.

, 2016
 University of Belgrade
Faculty of Philology

Milena M. Jaki

Adjective Antonymy in a Dictionary,

Context and Cognitive System

Doctoral Dissertation

Belgrade, 2016


, 2016
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 Adjective antonymy in a dictionary, context and
cognitive system
Abstract
Research scope and objectives
The scope of the research are adjective antonyms, while the objectives are threefold:
theoretical, methodological and lexicographical practice. Theoretical objectives, in addition to
broadening of the current lexicological and psycholinguistic knowledge of antonyms, include
determining of the more objective way to classify antonyms as better and worse. In terms of the
methodological objectives, we are interested in identifying possible ways to examine antonyms,
what each method can offer and to what extent the findings obtained by different methods are
comparable and congruent. Objectives of lexicographical practice improvement include
explication of antonym usage and functions of antonyms in dictionaries, investigation of the
validity of such an antonym usage and analysis of the possibility of preparing future antonym
dictionary of the Serbian language.

Research methods and techniques

We have used different methods and techniques in the research: a meta-analysis of the
lexicographical text, a comparison of data from different descriptive, antonym and associative
dictionaries, controlled association test, a cluster analysis, judgement scales, as well as corpus
measures of common use of words in a text.

Research results
In the first part of the research we have performed a meta-analysis of antonyms usage in
the Dictionary of SASA (DSASA), the most extensive descriptive dictionary of the Serbian
language. In the meta-analysis of lexicographical entries which use qualifier supr. (=opp.), used
to formally attribute antonym to an entry, we have come to the conclusion that DSASA attributes
antonyms to a relatively small number of processed entries, and often to a less known lexical
stratum. In most cases, entries are attributed with one antonym and mostly in primary meaning of
an entry. Antonymy in DSASA, as well as in many other descriptive dictionaries and dictionaries
of antonyms, was processed symmetrically in only one third of the cases. We have identified
several different ways of non-formalized use of antonyms in DSASA, such as negation of
antonyms within the descriptive part of the definition, illustration of the meaning giving
examples with both members of the antonymic pair and construction of definitions of the
antonymic pair in the same model. Analysis results also gave us functions which antonyms have
in this and other dictionaries. Besides semantic positioning of a lexeme and definition
amendment, antonyms are often used as glosses of the usage context and collocation connectivity
of an entry, especially when antonym is more common word than entry. Antonyms are also used
to identify new meaning. What is surprising is the finding that antonyms in DSASA are mostly
attributed to nouns, although the literature states that antonymy is a semantic relation
characteristic of adjectives. However, a comparison of the antonyms distribution by parts of
speech in DSASA and other dictionaries, showed that antonyms are most often attributed to
nouns in other Slavic dictionaries as well, unlike the English dictionaries where they are most
often attributed to adjectives. This finding raises a question of antonymy isomorphism in
different languages and is certainly an important issue for some future research.
We have also analyzed onomasiological dictionaries (of foreign languages) that also
record antonymy, and we have determined possible structures of lexicographical entries in the
future dictionary of antonyms of the Serbian language and raised a question of the selection of
entries in this type of dictionary.
We have then analyzed associative links between adjectives, derived from Associative
Dictionary of the Serbian Language (Piper et al. 2005). The analysis confirmed findings in
foreign languages that antonymy is the most important associative relationship between
adjectives, and we have additionally determined that the next most important relationship is
synonymy. Respondents in the free association test state a larger number of synonyms for each of
the tested stimuli, but associative links between antonyms are stronger than those between
synonyms. The free association method proved to be a very useful tool, which could provide
lexicographers with an insight into a large number of semantic links between lexemes, and in
addition, this type of a dictionary provides information on the strength of their relationship.
We have also conducted a research of adjective antonymy using a controlled associations
test, and we have, based on 158 responses of native speakers of the Serbian language, formed The
Associative Dictionary of Adjective Antonyms in the Serbian Language for 394 adjectives of the
Serbian language. A separate research was conducted in order to assess the size of a
representative sample size of respondents in this type of a dictionary, and it has been shown that,
depending on the aim of a research and type of an entry the sample size varies between 10 and 50
respondents. Using a qualitative analysis of associative fields from the dictionary we have shown
the way associates-antonyms and their associative frequencies can assist in the analysis of the
polysemantic structure of lexemes, as well as in determining the dominant meaning of the word.
We have also identified possible ways of antonyms binding with polysemantic structure of
words, some of the reasons for antonymic asymmetry, as well as whether and why there is
antonymy beyond the boundaries of parts of speech.
Quantitative analysis offered us various insights into a connection between different
measures that describe the stimuli and their associative fields in The Associative Dictionary of
Adjective Antonyms in the Serbian Language. The important finding is that the entropy of an
associative-antonymic field provides insight into an objective measure of validity of an
antonymic pair made up of stimuli and its most stated associate-antonym. The objectivity of the
analysis was confirmed by interviewing 77 native speakers of the Serbian language, which
assessed strength of an antonymic connection stimulus pairs on the seven-level scale. The native
speakers questionnaire also confirmed the cognitive relevance of associative frequency of The
Associative Dictionary of Adjective Antonyms in the Serbian Language, and also that the
perception of symmetry of antonymic connection does not depend on the order of presentation
within the stimulus pair of antonyms.
Corpus analysis of co-occurrence of the adjective pairs in the same sentence has showed
that antonyms occur together significantly more often than synonyms. So far, however, the
findings suggest that the more frequent co-occurrence of antonyms in a sentence is related to the
strength of associative links. It has also shown that better antonym pairs are often used together
more often in a sentence than worse antonym pairs.
Significance and application of findings
By combining methods of meta-analysis of dictionary entries, psycholinguistics, corpus-
linguistics and lexicological methods we have described adjective antonymy of the Serbian
language from several different angles, and the results of this research contribute to the theory of
lexicology and psycholinguistics, as well as to the methodology of compiling dictionaries and
research methodology. In addition, for the purpose of this study The Associative Dictionary of
Adjective Antonyms in the Serbian Language has been prepared, which can be used in future
linguistic and psycholinguistic research, and it can be useful as a practical instrument, for
example in determining the degree of acquisition and knowledge of the Serbian language.

