ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE AND ECOLOGY

ENGINEERING
Ecology comes from the
GREEK Words OIKOS (house
or place where one lives) and
LOGOS (study of)
Study of the Interactions
between Organisms and the
Nonliving Components of their
Environment

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL

ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
The surface of the Earth as a whole is
ECOSYSTEM
an ECOSYSTEM. We call the surface of An ecosystem is a system whose members
the Earth the BIOSPHERE benefit from each other's participation via
symbiotic relationships (positive sum
The BIOSPHERE is the surface of the
relationships). It is a term that originated from
Earth (AIR, WATER, and LAND) where
biology, and refers to self-sustaining systems
living things exist

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LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
Simplest level of organization
in ecology is the ORGANISM
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
A POPULATION includes all
the members of the same
species that live in one place
at one time

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL

ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
Populations are The physical location of a
individual community is called the
species, all the HABITAT.
interacting
organisms that
live in a particular
area make up a
COMMUNITY
Jurong Bird Park, Singapore

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 BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC
FACTORS
An ecosystem possesses both
living components or BIOTIC
FACTORS and non-living
components or ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
The living components of the
environment are called BIOTIC
FACTORS
They include all the living
things that affect an organism.
Biotic Components are often
categorized as Producers,
Consumers, and Decomposers
ABIOTIC FACTORS
The nonliving factors are physical
and chemical characteristics of the
environment. They include solar
energy (amount of sunlight), oxygen,
CO2, water, temperature, humidity,
pH, and availability of nitrogen
FLOW OF ENERGY IN
ECOSYSTEMS
The most important factor
determining HOW MANY and
WHAT KIND of organisms that
can live in an Ecosystem is the
amount of ENERGY Available.
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 FLOW OF ENERGY IN
ECOSYSTEMS
The primary source of energy
for an ecosystem is the SUN.
FLOW OF ENERGY IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Producers are autotrophic organisms
(autotrophs) with the capability of carrying
out photosynthesis, and making food for
themselves and storing some for other
organisms to consume. Examples are
plants, some bacteria, and algae.
All other organisms in ecosystem are
Consumers or heterotrophs that eat the
Producers or other Organisms.
FLOW OF ENERGY IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Energy in an ecosystem flows
from the sun to autotrophs
(producers) then to organisms
that eat the autotrophs, then to
organisms that feed on other
organisms (consumers)
HETEROTROPHS OR
CONSUMERS
{ Decomposers consumers
who feed on remains of dead
plants and animals
{ Herbivores eat producers or
plant eaters
{ Carnivores eat other
consumers; meat eaters
{ Omnivores eat both
producers and consumers;
plant and meat eaters
{ Detritivores feed on the
garbage
garbage of an ecosystem
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 TROPHIC LEVELS OR TROPHIC LEVELS OR
FEEDING LEVELS FEEDING LEVELS
A Trophic Level is a group of organisms
whose feeding source is the same
number of steps from the Sun.
{ Producers (Autotrophs
(Autotrophs)) are the First
Trophic Level.
{ Herbivores are the Second Trophic
Level.
{ Carnivores are the Third, Forth and
Fifth Trophic Levels

TROPHIC LEVELS OR TROPHIC LEVELS OR

FEEDING LEVELS FEEDING LEVELS
{ Energy is lost or used as it flows through the trophic
levels of an ecosystem
{ Producers (plants) absorb energy from the sun, but
only about of the energy capture from the sun
becomes part of the plants
plants body. The other is
used for living and growing or lost as HEAT.
HEAT.
{ At each Trophic Level, the energy stored in an
organism is about 1/10 that of the level below
it. (10%)
{ Because Energy diminishes at each successive
Trophic Level, few Ecosystems can contain more
than 4 or 5 Trophic Levels.
{ Organisms at Higher Trophic Levels, Large
Carnivores, tend to be Fewer in number than those at
Lower Trophic Levels, Producers.

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 QUESTION NO. 1
FOOD CHAIN
NPP is the rate of production of biomass glucose, cells
and other organic chemicals by the primary producers.
NPP stands for __________

a. Nominal Producer Productivity

b. Natural Primary Productivity

c. Normal Producer Productivity

d. Net Primary Productivity

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QUESTION NO. 2 QUESTION NO. 3

Organisms that belong to the second trophic level. It is defined as the role of the organisms in the
community
a. omnivore
a. niche
b. herbivores
b. biotic factors
c. omnivores
c. biomes
d. detritivores
d. trophic level

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QUESTION NO. 4 QUESTION NO. 5

Consists of members of the same species living in one It is the total uptake of chemicals by an organism from
place at the same time. food items as well as via mass transport of dissolved
chemicals through the gills and epithelium
a. ecosystem
a. homeostasis
b. community
b. biomagnification
c. population
c. bioconcentration
d. organism
d. bioaccumulation

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QUESTION NO. 6 QUESTION NO. 7

