevas, Cven ara marto vxedavT Tu ras
akeTeben isini, aramed imasac Tu ratom akeTeben.
adamianis qcevis mizezebis ganxilvisas arsebiTad
miuTiTeben Sinagan da garegan mizezebze. individi aR-
qmulia rom moqmedebs an Sinagani motivaciis, moTxov-
nilebebis an miznebis gamo, an garkveuli garegani mizeze-
bis gamo. dgeba sakiTxi rogor vaxerxebT adamianis am
Sinagani mizezebis gagebas, ra maniSneblebs viyenebT maT
gamosacnobad?
zogadad rom vTqvaT, adamianis qcevis Sinagani mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb informacias viRebT sami arxiT: pirveli, esaa
Cveulebrivi verbaluri komunikacia, romelsac TviTon
individi gveubneba; meore arxia araverbaluri komunikacia
da uzrunvelyofilia mTeli rigi maniSneblebiT da mesame,
paralingvisturi arxebi.
adamianis qcevis mizezebis gageba mraval gansxvavebul
sakiTxebs moicavs, magram maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamo-
yofen or ZiriTad sakiTxs: pirveli, xSirad mniSvne-
lovania adamianis qcevis mimdinare, droebiTi mizezebis
codna, maTi amJamindeli guneba-ganwyobis, emociebis codna.
informacia adamianis mimdinare Sinagani mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb xSirad uzrunvelyofilia e.w. araverbaluri maniS-
neblebiT, romelTa Soris miuTiTeben saxis gamometyve-
lebaze, TvalebiT kontaqtze, sxeulebriv pozaze da Sexe-
baze. meore, xSirad saWiroa vicodeT individis qcevis uf-
ro Rrma mizezebi - aucilebelia maTi stabiluri maxasia-
Tebeli Tvisebebis, motivebis da ganzraxvebis codna.
informacia maT Sesaxeb momdinareobs sakmaod rTuli
46
procesebidan, romelic cnobilia kauzaluri atribuciis
saxelwodebiT - roca sxvisi qcevaze dakvirvebidan
vakeTebT daskvnas qcevis safuZvlad mdebare mizezebis
Sesaxeb.
araverbaluri komunikacia
47
araverbaluri komunikaciis arxebidan, metnaklebad
detaluradaa Seswavlili saxis gamometyveleba; TvalebiT
kontaqti; sxeulis moZraobebi da poza (anu sxeulebrivi
ena); Sexeba; proqsemika da paraena.
saxis gamometyveleba rogorc gunebis da emociebis
maCvenebeli. jer kidev cezars ekTvnis fraza 3saxe aris
sulis xati4 da unda iTqvas, rom es saRi azris doneze
kargi mignebaa. adamianis grZnobebi da eiociebi marTlac
aisaxebian saxeze da SeiZleba maTi wakiTxva. mTeli rigi
eqsperimentebi adastureben, rom eqvsi bazisuri emocia
naTlad aisaxeba adamianis saxeze. amaze jer kidev Tor-
daikma gaamaxvila yuradReba da bolo xanebSi daadastura
bakis eqsperimentebma (Back, 1984). esenia bedniereba, mwuxa-
reba, gakvirveba, SiSi, gabrazeba da zizRi. raTqmaunda es
imas ar niSnavs, rom Cven SegviZlia mxolod am eqvsi
gansxvavebuli saxis gamometyvelebis demonstrireba. emo-
ciebi mimdinareoben mraval kombinaciaSi da Tanac TiTo-
euli es reaqcia SeiZleba icvlebodes intensiobaSi. ami-
tom miuTiTeben, rom maTi variaciebis raodenoba iqneba
uamravi.
rom saxis gamometyveleba xSirad gamoxatavs adamianis
Sinagan mdgomareobas, maT grZnobebs, warmoSobs sakiTxs
saxis gamoxatulebebi Tavisi bunebiT ramdenad univer-
salurni arian? anu arsebobs Tu ara kulturaTa Sorisi
gansxvaveba emociebis gamoxatvaSi? situacia romelic gax-
dis adamians bedniers yvela kulturaSi gamoiwvevs Ri-
mils? an kidev, Cven SegviZlia aseve gamovicnoT saxis
gamometyvelebiT sxva kulturis adamianis emociebi, ro-
gorc amas sakuTari kulturis adamianebSi Cveulebriv
gamovicnobT? eqsperimentuli monacemebi adastureben, rom
sxvadasxva kulturis, an sakmaod gansxvavebul geo-
grafiul sferoSi mcxovrebi adamianebi amJRavneben msgavs
saxis gamometyvelebas, msgavsi emociis gamomwvev situ-
aciaSi. amasTan isini amJRavneben erTmaneTis saxis
gamometyvelebis gamocnobis unars. erTi sityviT saxis
gamometyvelebis ena universaluria.
48
uwodeben Tvalebs 3sulis sarkmels4. sul mcire, TvlebiT
kontaqti miuTiTebs dainteresebaze, an mowonebaze, an
piriqiT Tvalis arideba (TvalebiT kontaqtebis arideba)
CaTvlilia ar mowonebis, an aramegobrulobis maCveneblad,
an kidkv simorcxvis maCveneblad (Zimbardo, 1977). SemTxveviTi
saubari SeiZleba gaxdes romantiuli interesis gamoxatu-
leba Tu erTerTi mosaubre miaRwevs TvalebiT kontaqts.
Sesabamisad ganrideba an kontaqtis darRveva Cveulebriv
miCneulia imas niSnavs rom ar gvainteresebs.
magram arsebobs gamonaklisi am zogadi principidan.
roca individi gvauwyebs cud ambavs, an laparakobs
CvenTvis raime mtkivneulze, SeiZleba Tvali agvaridos.
TvalebiT kontaqtis sinaklebe, zogjer SeiZleba niSnavdes
imas, rom individi morcxvia an SeSinebulia. an roca
individebi Secbunebulebi arian, ar moswonT roca isini
sxvisi daJinebuli yurebis fokusSi arian. elsvorTis,
fridmanis, perlikis da hoitis kvlevebSi (Ellsworth, Friedman,
Perlick & Hoyt, 1978), kolejis student gogonebs sTxoves
elaparakaT 3maTi cxovrebis intimur, personalur sfero-
ze, sakiTxebze romelzec kolejis studentebs ar uyvarT
saubari4. amis Semdeg subieqtebi icdidnen oTaxSi sadac
ucxo individi (eqsperimentatoris Tanamzraxveli) an mTe-
li drois 75%-is ganmavlobaSi uyurebda, an wamiT Sexeda
maT. Sedegebis analizma aCvena, rom daJinebiT yurebas
Secbunebuli gogonebi muqarad ganicdidian. daJinebul
yurebas am mniSvnelobas ar aZlevdnen subieqtebi, romle-
bic aseT Semacbunebel winadadebas ar iRebda.
xangrZlivi TvalebiT kontaqti SeiZleba gagebul iqnas
rogorc muqara da gansazRvravs imas, rom adamianebi gaur-
bian mas, an moqmedeben Semrigebluri maneriT. aris mona-
cemebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom daJinebiT cqera xSirad
interpretirebulia rogorc mtrobis an gabrazebis niSani.
monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom daJinebuli yureba iZleva
negatiur efeqts. adamianebi xSirad ganawyenebulni arian
daJinebuli yurebis fokusSi yofniT, radgan is gaaz-
rebulia rogorc mtrobis niSani. magram aris monacemebi,
romlebic miuTiTeben, rom SemTxveviT daJinebiT cqeras
aqvs pozitiuri Sedegi. aRmoCnda, rom daJinebiT yurebam
SeiZleba gazardos gamvlelisagan SemoTavazebuli daxma-
reba. Znelia Cauaro individs, romelic mowyalebas Txou-
49
lobs ise rom ar gasce rame, roca is daJinebiT gicqeriT,
roca Tqveni Tvali xvdeba mis Tvals.