Key words: The Serbian language, lexicology, lexicography, psycholinguistics, corpus analysis,
meta-analysis of dictionary, adjectives, antonymy, test of free and controlled associations,
quantitative analysis, statistical analysis of data

Scientific area: The Serbian language

Specific scientific area: Lexicology, lexicography, psycholinguistics, corpus linguistics,

quantitative language research


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Renik je sistematski ureen spisak podrutvljenih jezikih oblika skupljenih iz govornih navika odreene
govorne zajednice i prokomentarisanih od autora na taj nain da kvalifikovan italac razume znaenje ...
svakog pojedinog oblika, i da je obaveten o relevantnim injenicama o funkciji tog oblika u svojoj
zajednici.

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( 2014, 2015 , 2015 ).

27
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28
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(Zgusta 1991: 238). itd.
korisno navesti najblii hiperonim ili drugu tijesno povezanu bliskoznanicu, i semantiko
obiljeje (ili obiljeja) u kojima je razlika (: 239).
: .
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,
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:

Odreena leksikografska definicija jeste ili treba da je konstruisana tako da je dovoljna sama
(eventualno uz pomo primjera i glosa), bez dodavanja sinonima. Slijedi, onda, da leksikograf
moe navesti u tim dodacima i djelomine sinonime, naroito one ije se razlike sastoje u razliitoj
polisemiji. Npr. djevojka (1a) ensko dijete, (b) mlada neudata ena gospoica, (2a) enski sluga;
slukinja, itd.

(Zgusta 1991: 245)

Nekad se za istu svrhu i s prednou mogu koristiti antonimi, npr. Engleskom light /lak/ kao u
light rain /slaba kia/ moe se suprotstaviti heavy (rain) /jaka (kia)/,ali engl. light /svijetao/ u
light complexion /svijetao ten/ moe se suprotstaviti dark complexion /taman ten/.