It is the process that results in the accumulation of a
chemical in an organism at higher levels than are
found in its own food. It occurs when a chemical
becomes more concentrated as it moves up through a
food chain
a. homeostasis
Term used to describe the uptake of chemicals from
the dissolved phase wherein the concentration of the
chemicals in an organism becomes greater than its
concentration in the air or water in which the
organism lives
a. homeostasis

b. biomagnification b. biomagnification

c. bioconcentration c. bioconcentration

d. bioaccumulation d. bioaccumulation

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QUESTION NO. 8 QUESTION NO. 9

Biomes are distinguished or identified by its Substance used by both autotrophs and heterotrophs
__________. to break down carbohydrates.

a. dominant plant life a. solar energy

b. climate b. water

c. geographic location c. oxygen gas

d. dominant animal life d. carbon dioxide

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CARBON CYCLE CARBON CYCLE

1. Together, Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration Form the Basis of the Carbon Cycle
2. The Earths atmosphere contains Carbon in the
form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3. During Photosynthesis, Plants and other
Autotrophs use CO2 along with Water and Solar
Energy, to Build Organic Molecules
(Carbohydrates), Thus storing the Carbon for
themselves and other Organisms
4. Both Autotrophs and Heterotrophs use Oxygen
to break down Carbohydrates during Cellular
Respiration.

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 CARBON CYCLE WATER CYCLE
5. Consumers obtain Energy-Rich molecules that
contain Carbon by Eating Plants and Animals
6. Carbon is return to the environment through
decomposers and cellular respiration (breathing
releases CO2 back to the atmosphere)
7. Large amounts of Carbon are tied up in Wood,
only returning to the atmosphere when wood is
burned.

WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE

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 WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE
1. To a large degree, availability of Water determines the 5. The Water Cycle Usually Consists of the following steps:
Diversity of Organisms in an Ecosystem. Water is crucial to A. EVAPORATION from lakes, rivers, and oceans. OR/AND
Life. Cells contain 70 percent to 90 percent water, and water B. TRANSPIRATION from plants and trees.
provides the Aqueous environment in which most of Lifes C. CONDENSATION Cloud Formation
reactions occur. D. PRECIPITATION Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail.
2. The Availability of WATER is one of the Key Factors that E. RUN OFF, or RETURNED back into the Cycle.
regulate the Productivity of Terrestrial (Land) Ecosystems.
3. Bodies of Water such as Lakes, Rivers, Streams, and the
Oceans contain a substantial percentage of the Earths
Water. The atmosphere also contains Water in the form of
Water Vapor, some water is found below ground known as
Ground Water
4. The Movement of Water between these different reservoirs is
known as the Water Cycle.

NITROGEN CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE

All organisms need nitrogen, an
important nutrient, to make
PROTEINS and NUCLEIC ACID
Most nitrogen is found in the
atmosphere (80%) as N2, and
most living things cannot use it
All Organisms rely on the actions
of bacteria that are able to
transform nitrogen gas into a
usable Form

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NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
(Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium)
play a key role in the Nitrogen
Cycle.
They live in the soil and in the
roots of some kinds of plants,
such as beans, peas, clover, and
alfalfa.
NITROGEN CYCLE
Conversion of nitrogen gas to
ammonia is called Nitrogen
Fixation
Ammonia can be absorbed by
plants from the soil, and used to
make proteins, and enter the
food web for consumers.
Consumers obtain nitrogen from
eating the plants and animals
they eat.
NITROGEN CYCLE
These bacteria have enzymes
that can break the atmospheric
N2 bonds.
Nitrogen atoms are then free to
bond with hydrogen atoms to
form Ammonia (NH3).
NITROGEN CYCLE
Decomposers return the Nitrogen
back to the soil from the remains
of dead plants and animals
Nitrogen is also returned from
animal and plant waste by
decomposers (dung, urine, leaves
and bark)
This process is known as
AMMONIFICATION
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 NITROGEN CYCLE
Through ammonification, nitrogen that
would be lost, is recycled back into the
ecosystem.
Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere
through DENITRIFICATION
Denitrification occurs when anaerobic
bacteria (chemoautotrophs) break down
nitrates and release nitrogen gas back
into the atmosphere
NITROGEN CYCLE
Autotrophs (plants) are therefore
dependent on Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria, and all other organisms
including YOU are DEPENDENT ON
THEM!
NITROGEN CYCLE
Plants can absorb nitrates and
ammonia from the soil, but animals
(Including Ourselves) CANNOT
Animals, including ourselves, obtain
nitrogen in the same way we obtain
energy by eating plants and other
organisms and then digesting the
proteins and nucleic acids
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
The phosphorus cycle is the
biogeochemical cycle that describes
the movement of phosphorus through
the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere.
Unlike many other biogeochemicals,
the atmosphere does not play a
significant role in the movements of
phosphorus
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 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Phosphorus normally occurs in nature
as part of a phosphate ion, consisting
of a phosphorus atom and some
number of oxygen atoms, the most
abundant form having four oxygens:
PO4-3
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Most phosphates are found as salts in
ocean sediments or in rocks
Over time, geologic processes can
bring ocean sediments to land, and
weathering will carry terrestrial
phosphates back to the ocean
Plants absorb phosphates from the
soil

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

The plants may then be consumed by
herbivores who in turn may be
consumed by carnivores.
After death, the animal or plant
decays, and the phosphates are
returned to the soil.
Runoff may carry them back to the
ocean or they may be reincorporated
into rock.

