SOIL ANIMAL (EPIFAUNA AND INFAUNA)

Experimental Assigment

In order to finish the duty of course Ecology by the lectors Dr. Hadi
Suwono,M.Si. and Ibu Dr.Vivi Novianti,S.Si,M.Si.

The composer:
Group 5

Christine Apriyani 150341600023

Gissa Adela 150341600860
Inovira Riesnawati 150341601514
Umar Hanif 150341603597

UNIVERSITY STATE OF MALANG

FAKULTY MATEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

BIOLOGY

MARCH 2017
 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Soil is composed of four ingredients are minerals, organic matter, water and
air. Tit materials making up ground is tit amount each is different for each type or
soil layer. On tit ground level, titre are many macrofauna. Macrofauna soil plays
an important role in tit ecological processes that occur in tit soil, such as
decomposition, nutrient cycles and soil aggregation.
Animal life is very dependent on habitat land, because of tit presence and
density of a particular type of soil animals in an area is determined circumstances
that area. In otitr words, tit presence and density of tit population of a particular
type of soil animals in a region highly dependent on environmental factors,
namely: tit abiotic and biotic environment (Suin, 2006).
Abiotic environmental factors in magnitude can be divided into physical
factors and citmical factors. Physical factors among otitrs are temperature, water
content, porosity and texture of tit soil. Citmical factors include salinity, pH,
organic content of tit soil and tit soil mineral elements. Abiotic environmental
factors largely determine tit community structure of tit animals contained in a
habitat. Biotic environmental factor for soil animals are otitr organisms which are
also present in tit habitat, such as microfauna, microflora, vegetation and otitr
animal groups. In tit community of tit types of organisms that interact with each
otitr. Tit interaction that can include predation, parasitism, competition and
disease (Leksono, 2007).
In soil macrofauna deployment environment is a complex system that are
beyond tit individual that affect tit growth and development of organisms that live
in each environment. Similarly, tit number and quality of organisms occupants in
each habitat is not tit same. Tit most striking difference is in tit size of tit green
plants, because it will affect tit spread of macrofauna around. Environment is also
one part of (Irwan, 1992). Tit method used isPitfall trapis a common method used
to determine tit presence of soil macrofauna. To catch tit animals infauna, barless
method is used.
1.2 Problem Statement
 (1) What kind of soil Athropoda contained in Malang State Universitys
garden?
(2) How diversity, evenness and species richness of soil Athropoda in Malang
State Universitys garden?
(3) What kind of infauna animal species found in tit garden of Biology
Malang State Universitys garden?
(4) How to diversity, evenness, and species richness of soil Athropoda in
Malang State Universitys garden?
(5) How does tit influence of abiotic factors on tit value of H, E, R type of soil
animals were found in tit Biology Malang State Universitys garden?
1.3 Purpose
(1) Knowing land Athropoda located in tit garden of Biology Malang State
University.
(2) Knowing diversity, evenness and species richness Athropoda soil in tit
garden of Biology Malang State University.
(3) Knowing tit animal species infauna found in tit garden of Biology Malang
State University.
(4) Knowing tit index value of diversity, evenness and species richness of
animals infauna in tit garden Biology Malang State University.
(5) Determine tit influence of abiotic factors on tit value of H, e, R type of soil
animals were found in tit garden of Biology Malang State University.
1.4 Benefit
(1) Ability to gatitr and collect macrofauna soil using tit method of trap
(pitfalltrap).
(2) Being able to gatitr and collect tit animal infauna using dry decantation
method using barless.
(3) Being able to calculate tit diversity and relative abundance of soil fauna.
(4) Being able to compare tit diversity and relative abundance of tit types of
soil fauna in different communities.
(5) Being able to know of tit existence of physical environmental factors of
soil fauna.
UNIT 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Land
Land is an open system, meaning that at any time tit land can receive an
additional material from outside or loss ingredients that have been owned land. As
an open system, tit land is part of tit ecosystem in which tit components of soil
ecosystem, vegetation and animals give and receive tit materials necessary
(Hardjowigeno, 2007). Soil environment is an environment that consists of a
combination of abiotic and biotic environment. This combination of both
environments to produce an area that can serve as a residence for some types of
living creatures, one of which is tit soil macrofauna (Hardjowigeno, 2007).
For terrestrial ecosystems, land is tit entry point most of tit materials into tit
plant through tit roots. Plants absorb water, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate,
potassium, zinc and otitr essential minerals through tit roots of plants. With all
that, plants convert carbon dioxide (enter through tit stomata of tit leaves) into
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins that of all tit plants and
all itterotrophic depending on tit temperature and tit water in which tit soil is a
major determinant in tit productivity of tit earth (Hardjowigeno 2007).
2.2 Soil Fauna
Fauna soil or ground animal is an animal that lives in tit soil, living on tit
surface of tit soil as well as those contained in tit soil. Some of soil fauna such as
itrbivores, tity eat plants that live on tit roots, but also tit life of tit plants are
already dead. If you have experienced death, titse animals provide input for plants
that are still alive, although some as otitr animal life (Irwan, 1992).
Soil fauna is one component of tit soil. Life is highly dependent on soil fauna
habitats, due to tit presence and density of tit population of a species of soil fauna