(. , . . ) -
1963.
, :

Na primjer, odrednica girl [ ] ima sljedei oblik (tom I, str. 477; ovdje
uveliko skraena): girl (1) devojka (anton. mukarac); (2) devojka (ant. ena), nedorasla ena
...; (3) devojka, ena ispod srednjih godina; (4) devojka, sluavka, kuna pomonica. Vidimo
da antonimi imaju neku upotrebu, ali da se njima ne moe razluiti smisao (3) od smisla (2) i da se
ne moe izdvojiti smisao (4) uopte.

19
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29
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Ako eki ln (neto kao lijen, itd.) ima antonim piln vrijedan, rychl brz, sv, il
svje, io, moe se pretpostaviti da ima barem one pojedinane smislove koji su antonimni s tim
antonimima. Svia mi se taj kriterij jer je zasnovan na zaista postojeoj jezikoj opoziciji, ali jo
nedostatno izuavanje antonima jo ne dozvoljava optu primjenu tog principa.

(Zgusta 1991: 257)

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. :
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, 16. ,
. . , 1550.
1650. (Hausmann et
al. 1990: 1081).57 : Ciceroniana epitheta, antitheta et adiuncta.
Venedig 1563, O. Toscanella-.; M. Tullii Ciceronis clausulae, locutiones, epitheta, adiuncta,
antitheta & coniuncta. Venedig 1575. P. Philomusus-.; Antitheta Ciceronis. In: R.G.,
Observatorium linguae Latinae. Lichae 1598, R. Goclenius-.; Oppositorum e Plauto, Terentio,
Caesare, Cicerone liber. Mediolani 1606, A. Gambarellius-.
.
.
( 1.000).
, ,
, ,
, . , ,
,
, . 19.
,
(Hausmann 1990: 1081). (Paul Ackermann) 1842.
Dictionnaire des antonymes ou contremots ( :
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6342438g/f117.planchecontact

57
.
, . . , . , . . . ,
. . .
(Hausmann et al. 1990: 10811083),
, .
3.2. , ,
, .

84
https://books.google.fr/books?id=g8NDAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_g
e_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false), ,
(Hausmann 1990: 1081). . ,
, ,
(1853. ) . (Louis Barr)
. (Napolon Landais), Dictionnaire gnral et grammatical des
dictionnaires franais, 3.000 ,
, , ,
. , (Pierre Larousse) ,
19. (Grand
dictionnaire universel du XIXe sicle). , 1933.
, . . (Marcel Rameau,
Henri Yvon (1933): Dictionnaire des antonymes ou contraires avec indication des synonymes.
Paris: Delagrave.).
, . , ,
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des synonymes, analogies et antonymes. (1981): Bordas, Paris58.;
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, ,
, , ,
1852. (Roget's Thesaurus) .
, ,
. :
Smith, C. J. (1867): Synonyms and Antonyms. London.; Fernald, J.C. (1896): English synonyms
and antonyms, with notes on the correct use of prepositions. New York.; Baugh, A.C. and
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Dictionnaire des synonymes, analogies et antonymes (Bordas,
Paris, 1981) . . (, ),
, ,
(Mihaljeviari 1994: 98). , ,
, X Y,
Y X.

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Dictionary of the English Language.; Irvine, A. H. and Collins, M.A. (1964): Collins Gem
Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. London Glasgow.; Hayakawa, S. I. (1968): Funk and
Wagnall's Modern Guide to Synonyms and related words. List of antonyms. Copious cross-
references. A complite and legible index. New York.; Allen, F.S. (1972): Allen's Synonyms and
Antonyms. Ed. T. H. Vail Motter. New York.; Websters New Dictionary of Synonyms. A
Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms with Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words
(1973)59: Springfield, Massachusetts.: Merriam Webster Inc.; The New American Roget's College
Thesaurus in Dictionary Form The Latest Version of Roget's Original Masterpiece of Synonyms
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Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.; Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms, London,
IX edition; 21st Century Synonym and Antonym Finder60. ,
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Milano.; Ratti, D. e Biorci, G. (1997): Sinonimi e contrari: dizionario compatto dei sinonimi e
dei contrari. Bologna: Zanichelli.; :
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M. (1973): Diccionario razonado de sinnimos y contrarios. La palabra justa en el momento
justo. Barcelona.; Vox escolar (1979): Diccionario escolar de sinnimos y antnimos.
Barcelona.; Blecua, J. M. (1999): Diccionario general de sinnimos y antnimos: Lengua
Espaola. Barcelona: Vox Universidad.