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 SULFUR CYCLE
The sulfur cycle can be thought of as
beginning with the gas sulfur dioxide (SO2)
or the particles of sulfate (SO4=)
compounds in the air
These compounds either fall out or are
rained out of the atmosphere.
Plants take up some forms of these
compounds and incorporate them into their
tissues
SULFUR CYCLE
Then, as with nitrogen, these organic
sulfur compounds are returned to the
land or water after the plants die or
are consumed by animals
Bacteria (thiobacillus) are important
here as well since they can transform
the organic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide
gas (H2S)

SULFUR CYCLE
In the oceans, certain phytoplankton
can produce a chemical that
transforms to SO2 that resides in the
atmosphere
These gases can re-enter the
atmosphere, water, and soil, and
continue the cycle

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QUESTION NO. 10 QUESTION NO. 11

It is considered to be the greatest reservoir of carbon Process where decomposers return back the nitrogen
to the soils through the remains and waste of plants
and animals.
a. terrestial a. ammonolysis
b. geologic b. denitrification
c. oceanic c. nitrogen fixation
d. none of these d. ammonification

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QUESTION NO. 12 QUESTION NO. 13

Process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonia is Denitrification is carried out when bacteria break down
called __________ nitrates and release nitrogen gas. What are these
bacteria?
a. ammonification
a. rhizobium
b. nitrogen fixation
b. cyanobacteria
c. denitrification
c. anaerobic bacteria
d. ammonolysis
d. aerobic bacteria

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QUESTION NO. 14 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

In the environment, sulfur is found predominantly as o Physical Characteristics

any of the following EXCEPT
quality of water for domestic use
a. sulfides
o Chemical Characteristics
b. oxides of sulfur
evidenced by their observed reactions
c. sulfates
o Biological Characteristics
d. organic sulfur
public health

o Radiological Characteristics
in contact with radioactive substances

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WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

Physical Chemical
Sources Effects
Characteristics Characteristics
suspended materials (clay, silt, Chlorine chlorination by-products
Turbidity finely divided organic material,
Fluorine mottling of teeth
planktons, particulate materials)
dissolved organic material from brownish color to laundered
Iron
Color decaying vegetation and certain goods; affects taste of beverages
inorganic matter Lead serious health illness or death
organic compounds, inorganic Manganese brownish color
Taste and Odor
salts, dissolved gases
complications to heart, kidney
Temperature industrial cooling Sodium
and circulatory ailments

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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

Chemical Biological Characteristics

Effects o
Characteristics
Sulfate laxative effects
Zinc detrimental to health o Radiological Characteristics
methemoglobinemia (infant
Nitrates
cyanosis or blue baby syndrome)
cyanosis; chronic effects on the
Cyanides thyroid and central nervous
system
Heavy Metals
As, Ba, Cd, Cr chronic diseases
Pb, Hg, Se, Ag

WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

o Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen o Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

amount of oxygen required to oxidize a substance
Demand to carbon dioxide and water

o Solids
Calculate the ThOD of a 1.67 x 10-3 M glucose
o Nutrients solution.

o Pathological Parameters o Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

amount of oxygen required to oxidize a substance
use of a strong oxidizing agent (chromic acid)

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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
o Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

o Factors Affecting the rate constant

nature of the waste
ability of the organisms to utilize the waste
temperature

(
BOD t = L0 1 e kt ) Typical Values of the BOD Rate Constant
Polluted water and Wastewater k20C = 0.10/day
If the BOD3 of a waste is 75 mg/L and the rate Sewage k20C = 0.23/day
constant is 0.345 day-1, what is the ultimate
BOD?

WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

o Nitrogen Oxidation Compute the theoretical NBOD of a

Nitrogenous BOD wastewater containing 50 mg/L of
Oxygen consumption due to
nitrogen oxidation
ammonia as nitrogen

NBOD =
4.57grams O 2 If the wastewater analysis was
gram N
reported as 50mg/L ammonia, what
would the theoretical NBOD be?
+
NH 4 + 2O 2 microorgan
isms NO 3 + H 2 O + 2 H +

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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
o Total Solids, TS
residue of evaporation at 103C
Wds
W ds W d
TS =
V Wd
V volume of sample
WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
o Fixed Solids, FS
not volatilized at 600C
Wdf
W du W d
FS =
V Wd
o Volatile Solids, VS
volatilized at 600C
VS = TS FS
WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
o Suspended Solids, SS
retained after filtration on a Gooch crucible
Wdf weight of dish and filter
W df W d plus dry filtered solids
weight of dish + dry solids
SS =
V Wd weight of clean crucible
after evaporation and filter
weight of clean dish
o Dissolved Solids, DS
DS = TS SS
WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
A laboratory runs a solids test. The weight of the
crucible is 48.6212 g. A 100-mL sample is placed
weight of dish + unburned in the crucible and the water is evaporated. The
solids weight of the crucible and dry solids is 48.6432 g.
weight of clean dish The crucible is placed into a 600C furnace for 24
hours and cooled in a desiccator. The weight of
the cooled crucible and residue, or unburned
solids is 48.6300 g. Find the total, volatile and
fixed solids.
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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