in an area is determined by tit state of tit area. In otitr words, tit presence and
density of tit population of a species of soil fauna in a region highly dependent on
environmental factors, namely tit biotic and abiotic environment. Soil fauna are
part darai soil ecosystem, titrefore, in studying tit ecology of soil fauna factor soil
physics and citmistry factor is always measured (Suin, 2006).
Tit decomposition process in tit soil will not be able to run fast witn it is back
by macro activity of soil fauna. Tit existence of tit macro soil fauna in tit soil
depends on tit activities of tit energy and food resources to carry out his life, such
as organic materials and living biomass are all related to tit flow of tit carbon
cycle in tit soil. With tit availability of energy and nutrients for tit soil macro
fauna, tit development and activity of soil fauna macro will be well underway and
in return will give a positive impact on soil fertility. In tit system of tit soil, soil
biota interactions seem to be difficult to avoid because of soil biota are involved
in a web of food in tit soil (Leksono, 2007).
Earthworms are beneficial soil fauna as it can change tit coarse organic matter
into humus. Earthworms eat fresh organic matter on tit surface of tit ground, get,
dragging tit remains of plants into titir burrows, titn removing droppings on tit
ground. Tit presence of soil fauna coarse organic matter in tit soil can become
humus. Soil fauna can improve soil air system and tit change in soil fertility and
soil structure (Hardjiwigeno, 2007).
2.3 Soil Macrofauna
Macrofauna soil is a group of animals of tit inhabitants of tit land that is part
of tit biodiversity of soil plays an important role in improving tit physical, citmical
and biological soil. In tit decomposition of organic matter, soil macrofauna a
greater role in tit process of fragmentation and facilitate a good environment for
furtitr decomposition process carried out by tit soil microfauna as well as various
types of bacteria and fungi. Otitr macrofauna role in tit overhaul of plant matter
and dead animals, transporting tit organic material from tit surface to tit soil, soil
structure improvement and process of soil formation (Irwan, 1992).
Macrofauna soil has a very diverse role in titir habitat. On tit target
ecosystems, availability may be beneficial or detrimental to tit culture system. On
one side is responsible for keeping tit soil macrofauna soil fertility through tit
overhaul of organic matter, nutrient distribution, improved soil and sebagainnya
aeresi. But on tit otitr hand can also serve as a pest of various types of crops.
Population dynamics of different types of soil macrofauna depending on
environmental factors that support, wittitr it be a source of food, competitors,
predators or physico-citmical state of tit environment (Irwan, 1992).
Hakim.dkk (1989) and Makalew explained that environmental factors that can
affect tit activity of soil organisms, namely: climate (rainfall, temperature), soil
(soil temperature, nutrients, soil moisture, acidity) and vegetation (forest,
meadow) and light sun (light intensity).
2.4 Environmental Physical Factors
Soil temperature is one of tit factors of soil physics that determine tit presence
and density of soil organisms, thus soil temperature will determine tit rate of
decomposition of soil organic material. Fluctuations in soil temperature is lower
than tit air temperature and soil temperature depends on tit air temperature.
Topsoil temperature fluctuated within one day and night and depending on tit
season. Fluctuations it also depends on weatitr conditions, topography and soil
conditions (Suin, 2006).
Temperature greatly affects soil microbial activity. This activity is very
limited in temperatures below 10C, tit optimum rate of beneficial soil biota
activity occurs at a temperature of 18-30C. Optimum nitrification takes place at
ambient temperature 30C. At temperatures above 30C more elements of tit K-
swapped released at low temperature (Hanafi, 2007).
Measurement of soil pH also is in need of doing research on tit macro soil
fauna. Local climatic conditions and tit variety of plants that grow on tit land and
an abundance of microorganisms that inhabit an area greatly affect tit relative
diversity of tit population of microorganisms. Otitr factors that have an influence
on tit relative diversity of tit population of microorganisms is a reaction that takes
place in tit soil, tit soil moisture content and tit conditions mismatcitd (Leksono,
2007).
2.5 Diversity Index
Diversity index is used to determine tit effect of environment on tit quality of
soil macrofauna communities. Species diversity indicates tit total amount of tit
proportion of a species relative to tit total number of individuals that exist
(Leksono, 2007). Influence tit quality of tit environment on tit abundance of soil
macrofauna always vary depending on tit macro fauna, because each type of
adaptation and macrofauna have a different tolerance to habitat. Tit index is used
to obtain more detailed information about tit macrofauna community. Diversity
index found by Shannon-Wiener referred to in Begen (2000). Maguran (1988)
states that tit criteria used for tit Shannon-Wiener diversity meninterpretasikan
namely:
H '<1.5: Low diversity
H' from 1.5 to 3.5: diversity was
H '> 3.5:mega-diversity.
2.6 Evenness Index
 Evenness index showed flattening individual deployment of tit types of
organisms that make up an ecosystem. Maguran (1988) states that tit criteria used
to interpret tit evenness evenness namely:
E '<0.3: Low evenness
E' from 0.3 to 0.6: equity was
E '> 0.6:high
2.7evenness.
2.7 Wealth Type (Species Richness)
Richness shows tit number of species in a community is learned. To
determine necessary to do an intensive study in order to obtain precise
information about tit number of existing species. Tit more types of species present
in an area, tit higitr tit level of wealth. Maguran (1988) states that tit criteria used
to interpret tit evenness evenness namely:
<3.5 = low species richness
3.5 to 5 = richness
was>5 = high species richness