, . : Fernandes, F. (1997): Dicionario de Sinonimos e
Antonimos da Lingua Portuguesa. Sao Paulo: Globo.; Barbosa, O. (1999): Grande Dicionario de

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, 1984. , .
60
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Sinonimos e Antonimos. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro; : Gajewska, B., Pawlus, M. (2007):
Sownik synonimw i antonimw. Bielsko-Biala: Park.; : Aufrere, Jos Cruz
(1965): Antnimos castelanos. La Paz.
, ,
, , , :
, . . (1971): . .; , . .
(1972): . .; , .. (1978):
. : .; , . . (2002):
: 500 . : .;
. . (2013): . :
.; : http://antonymonline.ru/;
:
http://www.gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=
x&word), : Buca, M., Vinteler, O. (1974): Dicionar de antonime. Bucureti: Vox.;
Vineler, O. (2002). Dicionar de antonime. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia.
: , . . (1975):
. -: .; . . (1999): .
: . : , . , . (1997):
. : " ".
. ,
, 1977. . . : Agricola, C. und E.
(1977): Wrter und Gegenwrter. Antonyme der deutschen Sprache. Leipzig.,
. .
(Sterkenburg 2003: 143),
. , . .
: Bulitta, E. und H. (1983): Wrterbuch der
Synonyme und Antonyme. Frankfurt a.M.: Wolfgang Krger Verlag.61
: http://gegenteil-von.com/.
: Dajkovi, J. (1994): Englesko-srpski /
srpsko-engleski renik sinonima i antonima s fonetskim izgovorom.

61
.

87

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) ,
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(: 143). ,
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1994: 9596).

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64
2. 3. . Hartmann 1998: 91.

89
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, , :
http://www.synonymes-antonymes.com/ (. 2).

90
 2. belle (=) ,
: http://www.synonymes-antonymes.com/.

,
( ) .
: Barbosa, O. (1999): Grande Dicionario de
Sinonimos e Antonimos. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro.65,
(http://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_sinonimi_contrari/)
(http://www.synonymes.com/) (. 3, 4 5).

65
, . A, :
http://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAgjPQAE/grande-dicionario-sinonimos-antonimos.

91
 3. a alto (=) - :
Barbosa, O. (1999): Grande Dicionario de Sinonimos e Antonimos. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro.
.

5. belle (=)

, :
http://www.synonymes.com/.

4. bello

,
:
http://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_sinonimi_cont
rari/.

92
 (Spooner 1999)
(. 6).

acceptance n acquiescence, agreement, approval,

consent. Opp REFUSAL.

bitter adj []
4 a bitter wind. bitting, cold, fierce, freezing,
perishing, piercing, raw. Opp KIND, MILD,
PLEASANT.

broaden vb branch out, build up, develop,

diversify, enlarge, expand, extend, increase, open
up, spread, widen. Opp LIMIT.

cool adj 1 chilled, chilly, coldish, iced,

refreshing, unheated. |> COLD. Opp HOT.
[]
3 [derog] aloof, apathetic, cold-blooded,
dispassionate, distant, frigid, half-hearted
[] Opp PASSIONATE. []

6. (Spooner 1999):

,
http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/, ,
(. 7),
"Synonyms" "Antonyms", .

93
 7. beautiful (=) ,
: http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/.

, , : The New American Roget's College
Thesaurus in Dictionary Form The Latest Version of Roget's Original Masterpiece of
Synonyms and Antonyms (1978), New York. (. 8).
, un-, in-, dis- .,
,
.
, .

94
 [...]

8. beauty (= ) :
The New American Roget's College Thesaurus.

. ,
, ,
. . ,
: Websters New Dictionary of
Synonyms (1984): A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms with Antonyms and Analogous and
Contrasted Words. Springfield, Massachusetts.: Merriam Webster Inc.
(
), (
"Ana"), (. 9).

95
 9. beautiful (= ) :
Websters New Dictionary of Synonyms (1984): A Dictionary of Discriminated
Synonyms with Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words.

- -
. (Dajkovi 1994). . ,
, ,

96
 ,
, "Syn." "Ant." (. 10).