Pathological Parameters Philippine National Drinking Water Standards

coliforms indicator microorganisms DAO 26-A 1994 Series

o Escherichia coli common inhabitants of intestinal
tracts o Sec2: Examination of Water
o Aerobacter aerogenes common in the soil, leaves, Type Units

grain Bacteriological
MPN/100 mL; colonies/100 mL;
presence or absence of coliform

Biological Counts/mL

Chemical mg/L (unless otherwise specified)

Physical as appropriate

Radiological Bq/L

WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

o Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality: Health

o Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality: Health
Significance
Significance
Organic Constituents (Pesticides)
Inorganic Constituents
Maximum Maximum
Maximum Maximum Constituent Constituent
Constituent Constituent Level, mg/L Level, mg/L
Level, mg/L Level, mg/L
Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.03 Methoxychlor 20
Sb 0.005 F- 1.0
As 0.01 Pb 0.01 Petroleum Oils
Chlordane 0.2 nil
and Grease
Ba 0.7 Hg (total) 0.001
B 0.3 NO3- 50 DDT 2 Toxyphane 5
Cd 0.003 NO2- 3 Endrin 0.2 2,4-D 30
Cr 0.05 Se 0.01 Heptachlor and
0.03 2,4,5-T 9
CN 0.07 Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane 2

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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

o Standard Values for Disinfectants (a) and Disinfectant-By

o Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality: Products (b)
Aesthetic Quality
Maximum Maximum
Constituent Constituent
Maximum Maximum Level, mg/L Level, mg/L
Constituent Constituent
Level, mg/L Level, mg/L Residual Chlorine 0.2 0.5
Taste unobjectionable H2S 0.05
Odor unobjectionable Fe 1 Bromate 0.025 Bromoform 0.1
Color 5 TCU Mn 0.5 Dibromochlorome
Chlorite 0.2 0.1
Turbidity 5 TCU pH 6.5 8.5 thane
Al 0.2 Na 200 2,4,6- Bromodichlorome
0.2 0.06
Cl- 250 SO42- 250 trichlorophenol thane

Cu 1 TDS 500 Formaldehyde 0.9 Chloroform 0.2

300 mg/L as Phenolic
Hardness Zn 5 0.001
CaCO3 substances

WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

Surface Water Quality Standards

o Standard Values for Radiological Constituents Water Usage and Classification

Constituent Activity Level (Bq/L) DAO 34 1990 Series
gross alpha activity 0.1

gross beta activity 1 o Subject:

Revised Water Usage and Classification / Water Quality
Criteria Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III
of the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations

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 WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
o Fresh Surface Waters o Coastal and Marine Waters

Class Beneficial Use Class Beneficial Use

Public Water Supply Class I: uninhabited and protected watersheds; Propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for commercial
AA
requires disinfection only to meet PNSDW purposes
SA
Public Water Supply Class II: requires complete treatment - coagulation, Tourist zones and national marine parks and reserves
A Coral reef parks and reserves
sedimentation, filtration, disinfection to meet PNSDW
Recreational Water Class I: primary contact recreation - bathing, Recreational Water Class I: bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.
B SB
swimming, skin diving, etc. Fishery Water Class I: spawning areas for bangus and similar species
Fishery Water: propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources Recreational Water Class II: boating, etc.
C Recreational Water Class II: boating, etc. SC Fishery Water Class II: commercial and sustenance fishing
Industrial Water Supply Class I: manufacturing processes after Marshy and mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
treatment
Agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc. Industrial Water Supply Class II: cooling, etc.
SD
D Industrial Water Supply Class II: cooling, etc. Other coastal and marine waters
Other Inland Waters

WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Effluent Standards
Water Usage and Classification o Softening
DAO 35 1990 Series
o Coagulation and Flocculation
Subject:
Settling
o
o
Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990, Revising and
Amending the Effluent Regulations of 1982 o Filtration

o Sec4: Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances o Disinfection

Effluent Standards: Toxic and Other Deleterious
Substance (Maximum Limits for the Protection of Public
Health)

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 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
o Hardness o Hardness
caused by multivalent cations does not cause health problems but reduces the
Rain effectiveness of soaps and causes scale formation
determined using atomic absorption and ion-specific
Topsoil Bacterial Action CO2 electrodes or titration (titrant EDTA
Subsoil ethylendediaminetetraacetic acid; indicator
eriochrome black T)
CO2 + H 2O H 2CO3

TH = multivalen t cations
Limestone
CaCO3( s ) + H 2CO3 Ca (HCO3 )2
MgCO3( s ) + H 2CO3 Mg (HCO3 )2