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT TvalebiT kontaqts SeiZleba
hqondes ori, urTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvneloba megob-
ruloba - mowoneba da muqara. orive SemTxvevaSi TvalebiT
kontaqti miuTiTebs met pirovnul CarTulobaze da ufro
maRal emocionalur Sinaarsze. emocia aris pozitiuri Tu
negatiuri damokidebulia konteqstze.
sxeulis ena: - Jestikulacia, moZraoba, poza. bolo
xanebSi mravali kvleva mieZRvna sxeulebrivi enis sakiTxs.
SromebSi gatarebulia azri, rom sxeulebriv moZraobaze
da pozaze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba imis interpretacia, rasac
isini amboben. erTi sityviT, daSvebulia rom sxeulebrivi
poza garkveuli informaciis matarebelia. araverbalur
maniSneblebs, romlebic am wyaroebidan mominareoben sxeu-
lis enas uwodeben, da CaTvlilia,rom is uzrunvelyofs
sasargeblo informacia sxvebis Sesaxeb.
sxeulebrivi ena xSirad miuTiTebs individis emocio-
nalur mdgomareobaze. moZraobaTa didi raodenoba gansa-
kuTrebiT roca sxeulis garkveuli nawili (mag. xeli)
akeTebs raRac gansxvavebuls (mag. Tmis wvaleba, an fxaWna)
miuTiTebs emocionalur aRZvraze. rac ufro didia aseTi
qcevis sixSire, miT ufro didia emocionaluri aRZvris
done, anu Cans rom nerviuloba saxezea.
ufro specifikur informacias sxvisi grZnobebis Sesa-
xeb iZleva Jestikulacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
e.w. niSnebis ena. ase mag. garkveuli JestebiT niSnebi
3SeCerdi4 da 3modi4, an Jesti 3dajeqi4, 3diax4, 3ara4,
3Semodi4, 3naxvamdis4 - esaa Jestebi, romelTa mniSvneloba
garkveuli mniSvnelobiT, kargadaa cnobili.
Jests mniSvneloba aqvs arsebiTad, roca damkvirvebels
da monawiles esmiT konteqsti, gansakuTrebiT roca
kulturuli gansxvavebebic cnobilia. xelis maRla aweva
gaSlili xelis guliT gareT niSnavs 3SeCerdi4. Sebru-
nebuli Jesti gaSlili xelis guli SigniT da TiTebis
moZraoba sxeulisaken niSnavs 3modi4, an 3Semodi4 da a.S.
bolos, sxeulis enas SeuZlia agreTve gamoavlinos
sxvisi Cvendami reaqcia. garkveuli sxeulebrivi moZraoba
an poza niSnavs mowonebas, xolo garkveuli sxeulebrivi
moZraoba an poza niSnavs uaryofas an armowonebas. mag.
50
kvlevebi aCveneben, rom roca saubrisas individi pirispir
zis odnav gadaxrili Cveni mimarTulebiT da Tavs gvikravs
xSirad roca vlaparakobT, vaskvniT, rom mas movwonvarT.
piriqiT, roca individi ar jdeba ise, rom pirispir iyos
CvenTan sxva mxaresaa gadaxrili da Wers ucqeris roca
vlaparakobT - gasagebia daskvna sawinaaRmdego iqneba - mas
ar movwonvarT, ar ainteresebs CvenTan saubari.
Sexeba: fizikuri kontaqti, rogorc araverbaluri
maniSnebeli. adamianebi Cveulebriv saubarSi exebian erT-
maneTs, exebian xeliT xanmokle kontaqtiT. dgeba sakiTxi
saubarSi aseTi kontaqtebi xom ar gamoxatave individis
garkveul damokidebulebas mosaubrisadmi? xom ar aqvs mas
raime informaciuli datvirTva? Tu aqvs, raze miuTiTebs
is? kvlevebi miuTiTeben, rom aseTi kontaqtebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes garkveul araverbalur maniSneblebs, magram
Tu ras SeiZleba is niSnavdes damokidebulia mTel rig
faqtorebze.
jer erTi aRmoCnda, rom Sexeba ar xdeba SemTxveviTi
maneriT. is miyveba garkveul naTlad dadgenil nimuSebs.
ase mag. ufro xSirad mamakaci exeba qals, vidre piriqiT;
maRali statusis individi exeba dabali statusis indi-
vids da ara piriqiT da a.S.
Tu rogor SeiZleba gagebul iqnas Sexeba aRmoCnda rom
damokidebulia mTel rig faqtorebze. damokidebulia
imaze Tu vin gexeba - nacnobia Tu ucxo, Tqvenive sqesisaa
Tu sawinaaRmdego sqesis. damokidebulia TviT fizikuri
Sexebis bunebaze - aris is swrafi Tu xangrZlivi, nazia
Tu uxeSi, sxeulis ra nawils exeba. damokidebulia
agreTve konteqstze - ra situaciaSi xdeba Sexeba - saqmian
urTierTobaSi Tu socialur situaciaSi, xdeba sajaro
situaciaSi Tu piradulSi.
am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRmoCnda rom Sexeba
SeiZleba gamoxatavdes keTilganwyobas, seqsualur inte-
ress, dominantobas da agresiasac ki. sapasuxo reaqcia
Sexebaze, cxadia damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas
mivawerT mas. amitom gasagebia, rom interpersonaluri
urTierTobis normalurad warmarTvisas saWiroa Sexebis
rogorc araverbaluri maniSneblis swori interpretacia.
miuxedavad sirTuleebisa kvleviTi monacemebi idas-
tureben, rom rodesac individi exeba meores arawinaaRmde-
51
gobrivi maneriT, faqizaT, xanmokled, sxeulis ara-
sensitur nawilebSi. zogadad viRebT pozitiur reaqciebs.
magram, Tu Sexeba aRqmulia rogorc statusis an Zala-
uflebis gamomxatveli, an roca is Zalian xangrZlivia da
intimuri, man SeiZleba gamoiwvios SfoTva, gabrazeba, nega-
tiuri reaqcia.
amrigad, umetes SemTxvevaSi Sexeba warmoadgens ara-
verbalur maniSnebels, magram is gamoyenebuli unda iqnas
zomierad da TavSekavebulad.