Fine [...]66 fin, lep, krasan; elegantan,

otmen; uglaen, pronicljiv, osetljiv; tanak;
iljat, iljast, sitan; est.

Syn. Showy, gauzy, thin, delicate, rare,

exact, just, sharp, tiny.

Ant. Large, coarse, compact, thick, massive,

concrete, hard.

10. Fine (= ) - :
Dajkovi, . (1994): Englesko-srpski i srpsko-engleski renik sinonima i antonima
s fonetskim izgovorom. Beograd: PS Grme AD Privredni pregled.

, . ,
, ,
, Syn. Ant.
(. 11).

Fin, nean, draestan, lep, mio; krasan; ist;

utanan, ukusan, izvanredan; probiraki;
preosetljiv; taan; ispravan; obazriv; spretan;
neznatan, sitan Nice [nais].

Syn. Fine, dainty, neat, exact, fastidious,

discriminative, pleasing.

Ant. Disagreeable, nauseous, nasty,

undiscriminating, coarse.

11. Fin - :
Dajkovi, . (1994): Englesko-srpski i srpsko-engleski renik sinonima i antonima
s fonetskim izgovorom. Beograd: PS Grme AD Privredni pregled.

, ,
. ,
Ant.
Fin ,
: nasty coarse. ,

66
, .

97
 .
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
(. 12 13).

Nasty [...] gnusan, ljigav, gadan; odvratan,

prljav, kaljav; sramotan, neist, prostaki;
mrzovoljan, zlovoljan.

Syn. Impure, foul, unclean, sooty, hurtful,

cheerless, sad.

Ant. Sweet, nice, clean, stainless, pleasurable,

cordial, delightful.

12. Nasty - :
Dajkovi, . (1994): Englesko-srpski i srpsko-engleski renik sinonima i antonima
s fonetskim izgovorom. Beograd: PS Grme AD Privredni pregled.

Coarse [...] sirov, grub, krupan, prost, lo.

Syn. Rude, rough, gross, vulgar, common.

Ant. Choice, gentle, refined, fine.

13. Coarse - : Dajkovi, . (1994): Englesko-

srpski i srpsko-engleski renik sinonima i antonima s fonetskim izgovorom.
Beograd: PS Grme AD Privredni pregled.

,

,
.
,
:
(Fin Nice), (Nice
Nasty), (Nasty gnusan, ljigav,
gadan, odvratan, prljav, kaljav, sramotan .).

,
WordNet, (Princeton University).
, ,

98

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,
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: Gajewska, B. i Pawlus, M. (2007): Sownik synonimw i antonimw. Bielsko-
Biala: Park.69 977 (ari 2007: 155156).
, "syn.",
, "ant.". ,

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: https://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wnstats.7WN.html.
68
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WordNet.
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piknie = ) (GajewskaPawlus 2007): Sownik synonimw i antonimw.
Bielsko-Biala: Park.

. . (BulittaBulitta 1985): Wrter-buch der Synonyme und Antonyme.
Frankfurt am Mein: Wolfgang Krger Verlag.
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Verheiratung, Trauung, Eheschlieung, *Konkubinat *Altjungfernstand,
Vermlung, Hochzeit, Zweisamkeit, Bund Einzelwirtshcaft, Ehelosigkeit, Nicht-
frs Leben verheiratet-Sein *Ehesheidung, Scheidung,
Trennung, Aufhebung, Auflsung,
Ungltichkeitserklrung, Spaltung, Loslsung,
Geschiedensein *Verwitwetsein *freie / wilde
Ehe, Ehe ohne Trauschein, Ehe auf Probe
*Doppelehe, Bigamie *Polygamie, Mehrere,
Vielehe, Vielweiberei *Junggesellenleben,
Junggesellenstand, Junggesellenwirtschaft,
Junggesellendasein *Verlobung, Brautzeit,
Brautstand, Aufgebot

15. (BulittaBulitta 1985): Wrter-buch der

Synonyme und Antonyme. Frankfurt am Mein: Wolfgang Krger Verlag.

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:
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Bulgarian Language "Prof.. Andreichin" - BAS).
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(R=0,88; F(1,392)=1391; p<0,0001),
,
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273
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, .