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

o Carbonate (Temporary) Hardness
associated with the anions carbonate, CO32- and
Hardness bicarbonate, HCO3-
Classification
meq/L mg/L as CaCO3 forms scale
Extremely soft to soft 0 0.9 0 45 equal to the smaller of alkalinity or total hardness
Soft to moderately hard 0.9 1.8 46 90
Moderately hard to hard 1.8 2.6 91 130
o Noncarbonate (Permanent) Hardness
Hard to very hard 2.6 3.4 131 170
associated with the other anions, SO42- etc.
Too hard for domestic use > 5.0 > 250

mg
meq MW
= L EW =
L EW n TH = CH + NCH

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 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
o Alkalinity o Hardness Speciation
measure of the buffering capacity of water
sum of all titrable bases down to pH about 4.5

[ ] [
ALK = HCO 3 + 2 CO 32 + OH] [
] [H ]
+

ALK = HCO 3 + CO 32 + OH H +

A water contains 100.0 mg/L CO32- and 75.0 mg/L

HCO3- at a pH of 10. Calculate the alkalinity as
mg/L CaCO3.

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Soda-Lime Softening Reactions Soda-Lime Softening Reactions

o Neutralization of carbonic acid o Precipitation of carbonate hardness due to

neutralize free acids magnesium
raise the pH to 11
CO2 + Ca (OH )2 CaCO3( s ) + H 2O Mg 2+
+ 2 HCO3 + Ca(OH )2 MgCO3 + CaCO3( s ) + 2 H 2O
Precipitation of carbonate hardness due to 2+
+ 2 HCO3 + CO32 + Ca (OH )2 Mg (OH )2 + CaCO3( s )
o
calcium
Mg
raise the pH to 10.3 o Removal of noncarbonate hardness due to
convert all bicarbonates to carbonate calcium
provide additional carbonate

Ca + 2 HCO + Ca (OH )2 2CaCO3( s ) + 2 H 2O

2+
3
Ca 2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3( s ) + 2 Na +

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 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Soda-Lime Softening Reactions o Coagulation
chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to
o Removal of noncarbonate hardness due to make them stick together to form large particles
magnesium (flocs)
lime provides hydroxyl ion for precipitation of
magnesium
Remove calcium through addition of soda

Mg 2+ + 2 HCO3 + Ca (OH )2 Mg (OH )2 + Ca 2+

Ca 2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3( s ) + 2 Na +

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

o Key Properties of a Coagulant Coagulant: Aluminum
trivalent cation
o dry or liquid alum: [Al2(SO4)3 . 4H2O]
SCHULZE-HARDY RULE
One mole of a trivalent ion can reduce the charge as

Al2 (SO4 )3 14 H 2O + 6 HCO3

much as 30 to 50 moles of a divalent ion and as
much as 1,500 to 2,500 moles of a monovalent ion.

nontoxic 2 Al (OH )3( s ) + 6CO2 + 14 H 2O + 3SO42

insoluble in the neutral pH range

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 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Coagulant: Iron Coagulant Aids

o sulfate salt: [Fe2(SO4)3 . xH2O] o pH Adjusters

o chloride salt: [FeCl3 . xH2O] sulfuric acid, lime or soda ash
o Activated Silica
produces larger and denser floc; for highly
FeCl3 + 3HCO3 Fe(OH )3( s ) + 3CO2 + 3Cl

colored, low-turbidity waters
o Clay
Important Factors in Coagulant Addition adds weight to floc; for colored, low-turbidity
o pH
waters
o Polymers
o dose
interparticle bridging

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

o Flocculation o Settling
physical process of producing differential velocities separation of flocs through gravity
so that the particles can come into contact

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 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
o Filtration o Disinfection
process for separating suspended or colloidal reduces pathogens to acceptable levels
impurities from water by passage through a
porous medium o Properties of Disinfectants
able to destroy the kinds and numbers of
o Classification of Filters pathogens in water within a practicable period of
time over an expected range in temperature
according to type of medium
able to meet possible fluctuations in composition,
o sand, coal, dual media, mixed media
concentration and condition of waters
according to loading rate neither toxic to humans and domestic animals nor
o slow sand filter, rapid sand filter, high-rate sand unpalatable or unobjectionable
filter

MAIN AREAS OF WASTEWATER

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS TREATMENT
Chlorination
o optimum pH range 6.5 to 7.5 Removal of large solids to
Preliminary prevent damage to unit
+
Cl2( g ) + H 2O HOCl + H + Cl operations
Primary Removal of suspended solids
Chlorine/Ammonia Reactions
Secondary Removal of oxygen demand

NH 3 + HOCl NH 2Cl + H 2O Tertiary

Removal of other constituents
monochloramine (Advanced)

NH 2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H 2O Solids Treatment Collection, stabilization and

dichloramine and Disposal disposal of solids

NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H 2O

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 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
o Screening o Grit Removal

removal of large materials removal of grit (sand, broken glass, silt,

screens 1 in apart pebbles)