52
aRmoCnda, rom araverbaluri eqspresiis maRali done
yovelTvis ar aris gacnobierebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegi.
individebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan am ganzomile-
baSi, ase rom zogierTi ubralod ufro eqspresiulia vid-
re sxvebi. zogadad, Cans, rom aseTi eqspresiuloba
upiratesobas aZlevs adamians. am ganzomilebis maRali
donis mqone individebi, roca isini pirvelad xvdebian
vinmes, met dadebiT Sefasebas iReben vidre eqspresiulo-
bis dabali donis adamianebi (Riggio, 1986). miuxedavad
individualuri gansxvavebulobisa miTiTebul iqna mTeli
rigi araverbalur maniSneblebze, romlebic xSirad aris
gacnobierebuli da gamoiyeneba individis mier raTa
miaRwios mis Sesaxeb garkveuli STabeWdilebis Camo-
yalibebas - mag. momxmarebel-gamyidvelis urTierTobisas
da a.S.
araverbalur maniSneblebsa da dadebiT STabeWdilebas
Soris urTierToba ikvlies formaluri intervius situ-
aciaSi da dadasturda maT Soris kavSiri. aRmoCnda
gansxvavebuli samuSaos an poziciisaTvis individebis
SerCevis mizniT Catarebul interviuSi is vinc amJRavnebs
pozitiuri araverbaluri maniSneblebis eqspresiis maRal
dones interviuerisagan iRebs ufro maRal Sefasebas
vidre isini, romlebic amis dabal dones amJRavneben (Jones
da Morris, 1979). igive dadasturda korelaciur kvlevaSi.
aRmoCnda, rom individebi, romlebic interviuTi SerCeul
iyvnen sainJinro saswavleblebSi misaRebad amJRavnebdnen
Rimils, TvalebiT kontaqts da daTanxmebis Jestebs
intervius procesSi vidre isini, romlebsac uari eTqvaT.
monacemebi agreTve miuTiTeben rom Tu araverbaluri
maniSnebeli zedmetadaa gamoyenebuli SeiZleba interviu-
eris negatiuri reaqcia gamoiwvios. SeiZleba is CaTvlili
iqnas SecdomaSi Seyvanis mcdelobad, an eqspresiiT manipu-
lirebis mcdelobad. amasTan, araverbaluri maniSneblebis
maRali done, aRmoCnda rom Semfasebelze axdens pozitiur
gavlenas mxolod maSin, roca isini floben samuSaosaTvis
saWiro SedarebiT karg kvalifikacias.
53
samwuxarod, sicrue jer kidev aris socialuri cxovre-
bis ganuyofeli sfero. individebi xSirad cdiloben
daumalon sxvebs TavianTi WeSmariti grZnobebi da rwmene-
bi. rogor SeiZleba gamovamJRavnoT sicrue?
Cveulebriv adamianebi axerxeben kontrols imaze, rasac
amboben, amitom aseT situaciaSi aRmoCnda rom araverba-
lur maniSneblebs SeuZlia mogvces saWiro informacia.
CaTvlilia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaTmotyuebis mcdelobis
gacnobiereba saxis gamometyvelebidan, sxeulebrivi enidan,
Tvalebis kontaqtebidan. arsebobs amis damadasturebeli
mravali eqsperimentuli monacemebi. kvlevebi adastureben,
rom roca uzrunvelyofilia sakmarisi araverbaluri
miniSnebebi, adamianebis umravlesobas SeuZlia WeSma-
ritebis siRruisagan garCeva albaTurze met xarisxSi.
arsebobs monacemebi, romlebic miuTiTeben specifikur
araverbalur maniSneblebze, romlebic SeiZleba sasargeb-
lo iyos siRruis gamosamJRavneblad. kerZod, aRmoCnda,
rom SeiZleba sicruis SemCneva e.w. mikroeqspresiaSi (saxis
gamometyvelebaSi cvlilebis gaelveba romelic wamebSi
xdeba), xmis tonalobis momenturi cvlileba, TvaliT
kontaqtis wamieri acileba\ mikroeqspresia saxeze emociis
gamomwvevi movlenis Semdeg Zalian swrafad vlindeba da
Tvlian, rom individi ver aswrebs niRabis morgebas.
amitom Tu expresiis es gaelveba SemCneul iqna man SeiZ-
leba gamoavlinos namdvili grZnobebi. xmis simaRlis
SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, mravali kvleva miuTiTebs, rom
laparakis dros roca tyuils ureven saubarSi, xmis
simaRlis Secvla xdeba, is cotaTi maRali xdeba. asea ara
yovelTvis, magram xSirad xdeba rom is uzrunvelyofs
sicruis gasaRebs. da bolos, rodesac individi mizan-
dasaxulad gaurbis TvalebiT kontaqts, es xSirad aris
niSani imisa, rom isini tyuian. amrigad, araverbalur
maniSneblebze yuradRebis fokusireba dagvexmareba gava-
cnobieroT sicrue. rogorc aRniSnaven, rac ufro
cdilobs individi Cvens motyuebas, miT ufro vlindeba is
mis araverbalur qcevebSi. saintereso kvleva Caatares
amasTan dakavSirebiT depaulom, stounma da lesiterma
(DePaulo, Stone, Lassiter, 1985). kvlevam daadastura hipoTeza,
rom rac ufro maRalia subieqtis sicruis modifikacia,
54
miT ufro gamovlindeba sicrue mis araverbalur miniS-
nebebSi.
SesaZlebeli axsna am Sedegebisa aris is, rom roca
individi mondomebulia icruos efeqturad, mas tendencia
aqvs yuradRebis fokusireba moaxdinos imaze, rasac
ambobs. Sedegad, kritikuli araverbaluri arxebi infor-
maciisa rCeba yuradRebis gareSe da isini advilad
gamoavlenen tyuils.
amrigad, araverbaluri maniSneblebi SeiZleba gamo-
yenebuli iqnas rogorc sicruis gamomJRavnebis saSualeba,
magram rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTebs beroni Cven jer
kidev Sors varT am sakiTxis srulyofili gadawyvetisagan.
jer erT imitom, rom kvleviTi Sedegebi miuTiTeben, rom
unari SevamCnioT aseTi tyuili marTalia albaTurze
ufro maRalia, magram ufro maRalia aramniSvnelovnad
(umetes kvlevebSi araumetes 60%-is). garda amisa, rogorc
kvlevebiT dasturdeba molodini rom saqme gveqneba
tyuilTan, Cans rom ar aumjobesebs Cvens unars gamovic-
noT tyuili. amrigad, Tumca araverbalur maniSneblebs
SeuZliaT daxmareba, magram jer kidev Sorsa varT imisgan,
rom gamovaCnoT da ganvixiloT sxvebis tyuili.
55
rogor vaskvniT qcevidan mis safuZvlad mdebare dama-
xasiaTebel Tvisebebze? an saerTod SesaZlebelia ki
qcevidan davaskvnaT im pirovnul maxasiaTebel Tvisebebze,
romelic safuZvlad udevs qcevas. aseTi daskvna ki
aucilebelia, radgan individSi uSualod ar Cans is
niSnebi, romlebic avlenen mis am Tvisebebs. xSirad
adamianebma ar ician maT Sesaxeb da romc icodnen, xSirad
maT ar surT es codna gagvinawilon. albaT iSviaTad
moundeba individs gavigoT rom is aris Zunwi, agresiuli
an prejudisebiani da a.S. Cven gvWirdeba vicodeT adamia-
nebi. Cven vuyurebT adamianis qcevas da viyenebT infor-
macias raTa davaskvnaT mis safuZvlad mdebare pirovnul
Tvisebebze adamianis bunebaze. TiTqosda sakiTxi martivia.
qceva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavigoT misi wyaro. magram
sakiTxi garTulebulia imiT, rom xSirad, adamianebi
moqmedeben ara maTi dispoziciebis gamo, aramed xSirad,
mTeli rigi faqtorebis gamoc, romlebic mis kontrols
ar eqvemdebarebian. amitom qcevidan mis safuZvlad mdebare
motivebze da maxasiaTebel Tvisebebze daskvna SeiZleba
seriozuli Secdomis mizezi gaxdes.