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0,7 0,97 ). ,
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, 158).177
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177

R= - 0,80, p<0,0001, -
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274
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,
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.

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,

6.6.1.

, 394 - -
, 158 .
: ( : RMS) (
: FR), :
( : Eh) ( : Z).

178
,
-
(Paradis et al. 2009: 404406, 413).
179
(R= - 0,23, p<0,00001)
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.

275

(Wards method),
, , .
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(4
) R=0,90,

R=0,70. ,
. 0 4008,
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.180

6.6.2.

, 4 (. 53).

53.
, , (Eh, Z, FR, RMS).

17 .
: Eh=0,08, Z=1,24, FR=1751,35, RMS=9.
, ,

180
Z-score
.

276
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216 ,
: Eh=0,17, Z=1,38, FR=192,2, RMS= 3,35.
: , , , ,
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120 ,
: Eh=0,41, Z=2,12 , FR=106,6, RMS= 1,70. . :
, , , , ,
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41 , : Eh=0,55,
Z=5,56, FR=129,9, RMS=2,22. :
, , , , , ,
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(MANOVA)183,

: F(12, 1024)=149,4, p<0,001, Pillai's = 1,63, 2 = 0,54,

181
, , . .
, .
182
, , . .
, .
, , ,
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183
( )
,
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277
 (Bonferroni post hoc)184
Eh ( , . ),
2, 3 4 Z ( ),
1 2. (FR) 1
, 2, 3 4 .
(RMS)
3 4.
,
, .185
91,6% ,
. 70,7% (=0,07,
2=1041,3, df=12, p<0,001), ,
(Eh; R= - 0,65) (Z; R=0,52).
19,6% (=0,3, 2=436,7, df=6, p<0,001),
(Z; R=0,83), (FR;
R=0,65) (RMS; R=0,36). 9,7%
(=0,7, 2=160,2, df=2, p<0,001), (Eh;
R=-0,64). , (RMS),

. (Eh)
(Z)
, 54.

184
.
, ,
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185
( )
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278
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279
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6.7.1.

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X .
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280
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, Y- -.

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281
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187 : ( : ,
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186
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282
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56. 258
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283
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(X Y Y X).

(R=0,985, p<0,01),

( 58).

58. 258 ,
, 77 ,
, (X Y Y X).

284

.

2.

( ; ANOVA)

(F(2, 170)=923,55, p<0,001) ( 59). (Bonferonni
post hoc comparisons)
(,
M = 6,17)
(, M = 4,89, 95% CI [1,02; 1,51], p<0,001),
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59. ,
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-
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285
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3.

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, -
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, . ,
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:
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188
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286
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287
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288
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289
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290
 ,,Bila su to najbolja vremena. Bila su to najgora vremena. Bilo je to
vreme mudrosti. Bilo je to vreme ludosti. Bila je to epoha vere. Bila je
to epoha neverice. Bilo je to doba svetlosti. Bilo je to doba tame. Bilo
je to prolee puno nade. Bila je to zima puna oaja. Imali smo sve pre
nas. Imali smo nita pred nama. Svi smo ili direktno u Raj. Svi smo
ili direktno na drugu stranu. (arls Dikens, ,,Pria o dva grada'')

7.

. .

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291
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al. 2000: 246).
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, (Biber
et al. 2000: 248).
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(Biber et al. 2000: 249).
.

7.1.2.

, .
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292
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135).
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189
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293
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294
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(regular expression)
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190
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296
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298
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7.1.7.

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299
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, (Charles
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300
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(co-occurrence hypothesis).
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: 25
(Brown Corpus; APHB Corpus), . ,
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,
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301
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and one of high anionic binding capacity) (JustesonKatz 1991: 11).
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.192
.
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: big large small little.
little big large small, big small
, large little
(JustesonKatz 1992: 176). ,
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192
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302
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wet) ,
parced desiccated.
, (: 176).
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14.7 (
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303
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304
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(British National Corpus: BNC) 100 ,
4,31 (Willners 2001:
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: (The Stockholm-Ume Corpus:
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:
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193
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194

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305
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, .
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(BNC, British National Corpus).) ,

51.6%
,
(Willners 2001: 82).
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18 48 (Child-directed
adult speech corpus, S. Strmqvist U. Richthoff)
, , .
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(
Coco)
. 357 , 59
, .