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF

WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
o Comminution

grinding of solids into 0.3 cm pieces o Equalization

improves the effectiveness of the next areas of
treatment

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 PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
o Primary Settling Biological Waste Decomposition

removes 60% of the solids and 30% of the o Aerobic Decomposition

oxygen demand electron acceptor: free oxygen
products

Amino acids
Proteins and organic Ammonia nitrites nitrates
nitrogen compounds Alcohols CO2 and H2O
Organic acids CO2 and H2O
Alcohols CO2 and H2O
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids CO2 and H2O
Fatty acids + glycerol
Fats and related
Alcohols CO2 and H2O
substances
Lower fatty acids CO2 and H2O

SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TREATMENT OF

WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
Biological Waste Decomposition Fixed Film Reactors

o Anaerobic Decomposition o Trickling Filter

electron acceptor: sulfate, CO2
products

Amino acids NH3

Proteins and organic Alcohols H2 S
nitrogen compounds Organic acids CH4
CO2
Alcohols CO2
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids CH4
Fatty acids + glycerol
Fats and related Alcohols
substances Lower fatty acids
CO2 CH4

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 SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
Fixed Film Reactors Suspended Growth Reactors

o Rotating Biological Contactor o Activated Sludge System

TERTIARY TREATMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT OF

WASTEWATER WASTEWATER
o Nitrogen Removal

o Objective Nitrification / Denitrification

2 NH 4+ + 3O 2 nitrosomon
as
2 NO 2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 H +
removal of other constituents
2 NO 2 + O 2 nitrobacte
r 2 NO 3
removal of residual solids and
2 NO 3 + organic matter N 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O
pseudomona s

BOD Ammonia Stripping

NH 4+ + OH NH 3 + H 2 O

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 TERTIARY TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER
o Filtration

o Activated Carbon Adsorption

accumulation of materials at an interface CLEAN WATER ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES
heated in the absence of oxygen
(R.A. 9275)
o Oxidation Ponds
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

QUESTION NO. 15 QUESTION NO. 16

Process whereby coarse matter (suspended or Legislation that presents the revised water usage and
floating) of a certain size can be strained out of classification.
flowing water with the aid of bars, fine wires or rocks.

a. flocculation a. Republic Act 9003

b. sedimentation b. Water Code of the Philippines

c. screening c. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

d. flotation d. DENR Administrative Order No. 34

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QUESTION NO. 17 QUESTION NO. 18

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic Class of water intended for primary contact recreation
of wastewater? such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.

a. turbidity a. Class B

b. odor b. Class AA

c. hardness c. Class C

d. color d. Class A

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QUESTION NO. 19 QUESTION NO. 20

It is a phenomenon that results in the overabundance Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable
of algae growth in bodies of water. It is also the under the influence of gravity, basically the theory of
natural process of nutrient enrichment that occurs gravity under the influence of which all particles
over time in a body of water. heavier than water tend to settle down.

a. eutrophication a. flotation

b. thermal inversion b. screening

c. sedimentation
c. anaerobic respiration
d. flocculation
d. biomagnification

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QUESTION NO. 21 QUESTION NO. 22

The alkalinity of wastewater is due to the presence of Which of the following is NOT use for the disinfection
the following EXCEPT of water?
a. ozone
a. ammonia
b. sulfuric acid
b. carbonate
c. chlorine
c. bicarbonate
d. ultra-violet rays
d. dissolved CO2

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QUESTION NO. 23 QUESTION NO. 24

Most aquatic organisms can survive in a pH range of These are accumulated solids removed from
about __________. separation equipment such as settling tanks and
clarifiers.
a. pH = 7 to 11 a. flocs
b. pH = 3 to 7 b. sludge
c. pH = 6 to 9 c. suspended solids
d. pH = 5 to 8 d. total dissolved solids

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QUESTION NO. 25 QUESTION NO. 26

Water treatment that destroys disease-causing A neurological disease characterized by trembling,

bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other inability to walk and speak and even serious
organisms and removes soluble iron, manganese and convulsions that can lead to death due to ingestion of
hydrogen sulfide from water. mercury

a. argyria
a. coagulation
b. itai-itai
b. disinfection
c. scurvy
c. chlorination
d. minamata
d. flocculation

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QUESTION NO. 27 QUESTION NO. 28

Gas responsible for the rotten egg odor of waste Hardness of water is usually expressed as parts per
water. million of __________.

a. CaCO3
a. amines
b. CaCl2
b. ammonia
c. Na2CO3
c. hydrogen sulfide
d. MgSO4
d. mercaptans

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QUESTION NO. 29 QUESTION NO. 30

Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical Type of wastewater treatment that employs biological
and chemical treatment methods to remove or reduce methods to remove fine suspended, colloidal and
a high percentage of suspend solids and toxic dissolved organics by biochemical oxidation.
materials.
a. Primary Treatment
a. Primary Treatment
b. Minor Treatment
b. Secondary Treatment
c. Tertiary Treatment
c. Tertiary Treatment
d. Secondary Treatment
d. Minor Treatment