rogor SeiZleba gavigoT qceva, romelsac individi
axorcielebs, aris misi namdvili maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
Sedegi, Tu sxva faqtorebis gavlenis Sedegia? amaze
pasuxs gvTavazobs jonesis da devisis saTanado daskvnis
Teoria (Jones da Davis, 1965).
saTanado daskvnis Teoriis Tanaxmad adamianebi am amo-
canas yuradRebis, aqtiobebis garkveul tipebze fokusire-
biT wyveten. kerZod, yuradRebis im aqtiobebze foku-
sirebiT, romlebic mocemul sakiTxze informaciulebi
arian: pirveli - ganxiluli unda iqnas mxolod is qcevebi,
romlebic Tavisufladaa arCeuli; meore - unda gaanaliz-
des is qceva, romelic unikalur efeqts gvaZlevs da ara
Cveulebrivs; - e.i. romelic gvaZlevs iseT efeqts, rome-
lic ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnas sxva qceviT. mag. Tu
viciT, rom gogona daqorwinda mimzidvel, megobrul,
axalgazrda mdidar adamianze, am informaciidan TiToe-
uli CamoTvlili Tviseba SeiZleba gamodges misi qcevis
mizezad. amitom verafers vityviT gogonas namdvil
motivze. magram Tu gogona gaTxovda mamakacze, romelic
ar aris mimzidveli, Wirveulia, Tanac sakmao asakis, da
56
aris mdidari, ar gagviWirdeba davaskvnaT, rom masze
daqorwinebis mizezi aris meuRlis simdidre. am pirobebSi
gogonas gadawyvetileba ukve gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskv-
naT mis pirovnul Tvisebebze da motivebze, rom is did
Rirebulebas aZlevs fuls. amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, ada-
mianis maxasiaTebeli Tvisebis Sesaxeb daskvnisaTvis
gacilebiT ufro informaciulia qceva, romelic gansa-
kuTrebul efeqts gvaZlevs.
bolos, ianisi da devisi gvTavazobs, rom roca gvinda
individis gageba yuradReba unda mivaqcioT mis aqtivobebs,
romlebic dabali socialuri sasurvelobis arian. igu-
lisxmeba, rom Cven met informacias viRebT individis
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb maTi iseTi aqtiobebidan, romlebic
ordinaluridan gadaxrilni arian da ar arian waqezebuli
sazogadoebis mier.
amrigad, ianisis da devisi mier SemoTavazebuli Teoria
gvTavazobs, rom individis qcevidan Cven SegviZlia davaskv-
naT misi stabiluri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, Tu es qceva: (1)
xorcieldeba Tavisufali arCeviT; (2) gvaZlevs gansakuTre-
bul ara Cveulebriv Sedegs; da (3) da aris dabali soci-
aluri sasurvelobis.
57
sazRvroT Tu sad movaxdinoT qcevis mizezis atribucia
(miwera) TviT pirovnebaSi (mis pirovnul TaviseburebeSi),
garemoSi (socialuri da fizikuri garemos garkveul
aspeqtSi), Tu oriveSi.
warmovidginoT supermarketSi SeveswariT incidents -
myidveli pretenziebs gamoTqvams gamyidvelis mimarT sakma-
od uxeSad. kauzaluri atribuciis Teoria exeba imas, Tu
rogor unda movaxdinoT am qcevis mizezebis atribucia.
kerZod, TviT myidvelis Wirveul xasiaTs mivaweroT, Tu
misi pretenziebi CavTvaloT gamyidvelis uxeS qcevaze
reaqciad. e.i. mizezis atribucia movaxdinoT myidvelze,
gamyidvelze Tu orive CavTvliT damnaSaved, e.i. qcevis
mizezi mivawerT rogorc myidvels ise gamyidvels.
kelis azriT raTa gadavwyvitoT es sakiTxi saWiroa
yuradReba gavamaxviloT sam mTavar ganzomilebaze:
1. konsensusze - e.i. ra xarisxSi reagireben sxva
individebi imave maneriT stimulze an movlenaze rogorc
is piri, romelsac vixilavT. Cvens mier ganxilul
magaliTSi es niSnavs, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT Tu sxva
myidvelebic imave gamyidvelTan iqcevian Tu ara ise,
rogorc is, vis qcevis mizezebsac vadgenT. e.i. ramdenadaa
TanxmobaSi misi qceva sxva individebis qcevasTan.
2. konsistentobaze - ra xarisxSiac es piri reagirebs
mocemul stimulze an movlenaze imave maneriT sxva
SemTxvevaSi. e.i. yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT imaze, es
piri sxva drosac iqceoda Tu ara imave maneriT rogorc
axla.
3. gansxvavebuloba - ra xarisxSiac piri reagirebs
imave maneriT sxva stimulebze an movlenebze. e.i. myidveli
romlis qcevasac vixilavT, iqceva Tu ara imave maneriT
sxva gamyidvelebTan.
kelis azriT, am sami ganzomilebis analiziT Cven Seg-
viZlia movaxdinoT qcevis mizezis zusti atribucia. Tu
ganvixilavT Cvens mier SemoTavazebul magaliTs, analizi
Semdeg saxes miiRebs.
davuSvaT: 1. arcerTi sxva myidveli ar acxadebs raime
pretenzias am gamyidvelis mimarT (e.i. konsesunsi aris
dabali); 2. Tqven gagaxsendaT, rom es myidveli guSinac
gamoTqvamda gamyidvelis mimarT pretenzias (e.i. konsis-
tentoba aris maRali) da 3. SevamCnieT rom es myidveli
58
sxva gamyidvelebis mimarTac gamoTqvams pretenziebs
(gansxvavebuloba aris dabali). am SemTxvevaSi kauzaluri
atribuciis Teoria miuTiTebs, rom qcevis mizezi pirov-
nebis Sinagan Taviseburebebs unda mivaweroT. rom es
individia Wirveuli, uyvars Civili.
davuSvaT arsebobs Semdegi pirobebi: 1. sxva myidve-
lebic pretenzias acxadeben am gamyidvelis mimarT
(konsesunsi aris maRali); 2. SevamCnieT, rom es myidveli
sxva drosac gamoTqvamda pretenziebs am gamyidvelis mi-
marT (konsistentoba aris maRali); 3. Tqven SeamCnieT rom
is sxva gamyidvelebis mimarT pretenziebs ar gamoTqvams
(e.i. gansxvavebuloba aris maRali). aseT pirobebSi mis
qcevas miawerT garegan mizezebs (e.i. TviTon is gamyidveli
iwvevs qcevis provocirebas).
amrigad, kelis kauzaluri atribuciis Teoria gvTava-
zobs rom Cven tendencia gvaqvs mivaweroT individis qceva
mis Sinagan mizezebs, roca konsensusi aris dabali,
konsistentoba aris maRali da gansxvavebuloba aris
dabali. piriqiT, mizezebis atribucias vaxdenT garemo
pirobebze roca samive, konsesunsi, konsistentoba da
gansxvavebuloba aris maRali. xolo roca konsensunsi
dabalia, konsistentoba da gansxvavebuloba maRalia, mize-
zis atribucias vaxdenT orive faqtorze (Kelley, H.H. 1967).