195
WordNet-a, -
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306
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(Jones et al. 2007). .
(. , ,
, ).
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,
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.
(World Wide Web).

,
( )
(Jones et al. 2007: 141).

,
.196 , ( big, small, large, little)
, . ,
(. small large
big, big small ).

. ,

196
, :
Intuitive antonyms of bright Textual antonyms of bright
1. dark (42%) 1. dark (27%)
2. dull (28%) 2. dim (8%)
3. dim (14%) 3. dull (3%)
4. others (16%) 4. others (62%)
Table: A comparison of the intuitive and textual antonyms of bright (Jones et al. 2007, Table 6).

307
 Coco, ,
,
: (Paradis et al. 2009; WillnersParadis
2010). , , ,
, . ,

(Paradis et al. 2009).

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(Kosti, N. 2010). ,
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, 5 (Cobuild on
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, :
( , , :
top bottom, rich poor, love hate), (first last),
( : tall short), (black and white)
( : easy difficult, directly indirectly). ,
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7.3. ,


,
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.

308
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( 1994: 210)
(. 1, 1.5 ).

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197
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309
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(Kosti, N. 2008). ,

, ,
.
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22 , 50
.
: (44,4%),
(30,3%), (3,8%),
(3,2%),
(1,9%), (1,8%), X/Y X-Y
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( ,
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(Kosti, N. 2008: 116).

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. . .
,
: (CharlesMiller 1989:
360). (co-occurrence hypothesis)
,

310
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(substitutability hypothesis)
, .
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(CharlesMiller 1989: 360).
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.198 ,
, ,
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(Willners 2001: 75). , ,
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7.4. 1:
,

7.4.1.


, . . ,

.

198
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311
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. ,
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629
, 10.209 .
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3.515, 173.663, 91.798.
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3.515 ,
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(ratio), ,
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. ,
(. 173.663 91.798)
(. 10.209),

312
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20,09 38). , (763,42),
,
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RATIO = FR(X:Y) / (BrRn / (OekFR(X)*OekFR(Y)))

FR(X) X

FR(Y) Y

FR(X:Y) X Y

BrRn

OekFR(X)=BrRn/ FR(X) X

OekFR(Y)= BrRn/ FR(Y) Y

OekFR(X:Y) = BrRn / (OekFR(X)*OekFR(Y))

X Y, .

RATIO
, , ,
5.

7.4.3. ,
,
, 65.779.267 , . 3.488.897 (Medijska
313
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,
(48.062 ), (42.818), (42.590), (35.485)
(32.063). 250 10 .
2003. . 100
61.

61. (EBART http://www.arhiv.rs/).

100 .

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199
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200
, .

314
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R=0,83, F(1,88)=191,09, p<0,0001,

.

7.4.4.

(; . 2005).
: 30 ,
(. , , ), 33 , .
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163
128
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7.4.5.
(KruskalWallis test)

.
( ,
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316
 62. : 1-, 2-, 3-
( ), ,
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.
(Willners 2001: 75). ,
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317
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7.5. 2:

7.5.1.

. ,

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318
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7.5.3.
781.692
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7.5.4.
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25 .

201
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319
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7.5.5.
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: H =16,8, p<0,001, .

.
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Whitney post hoc test) ()
() ( , U= 747,5, p<0,001, r=-0,35),
( , U= 407,
p=0,052, r=-0,19), ( = , U= 157, p>0,05, r=-
0,15). , ( )
(): U=904,5, p<0,001, r=-0,31. :
(Mdn=36,3, IQR=88,5), (Mdn=19,9, IQR=32,8) (Mdn=11,9, IQR=21,2) (.
63).

320
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), 780.000 (, . 2001, 2005, 2008).

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321
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3. .
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, ,
:
H(3, 86)=22,6, p<0,0001. (MannWhitney U test)
1 3 (U=36, p<0,001), 1 4
(U=101,5, p<0,01) 2 3 (U=132, p=0,001).


- (. )
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2) ( 1), ( 3),
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322
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326
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327
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328
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329
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331
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