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QUESTION NO. 31 QUESTION NO. 32

Most commonly used coagulating agent. It is a very unstable gas used for disinfection, a very
powerful oxidant capable of oxidizing 200 to 300 times
a. ferric sulfate more than chlorine and can reduce complex taste, odor
and color.
b. aluminum sulfate
a. ozone
c. ferric chloride
b. hypochlorite
d. sulfuric acid
c. hydrogen peroxide

d. fluorine

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 QUESTION NO. 33 QUESTION NO. 34

A continuous re-circulating aerobic biochemical Class of water intended for marshy and/or mangrove
process that keeps cells in suspended growth areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries.

a. stabilization ponds
a. Class C
b. trickling filters
b. Class SB
c. activated sludge process
c. Class C
d. aerated lagoon
d. Class SC

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AIR POLLUTION Classification of Air Pollutants

o According to Physical State

Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical
Particulates
or biological properties of air that renders it
Gaseous

harmful to human health and welfare o According to Source

- PD 984 Primary

Secondary

36
 Classification of Air Pollutants
Particulates
o Dust
entrained by process gases directly from the
material being handled or processed (coal,
ash, cement)
direct offspring of a parent material
undergoing a mechanical operation (sawdust
from woodworking)
entrained materials used in mechanical
operation (sand from sandblasting)
large diameters (cement 100 )
Classification of Air Pollutants
Particulates
o Mist
entrained liquid particle formed by the
condensation of a vapor and perhaps by
chemical reaction
large diameters (0.5 to 3.0 )
Classification of Air Pollutants
Particulates
o Fume
formed by the condensation of vapors by
sublimation, distillation, calcinations or
chemical reaction processes (lead oxide from
condensation and oxidation of metal volatilized
in a high temperature process)
small diameters (0.03 to 0.3 )
Classification of Air Pollutants
Particulates
o Smoke
entrained solid particles formed as a result of
incomplete combustion of carbonaceous
materials
small diameters (0.05 to 1 )
37
 Classification of Air Pollutants Classification of Air Pollutants
Particulates o Relative Sizes of Pollutants

o Spray

liquid particle formed by the atomization of a

parent liquid

large diameters (10 to 1000 )

Sources and Effects of Air Pollution Sources and Effects of Air Pollution
Significance as a
Properties
Pollutant Significance as a
Properties
Sulfur dioxide Pollutant
Colorless Damage to property, health and Nitrogen dioxide
Highly soluble in water vegetation Brown to orange Major component in the formation
Sulfur trioxide of photochemical smog
Highly corrosive Soluble in water Ozone
Highly reactive Damage to vegetation and
Carbon dioxide
property; produced during the
Colorless and odorless Formed during complete formation of photochemical smog
combustion; greenhouse gas
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Emitted from automobiles and
Colorless and odorless Product of incomplete industries; formed in the
combustion, poisonous atmosphere

38
 Sources and Effects of Air Pollution Air Pollution Episodes: GLOBAL WARMING
Significance as a
Properties
Pollutant o Greenhouse Effect
Methane trapping of the suns radiation into the surface of the
earth
Combustible; Greenhouse gas o Greenhouse Gases
odorless
CO2
Chloroflurocarbons CH4
N2O
Nonreactive, excellent Deplete ozone in upper H2O
thermal properties atmosphere
o Kyoto Protocol

Air Pollution Episodes: OZONE DEPLETION Air Pollution Episodes: OZONE DEPLETION

o Most Important Chlorofluorocarbons Ozone Layer Depletion

CFCl3 trichlorofluoromethane
o Effects of Ozone Depletion
CF2Cl2 - dichlorofluoromethane
skin cancer
o Properties of CFCs eye damage
inert immune system suppression
insoluble in water plant photosynthesis reduction

o Uses o Montreal Accord

in aerosols international agreement on the ban of ozone-depleting
in refrigeration systems substance
in foam products

39
 Air Pollution Episodes: ACID DEPOSITION Air Pollution Episodes: Photochemical Smog

S + O2 heat

SO2 N 2 + O2 2 NO
SO2 + O sunlight
SO3 NO + O3 NO2 + O2
SO3 + H 2 O H 2 SO4 NO2 + O3 + H 2 O 2 HNO3 + O2

o Describes the combination of smoke and fog

o Effects
fish kill
o Formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust
release of heavy metals
(consist mainly of NO, CO and unburned
damage to structures
hydrocarbons) in the presence of sunlight

Air Pollution Episodes: Indoor Air Pollution Air Pollution Control Devices

o Sources
asbestos fireproofing, vinyl floors { Settling Chamber
carbon monoxide smoking, space heaters, stoves

z wide place in the exhaust
formaldehyde carpets, ceiling tile, panelling flue where large particles
particulates smoking, fireplaces, dusting settle
nitrogen oxides kerosene and gas stoves
z >100 diameter particles
ozone photocopying machines
radon diffusion out of the soil { Cyclone
sulfur dioxide kerosene heaters z popular, economical and
effective means