kelis kauzaluri atribuciis Teoria sakmaod kargad
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas iseTi konkretuli socialuri
situaciis asaxsnelad, romelzedac zemoT gvqonda
saubari. Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom Teoria garkveul
modifikacias saWiroebs. ufro zestad, aucilebeli xdeba
mTeli rigi fenomenebis gaTvaliswineba. maT Soris gamo-
yofen Semdegs:
moulodneli winaaRmdeg mosalodneli movlenebi, anu
rodis vaxdenT kauzalur atribucias da rodis ara. saRi
azriT adamianebs aqvT tendencia mihyvnen 3umoklesi wina-
aRmdegobis gzas4. e.i. adamianebi cdiloben ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia naklebi energiis xarjviT miaRwion Sedegs.
kelis mier SemoTavazebuli analizi ki moiTxovs sakmao
Zalisxmevas. konsensusis, konsistentobis da gansxvavebis
dabali konsensusi
(sxva piri ar reagirebs
raimeze imave maneriT).
atribucia
atribucia rogorc Sinagan
garegan
dabali
maRali
maRali
maRali konsensusi (es
gansxvavebuloba
gansxvavebuloba
konsistentoba atribucia Sinagan mizezze 59
maRali
dabali
maRali konsistentoba
gansxvavebuloba
konsistentoba ise garegan mizezebze
(sxva maRali
(piri
(piri imave
imave konsensusi
adamianebi imave
maneriT
maneriT sti-
ar
ar (am pirismizezebze
qceva momdinare-
(es
(es piri
(piri
piriamam stimulze
reagirebs
amave
stimulze
maneriT imave
amave
imave
rea- (piris qceva momdinareobs
(sxva pirebi amave stimulze obs misiqceva
(piris Sinagani mizezebi-
mulze
reagirebs
reagirebs
maneriT
stimulze
girebs
maneriT imave
sxva maneriT
gansxvavebul
gansxvavebul
reagirebs
msgavsi
reagirebs ar
sxva
maneriT
gansxvavebul
sxva Sinagani damomdinareobs
garegani
igive maneriT reagireben).
reagiren).
stimulebze).
stimulze). dan, (Tvisebebi,
garegani motivebi)).
mizezebidan).
SemTxvevaSic).
sxva SemTxvevaSic).
SemTxvevaSi).
stimulze). mizezebidan).
Sesabamisi informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba iyos rogorc
xangrZlivi ise Zneli. adamianebs ki tendencia aqvT Tavi
aaridon aseT kognitur Sromas, ramdenadac es SesaZ-
lebelia. adamianebi, mraval situaciaSi mzad arian nakle-
bi winaaRmdegobis gziT gaakeTon daskvnebi qcevis mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben, 3mokle CarTvebiT4 gaakeTon
daskvna. erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba, romelic gaaiolebs
daskvnas SeiZleba iyos individis gamocdileba. adamianeb-
ma, adrindeli gamocdilebidan ician, rom garkveuli saxis
qcevebi arsebiTad Sinagani faqtorebidan momdinareoben,
maSin roca garkveuli qcevebi ufro xSirad garegani
mizezebidan momdinareoben. mag. adamianebma gamocdilebiT
ician, rom cxovrebiseul mraval sferoSi, warmateba Cveu-
lebriv aris unarebisa da Zalisxmevis funqcia. e.i. ician,
rom warmatebas Sinagani faqtorebi gansazRvraven. amitom,
roca igeben, rom individi aRwevs garkveul warmatebas,
maSinve uSveben rom misi warmateba momdinareobs Sinagani
mizezebidan (unari da Zalisxmeva), im faqtorebis
detaluri analizis gareSe, razec miuTiTebda keli. e.i.
daskvna keTdeba 3mokle CarTviT4 umciresi winaaRmdegobis
gziT. eqstensiuri kauzaluri analizis saWiroeba mxolod
maSin dgeba, roca qceva aris moulodneli da ar eTanxmeba
imas, rac viciT am individis Sesaxeb, an saerTod adamianis
Sesaxeb (Hastie, 1984). amrigad, kelis Teoria aris kau-
zaluri atribuciis swori aRwera rodesac mas aqvs
adgili. magram misi gamoyeneba ar aris saWiro mraval
situaciaSi. ar aris saWiro imitom, rom rogorc amaze
miuTiTeben socialuri fsiqologebi, adamiani kogniturad
Zunwiarsebaa (am fenomens ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno
TavSi SevexebiT), rom mas ubralod ar surs Tavis
Sewuxeba. adamianebi arCeven TavianTi 3kognituri energia4
Semoinaxon situaciisaTvis romelic eCvenebaT rom aris
axali da uCveulo.
nebismieri da aranebismieri qceva. gansxvaveba qcevis am
or formas Soris keTdeba imis mixedviT Tu qceva
ramdenad eqvemdebareba individis kontrols. aranebismieri,
anu rogorc miuTiTeben, naklebad voluntaristuli qceva,
naklebad eqvemdebareba adamianis kontrols. orive, ro-
gorc nebismieri ise aranebismieri qceva aRwers speci-
fikuri piris qcevas, magram isini gansxvavdebian arsebiTad
60
erTmaneTisagan. pirveli eqvemdebareba individis kon-
trols, meore ara. am ori tipis qcevis mizezebis dadgeni-
sas, aRmoCnda rom saWiroa gansxvavebuli tipis infor-
maciis mopoveba. e.w. voluntaristuli qcevis interpreta-
ciisas adamianebs tendencia aqvT xazi gausvan informacias
gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb, maSin roca naklebad volun-
taristuli qcevis interpretaciisas yuradRebas vuTmobT
informacias konsensusis Sesaxeb. safuZveli aseTi gansxva-
vebisa aris is, rom roca aqtioba Tavisi bunebiT volun-
taristulia, misi gageba ufro SeiZleba ganzraxvis
terminebSi. informacia ganzraxvis Sesaxeb ufro advilad
SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli gansxvavebulobebidan (Tu rogor
moqmedebs individi gansxvavebul situaciebSi) vidre,
konsensusisagan (Tu rogor moqmedeben gansxvavebuli ada-
mianebi mocemul situaciaSi). xolo naklebad voluntaris-
tuli qcevebi ukeTesad SeiZleba gagebul iqnas im garegani
pirobebis terminebSi, romlebic iwveven maT. aseTi infor-
macia ki ufro advilad SeiZleba mopovebul iqnas konsen-
susidan, vidre gansxvavebulobidan.
Seufasebloba da gadafaseba. exeba individis qcevis
Sinagani mizsezebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebis tendencias
im xarisxSi, ra xarisxSic arsebobs amave qcevis sxva
mizezebi. vTqvaT, Tqveni megobari, studenti mkacr
gamomcdelTan iRebs dabal Sefasebas. rogor axsniT
Tqveni megobris warumateblobas? Sansi didia, rom misi
warumatebloba gamomcdelTan dakavSirebul faqtorebs
miaweroT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv uSveben, rom
gamomcdelia zedmetad mkacri, arasamarTliani, moiTxovs
imas rac ar unda moiTxovos da a.S. magram, dauSvaT Tqven
isic iciT, rom Tqvens megobars wignis kiTxva ar uyvars,
leqciebze iSviaTad dadis. aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro
saalbaToa, rom misi warumateblobis axsnisas
gamomcdelTan dakavSirebul faqtorebs ar dauwyebT
Zebnas. am situaciis arsi martivia, Tqven ukve fiqrobT,
rom warumateblobis, sul mcire, arsebobs ori mizezi
gamomcdeli da studentis sizarmace. Seufasebloba
rogorc atribuciis erTerTi principi mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom Cven tendencia gvaqvs naklebad SevafasoT sxvisi
qcevis romelime SesaZlebeli mizezis mniSvneloba Tu
arsebobs sxva SesaZlebeli mizezi.