40
 Air Pollution Control Devices Air Pollution Control Devices

{ Bag / Fabric Filter { Spray Tower / Scrubber

z operates like a vacuum filter z removes large particulates
z sensitive to high temperatures and humidity z produces a visible plume and wastewater

Air Pollution Control Devices Air Pollution Control Devices

{ Electrostatic Precipitator { Wet Scrubber

z widely used in power plants z dissolves gaseous pollutants in water

{ Adsorption

41
 Air Pollution Control Devices Air Pollution Control Devices
{ Incineration / Flaring
z used when an organic pollutant can be oxidized { Build Tall Stacks
to CO2 and water
{ Desulfurize the Flue Gas
SO 2 + CaO CaSO 3
SO2 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + CO2

{ Change to Low-Sulfur Fuel

{ Catalytic Combustion
z variation of incineration
{ Desulfurize the Coal
z reaction temperature is lowered by the use of a
catalyst

QUESTION NO. 35 QUESTION NO. 36

Part of the atmosphere where most of photochemical Type of absorbent that removes pollutants by
reactions take place. dissolving the gas.

a. stratosphere
a. non-generative
b. ionosphere
b. reactive
c. mesosphere c. generative
d. troposphere d. non-reactive

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QUESTION NO. 37 QUESTION NO. 38

It is also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Which of the following is NOT used as adsorbent
Management Act. material?

a. RA 6969 a. water

b. RA 9367 b. activated charcoal

c. RA 9003 c. Silica gel

d. RA 8749 d. Fullers earth

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QUESTION NO. 39 QUESTION NO. 40

Type of combustion process where pollutant gases are These are closed compartments that use gravitational
burned in the presence of metallic oxides like alumina. force to extract dust and mist and typically used only
for larger particles.
a. catalytic combustion
a. scrubber
b. flare combustion
b. cyclone device
c. furnace combustion
c. settling chamber
d. gasification
d. eletrostatic precipitator

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QUESTION NO. 41 QUESTION NO. 42

It is the part of the atmosphere where the highest It is used as bonding agents in building and furniture
concentration of ozone is observed. construction which may cause drowsiness, nausea and
headaches when exposed to low level concentration.
a. mesosphere
a. radon
b. stratosphere
b. PAN
c. ionosphere
c. formaldehyde
d. troposphere
d. CO

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QUESTION NO. 43 QUESTION NO. 44

Three or four billion years ago, the earths atmosphere Compounds of this element results from fossil fuel
is believed to compose of the following gases EXCEPT combustion and other mobile sources and can affect
human tissue cells and cause mild to severe lung
a. carbon dioxide irritation.
a. oxygen
b. methane
b. carbon
c. ammonia
c. nitrogen
d. water
d. sulfur

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QUESTION NO. 45 QUESTION NO. 46

It is the thinnest layer of the atmosphere and Republic Act 8749 which provides a comprehensive
practically all of the atmospheres water vapor. pollution control policy.

a. troposphere
a. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
b. stratosphere
b. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
c. mesosphere c. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2004
d. ionosphere d. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Wastes Control Act of 1990

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QUESTION NO. 47 QUESTION NO. 48

Component of CFCs that causes destruction of 100,000 Volcanic eruption spews out gases into the
molecules of ozone. atmosphere. Which of the following is NOT produced in
this natural phenomenon?

a. carbon a. HF

b. hydrogen b. O3

c. fluorine c. CO2

d. chlorine d. H2S

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QUESTION NO. 49 QUESTION NO. 50

The photochemical smog or the combination of smoke PAN is a powerful lachrymator or tear producer formed
and fog was observed in London was a combination of from unburned bydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen
the following compounds EXCEPT oxides and oxygen. PAN stands for __________.
a. peroxyallyl nitrate
a. nitric oxide
b. peroxyamyl nitrate
b. carbon monoxide
c. peroxyacetyl nitrate
c. unburned hydrocarbons d. peroxyalkyl nitrate
d. carbon dioxide

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QUESTION NO. 51 QUESTION NO. 52

Which of the following is NOT considered as a primary Which of the following is NOT considered as an indoor
pollutant? pollution?

a. CO a. SO2

b. NO b. Rn

c. CH4 c. CO

d. NO2 d. HCHO

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QUESTION NO. 53 QUESTION NO. 54

The atmosphere is said to contain _____ of nitrogen A spectacular luminous display produced from collision
gas by volume. of solar particles observed in the Southern
Hemisphere.
a. 78%
a. Aurora Australis
b. 87%
b. Aurora Borealis
c. 80%
c. Aurora Coriolis
d. 95%
d. Aurora Habilis

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QUESTION NO. 55

A phenomenon where a cold layer of air becomes

trapped by a layer of warmer air above due to a lack of
wind circulation or the presence of certain
topographical features, such as mountains, resulting to
air pollution being trapped in the lower, cooler layers
of the troposphere.
a. thermal inversion

b. global warming

c. greenhouse effect

d. anaerobic respiration

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