61
davuSvaT gansxvavebuli situacia, Tqveni megobari
iRebs umaRles Sefasebas aseT mkacr gamomcdelTan. arse-
bobs didi albaToba, megobris warmatebis mizezebi TviT
mis inteleqtualobas, gulmodgineobas miaweroT. aseT
daskvnas mxars uWers gamomcdelis simkacre, misi Wirve-
uloba da a.S. erTi sityviT, arsebobs ori faqtori, erTi
romelic warmatebis mxardamWeria (inteleqtualuri done,
gulmodgineoba) da meore Semkavebeli (gamomcdelis sim-
kacre, Wirveuloba). da aseT situaciaSi, miuxedavad Wirve-
uli gamomcdelisa, Tqveni megobari aRwevs warmatebas.
aseT situaciaSi vlindeba atribuciis meore gadafasebis
principi. atribuciis es principi gvTavazobs, rom rodesac
faqtorebi romlebic mocemul qcevas mxars uWeren da
akaveben orive arsebobs erTdroulad da qceva mainc
xorcieldeba, arsebobs tendencia meti wona mivaweroT
mxardamWer faqtors (gadafasebis tendencia).
rogorc gadaWarbeba, ise Seufasebloba aRmoCnda rom
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kauzaluri atribuciis
procesSi, gansakuTrebiT situaciaSi, roca ar SegviZlia
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi davakvirdeT sxvis qcevas.
e.i. situaciaSi roca informacia konsistentobaze an
gansxvavebulobaze gvaklia.
62
torebiT, vidre situaciuri mizezebiT. roca Cven vxedavT,
rom individi meores megobrulad eqceva an axorcielebs
mis mimarT mtrul, agresiul qcevas Cveulebriv vaskvniT,
3is ase iqceva imitom, rom aseTi tipis adamiania4, rom is
bunebiT megobrulia, an bunebiT egoisti da borotia.
saintereso kvleva Caatares amasTan dakavSirebiT devid
napolitanma da jorj gitalsma (David Napolitan & George
Goethals, 1979). eqsperimentul situaciaSi kolejis studen-
tebs esaubreboda damkvirvebeli, romelic specialdeboda
klinikur fsiqologiaSi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc cru
subieqti saubarSi iqceoda an megobrulad da Tbilad, an
kritikulad da aramegobrulad. studentebis (e.i. subi-
eqtebis) erT jgufs, eqsperimentatorebi eubnebodnen rom
is moqmedebda spontanurad, maSin rodesac studentebis
meore jgufs eubnebodnen, rom is moqmedebda (megobrulad
Tu aramegobrulad) eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanax-
mad. saubris damTavrebis Semdeg studentebs sTxovdnen mis
Sefasebas. aRmoCnda, rom orive jgufis studentebi afa-
sebdnen mas rogorc megobrul Tbil pirovnebas Tu is
megobrulad iqceoda da rogorc aramegobruls da
mtruls, Tu is iqceoda aramegobrulad. da es miuxedavad
imisa, studentebis erT jgufs eubnebodnen, rom isini
iqceodnen megobrulad Tu aramegobrulad eqsperimentis
instruqciis Sesabamisad. e.i. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi
qceva determinebuli iyo eqsperimentebis moTxovniT da
subieqtebma icodnen es, qcevis mizezis atribucia xdeboda
individis Sinagan faqtorebze.
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, arsebobs dispoziciuri
faqtorebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebis Zlieri tendencia,
romelsac uwodeben atribuciis fundamentur Secdomas.
SesaZloa qcevaze aseve gavlena moaxdinos mravalma
situaciurma faqtorma, magram Turme Cven tendencia gvaqvs
movaxdinoT maTi ignorireba, yovel SemTxvevaSi mas
naklebi mniSvneloba mivaweroT.
amrigad, dispoziciuri mizezebis, gadafasebis da
situaciuri mizezebis Seufaseblobis tendencia aris
sakmaod Zlieri.
erTi axsna atribuciis fundamentaluri Secdomisa
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: roca Cven vuyurebT sxvis qcevas,
Cven fokusirebuli varT mis moqmedebaze. konteqsti,
63
romelSic es qceva xorcieldeba rCeba rogorc foni.
Sedegad situaciuri mizezebis SesaZlebeli gavlena
gaucnobierebeli rCeba. meore interpretacia amave faqtisa
aris is, rom individma SeiZleba SeamCnios situaciuri
faqtorebi, magram ar aniWebs mas saWiro mniSvnelobas - e.i.
adamianebi ar aRiqvamen maT, rogorc mniSvnelobis mqones
ra mniSvnelobac maT aqvT (Gilbert & Jones, 1986).
atribuciis fundamentalur Secdomas aqvs mniSvne-
lovani nagulisxmevi azri. kerZod, rodesac saqme gvaqvs
umciresobis jgufis an sxva socialurad araxelsayreli
jgufebis mimarT prejudisebTan, aRmoCnda rom adamianebma,
Tundac rom gaacnobieron is situaciuri mtruli Zalebi,
romlebic ganixilaven am jgufis wevrebis qcevebs, es
individebi mainc aRqmuli iqnebian, rogorc TavianTi
sakuTari mdgomareobisaTvis pasuxismgeblebi. aqedan
gasagebia, Tu ra didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes atribuciis fundamentalur Secdomas.
moqmed-damkvirveblis efeqti - atribuciis fundamenta-
luri Secdomidan gamomdinareobs atribuciis Secdomis
meore saxe, romelic moqmed damkvirveblis efeqtis
saxeliTaa cnobili. es Secdoma gamomdinareobs tenden-
ciidan, sakuTari qceva ufro axsna garegani an situaciuri
mizezebiT, magram roca sxvisi qcevis mizezzea laparaki,
arsebobs tendencia, is avxsnaT TviT am individis Sinagani
maxasiaTeblebiT. mag. roca vxedavT rom individi waiqca,
mizezebis atribucias vaxdenT TviT am individis pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebSi (mouxerxebelia, dondloa da a.S.), magram
Tu me waviqeci - mizezis atribucias situaciaze vaxdenT -
gza aris uswormasworo da a.S. - erTi sityviT 3Tqven wai-
borZikeT, me mibiZges4. maS, moqmed-damkvirveblis efeqtis
arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Cven tendencia gvaqvs Cveni
qceva aRviqvaT rogorc momdinare situaciuri mizezebidan,
magram sxvebis qceva aRviqvaT rogorc momdinare maTi
dispoziciebidan.
miuxedavaT imisa, rom moqmed-damkvirveblis efeqti
sakmaod zogadia, es tendencia SeiZleba SaizRudos
garkveul pirobebSi. mag. Tu Cven individisadmi empaiurad
varT ganwyobili, vcdilobT samyaro davinaxoT ise,
rogorc is xedavs, da atribucia misi qcevis mizezebze
moxdeba ufro situaciaze. magram Tu sxvisi qcevis
64
situaciuri mizezebi aSkaraa, gamokveTilia, Cven mas met
wonas mivawerT. bolos, moqmed-damkvirveblis efeqti
SeiZleba agreTve daZleul iqnas e.w. TviT-dacviTi
SecdomiT.
TviT-dacviTi Secdoma - miuTiTebs individis tenden-
ciaze sakuTari warmateba axsnas Sinagani mizezebiT -
inteleqtis maRali doniT, gamWriaxobiT da a.S. xolo
warumateblobis mizezebis atribucia moaxdinos situaci-
ur faqtorebze. vTqvaT, amaTu im sferoSi Tqven Tqveni
saqmianobisaTvis daimsaxureT ufrosis maRali Sefaseba.
ras miawerT Tqvens am warmatebas? moqmed-damkvirveblis
efeqti varaudobs, rom Tqveni warmateba unda axsnaT
situaciuri faqtorebiT -- 3problema iyo advili, ufrosi
iyo mowyale Tqvens mimarT da a.S.4 magram, saeWvoa ase
moxdes. Cveulebriv aseT situaciaSi adamianebi warmatebas
xsnian Sinagani mizezebiT. magram, Tu Tqveni saqmianobiT
ufrosi ukmayofilo darCa, daiwuna Tqveni saqmianoba,
maRali albaTobaa, rom Tqveni warumateblobis mizezebis
atribucia situaciur garegan faqtorebze moaxdinoT -
amocana iyo Zalian Zneli, Tqveni ufrosis Sefasebis
standartebia Zalian maRali da a.S. erTi sityviT, moqmed-
damkvirveblis Secdomis Sebrunebul saxesTan gvaqvs saqme.
atribuciis Secdomis am tipis mixedviT Cven tendencia
gvaqvs miviRoT krediti pozitiuri qcevidan an misi
Sedegidan da gavkicxoT garegani situaciuri mizezebi
negatiuri SedegebisaTvis. es tendencia cnobilia, rogorc
TviT-dacviTi Secdoma (Miller & Ross, 1975).
monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom TviT-dacviTi Secdoma
momdinareobs ori urTierTdakavSirebuli wyarodan. pirve-
li, atribuciis aseTi 3Secdoma4 SesaZlebels xdis davic-
vaT an gavzardoT TviTSefaseba. Tu CavTvliT rom pozi-
tiuri SedegebisaTvis Cven TviTon varT pasuxismgeblebi,
da veravin ver gvisayvedurebs negatiuri SedegebisaTvis,
Cveni Sexeduleba sakuTari Rirebulebis Sesaxeb mxar-
daWerili iqneba. da meore, TviT-dacviTi gadaxra uzrun-
velyofs gavaumjobesoT Cveni saxalxo imiji - 3gamoviyu-
rebodeT kargad4 - sxvis TvalSi.
atribuciuli Secdomis es saxe SeiZleba mravali
interpersonaluri specifikuri urTierTobis mizezi gax-
des. mag. roca ori an meti individi muSaobs erT amo-
65
canaze, TviT-dacviTi Secdomis principis mixedviT, TiTo-
eulma SeiZleba saqmianobaSi warmateba aRiqvas ara
rogorc maTi gaerTianebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegi, aramed
rogorc misi sakuTari Zalisxmevis Sedegi. cxadia, rac
ufro gamoikveTeba saqmianobis aseTi Sefaseba, miT ufro
advilad gaCndeba bzari maT TanamSromlobaSi.
66
racionaluri midgomisagan gansxvavebul midgomas (R. A. Ba-
ron & D.Byrne, 2000).
67
1985). aRmoCnda, rom cudad Seguebuli wyvili ufro vidre
kargad Seguebuli wyvili Tavisi partnioris negatiuri
aqtiobis atribucias mis Rrma pirovnul Treidebze da
xasiaTze axdens. amdenad, aseT wyvils mcire imedi aqvs
mdgomareobis Secvlisa. kargad Seguebul wyvils ten-
dencia aqvs partnioris negatiuri aqtiobebi garegan
SemTxveviT mizezebs miaweros. gamomdinare aqedan vara-
udoben, rom atribuciis principebis gacnobiereba da amiT
erTmaneTis qcevis mizezebis atribuciis Secvla xels
Seuwyobs ojaxuri uTanxmoebis Semcirebas.
meoTxe, atribuciis principebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
individualuri problemebis mosagvareblad. warmatebiT
iqna gamoyenebuli aseTi procedura studentebis mimarT,
romlebic garkveul siZneleebs ganicdidnen kolejis
situaciaSi. rogorc kvlevebi miuTiTeben, erTerTi prob-
lema, romelic Cndeba individis studentur cxovrebaSi
aris is, rom isini siZneleebis mizezebis atribucias
axdendnen TavianT Sinagan mizezebze (mag. rom maT ar
aRmoaCndaT saTanado unarebi da sxva). Tu aseTi individi
SesZlebs Tavisi warumateblobis mizezebis atribuciis
garegan droebiT mizezebze gadatanas (vTqvaT kolejis
garemosadmi Segueba), amas SeiZleba mniSvnelovani efeqti
hqondes.
sakmaod efeqturad iqna gamoyenebuli kauzaluri atri-
buciis principebi rogorc Terapiis forma im negatiuri
midgomeebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romlebic momdinareoben
individis dabali TviTSefasebidan. gamoiTqva mosazreba,
rom siZneleebis umravlesoba, romlis winaSec aRmoCn-
debian dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebi, momdi-
nareoben mcdari atribuciidan. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli
iqna, rom dabali TviTSefasebidan gamomdinare tanjva,
warmoadgens pirovnuli atribuciis nimuSis Sedegs,
romelic pirdapir sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac gulis-
xmobs self-dacviTi Secdoma. gansxvavebiT individebis
umravlesobisagan, dabali TviTSefasebis individebs
tendencia aqvT TavianTi marcxis atribucia moaxdinon
Sinagan mizezebze (TavianT realur Tu warmosaxul
sisusteebze), xolo TavianT warmatebebs miaweren garegan
mizezebs (iRbali, advili amocana). Sedegad atribuciis
Teoria saintereso perspeqtivebs gvTavazobs: rom dabali
68
TviTSefasebis damarRveveli efeqtebi SeiZleba Semcirdes
atribuciis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT warmarTviT -
individma Tavisi marcxi miaweros garegan faqtorebs,
xolo warmatebebi Sinagan mizezebs. mTeli rigi kvlevebisa
adasturebs am hipoTezas.
amrigad, individebisaTvis, romlebic itanjebian dabali
TviTSefasebiT gamowveuli efeqtebiT, saukeTeso strate-
gia iqneba Secvalon sakuTari Sesrulebis mizezebis atri-
bucia.
69
imave maneriT, rogorc vakeTebT daskvnebs sxva adamianebis
Sesaxeb maTive qcevebidan. amrigad, procesi romlis saSua-
lebiTac Cven mivdivarT Cveni Tavis Sesaxeb codnamde,
Zalian emsgavseba process, romlis saSualebiTac Cven
sxvis codnamde an gagebamde mivdivarT (Bem D .J. 1972).
amasTan, bemis azriT, Cvens sakuTar qcevebze dakvirveba,
raTa davaskvnaT sakuTar grZnobebze da atitudebze, im
SemTxvevaSi gvWirdeba roca maT Sesaxeb Sinagani maniS-
neblebi sustia an orazrovania. mag. Tu Cven garkveulad
ar gviyvars individi, am grZnobis Sesaxeb im faqtidan ar
vaskvniT, rom Cveulebriv gavurbivarT mis kompanias.
qcevaze dakvirveba mxolod maSin gvWirdeba, roca es
grZnoba sustia.
garda amisa, bemis azriT qcevas vixilavT rogorc Cveni
atitudebisa da grZnobebis maniSnebels, mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca qceva Tavisufladaa arCeuli. Tu qceva
iZulebiTia, Tavi unda SevikavoT aseTi daskvnisagan.
bemis Teoria mxardaWerilia rogorc araformaluri
dakvirvebebiT, ise kvlevebiTac. mag. aris SemTxveva, roca
aRmovaCenT, rom qceva ar aris konsistenturi im Sinagani
mdgomareobisa, romlis gamoxatulebadac es qceva
migvaCnia. bems mxedvelobaSi aqvs SemTxveva, roca adamiani
mxolod garkveuli qcevis Semdeg igebs Tu ra Zlier
yofila gabrazebuli da ver grZnobda mas. erTi sityviT,
bemis azriT Cven SeiZleba aRmovCndeT situaciaSi, roca
Cven marTla ar viciT zustad Cveni Sinagani mdgomareoba.
da aseT situaciaSi Cven aqtioba xSirad gvexmareba zustad
gaverkveT am farul procesebSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, bemis Teoria mxardaWerilia
kvlevebiTac. mag. dadasturda, rom roca individi axor-
cielebs garkveul aqtiobas, romelic misi atitudebis
konsistenturia, amis Semdeg TviT atitudi xdeba ufro
Zlieri vidre manamde iyo.
TviT-aRqma da Sinagani motivacia. saintereso gamokvle-
va, romelic gamomdinareobs bemis Teoriidan exeba
Sinagani motivaciis sakiTxs. Cveulebriv individebi qce-
vebs axorcieleben im siamovnebisTvis, romelsac iReben.
qcevebi rogoraaic hobi, samoyvarulo sporti, video
TamaSebi, aSikoba da mravali sxva swored am klasis
aqtiobebSi erTiandeba. aseTi aqtivobebi SeiZleba aRweril
70
iqnas rogorc miswrafeba romelic momdinareobs Sinagani
motividan. anu individi aqtiurobs siamovnebisTvis da ara
imitom, rom imedovnebs garegani jildos miRebas. magram
dgeba sakiTxi, ra moxdeba Tu individi, romelic axor-
cielebs aseT qcevas miiRebs qcevisaTvis garkveul
jildos? mag. ra moxdeba Tu individs misi favorituli
videogeimis TamaSisaTvis an sayvareli hobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis, gadauxdiT? bemis Teoria winaswarmetyve-
lebs, rom Sedegi unda iyos maTi Sinagani motivaciis
Semcireba. e.i. isini naklebad iqnebian aseTi aqtivobisaT-
vis motivirebulni vidre iyvnen manamde. logika am
winaswarmetyvelebisa Semdegia, aseTi 3zedmetad dajil-
dovebuli4 individi SesaZloa daaskvnis, rom am qcevis
arCeva nawilobriv ganxorcielebulia garegani jildoTi.
Teoria varaudobs, rom am situaciaSi ra xarisxSiac is
akeTebs am daskvnas, man SeiZleba aRiqvas Sinagani interesi
rogorc ufro naklebi, vidre manamde aRiqvamda. e.i. indi-
vidma SeiZleba Tavisi qcevis Sinagani motivebiT axsna (3me
vakeTeb amas imitom rom msiamovnebs is4) gadaanacvlos
iqiTken, rom Tavisi aqtivoba axsnas garegani jildoTi
(3me vasruleb am aqtivobas imitom rom miviRo jildo4).
sxva sityvebiT, individs SeiZleba hqondes sakmao mizezi
(gamarTleba) am qcevisaTvis. radgan individs aseT
situaciaSi ori SesaZlebeli mizezi aqvs raTa axsnas
Tavisi qceva (Sinagani motivacia da garegani jildo). aman
SeiZleba Seamciros pirvelis roli da aq SeiZleba
amoqmeddes Seufaseblobis tendencia, razedac zemoT
gvqonda saubari. arsebobs am winaswarmetyvelebis dama-
dasturebeli kvlevebi. erTerT kvlevaSi subieqtebi
garkveuli amocanis SesrulebisaTvis uzrunvelyofili
iyvnen garegani jildoTi. aRmoCnda, rom subieqtebs dasaw-
yisSi siamovnebdaT Sesruleba, magram mere amJRavnebdnen
Sesrulebis dabal xarisxs da amcirebdnen aqtivobis
ganxorcielebis tendencias im subieqtebTan SedarebiT,
romlebsac ar eZleodaT garegani jildo. e.i. Canda, rom
dajildoveba amcirebda Sinagan motivacias. amasTan, mona-
cemebi agreTve mianiSnebdnen, rom es efeqti ufro advilad
vlindeba pirobebSi, rodesac Sinagani maniSneblebi rome-
lic dakavSirebuli iyo amocanasTan (maT mimarT
71
atitudebi) bundovani an naklebad gamokveTili iyo -
rogorc amas varaudobda bemis Teoria (Fazio, 1981).
SemoTavazebulia am faqtis gansxvavebuli axsnac. ker-
Zod garkveuli aqtivobisaTvis romelic siamovnebisTvis
xorcieldeba, jildos micema gansazRvravs mis mimarT
individSi negatiur, usiamovnebis gancdas an negatiuri
guneba-ganwyobis Camoyalibebas. aseTi negatiuri gancda
SeiZleba momdinareobdes subieqtis rwmenidan, rom is
mosyiduli iqna an aiZules ase moiqces, an ubralod
miaCniaT rom maTi Sesruleba dafasebulia. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, aseTi negatiuri efeqti interferirebulia subieqtis
siamovnebasTan da Cndeba Sinagani motivaciis Semcirebis
tendencia. Tu marTla am faqts aqvs adgili, maSin
SesaZlebeli unda iyos zeganmtkicebis efeqtis Semcireba,
gamowveuli negatiuri grZnobis ramdenadme SecvliT.
monacemebi, rom es marTlac asea warmodgenili iqna
pretis da seligmanis mier (Pretty, Seligman, 1984).
Tumca, negatiuri efeqti Cans rom sakmaod efeqturia
zeganmtkicebis efeqtis profilaqtikisaTvis, damatebiTi
eqsperimentuli monacemebi gvarwmuneben, rom es ar aris
erTaderTi. mag. aRmoCnda, rom rodesac garegani jildo
miwodebulia rogorc kompetenturobis an efeqturobis
niSani da ara rogorc mosyidva, jildo ar iwvevs moti-
vaciis Semcirebas, faqtiurad, aseT situaciaSi jildos
SeuZlia motivaciis gazrda. garda amisa, aRmoCnda rom Tu
garegani jildo, romelsac pirdebian individs sasiamovno
aqtiobis SesrulebisaTvis didia da damakmayofilebeli,
man SeiZleba ar Seamciros Sinagani motivacia (Fiske &Taylor,
1984). bolos, Tu individebi gaixseneben sxvadasxva davale-
bis sasiamovno bunebas, miTiTebam rom miiReben garegan
jildos, SeiZleba ar gamoiwvios Sinagani motivaciis
Semcireba (Fazio, 1981).
amrigad, imis determinaciaSi garegani jildo amcirebs
Tu ara da Tu amcirebs ra raodenobiT amcirebs garegani
jildo Sinagan motivacias, ramodenime faqtori Rebulobs
monawileobas.
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