UNIT 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Location and Time Research

3.1.1. Location Observation
In tit garden rear Polyclinic of Malang State University.
3.1.2. Observations Time
Thursday, February 23rd, 2017
3.2. Tools and Materials
 Titre are some tools that we need for this research, such as soil analyzer,
titrmometers ground, marker, pitfall trap set and cover, bottle films, trowel,
microscope stereo, small brush, tweezers, needle, petri dish, barless set, 3 bottle
jam / group, bucket, plakon bottle, animal chamber, needle pins and aqua bottle
300 ml. Tit materials for this research are alcohol solution and a solution of
glycerin with Comparison 3: 1, solution of formalin 5%, plastics, alcohol 70%,
formalin 5% and paper label.
3.3. Prosedure
3.3.1 Pitfall Trap
(1) Conduct observations for tit location of biological research at
Biologys garden of State University of Malang.
(2) Determining tit location of tit trailer by 3 plots.
(3) Replacingtraps Pitfall Trap on each plot (Figure 3.1)
(4) Dig tit soil depth + 10 cm with trowel
(5) Entering glasses of mineral water which contains a mixture of alcohol
and glycerin (ratio 3: 1) to tit soil that has been dug
(6) Flatten tit ground to tit mouth glass of mineral water,
(7) Cover tit pitfall traps
(8) Traps taking pitfall Trap after + 24 hours
(9) Inserting tit specimen into tit plakon bottle that has been poured
formalin 70% as much as 3 drops
(10) Identification tit species in Ecology Laboratory Sciences building
room 109 at tit State University of Malang.

Figure 3.1 How to arrange tit Pitfall Trap

Description:
a = a glass of mineral water
b = alcohol + glycerin (3: 1)
 c = hole witre glasses of mineral water is put
d = litter foliage
e = ground

3.3.2 Dry Decantation

(1) Taking soil samples in 1 bucket ago homogenized
(2) Each group took soil samples 1 cup aqua ( 100 ml)
(3) Putting tit Barless Tulgren set exposed to sunlight
(4) Putting a soil sample on tit Barless Tulgren set and leveled slowly
(5) Taking soil animals were caught
(6) Moving soil animals caught to tit plakon bottle
(7) Adding tit formaldehyde in a plakon bottle
(8) Viewing tit specimens in Animal Chamber under tit microscope
(9) Identify what species found are
(10) Counting tit number of animals obtained

UNIT 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Table of Data
Plot
No Species Total
1 2 3
1 Gryllus mitratus - 1 1 2

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2 Araneus diodematus - - 2 2

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&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi
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3 Citlisocits morio - - 2 2

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4 Amphicyrta dentipes - - 1 1

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2
5 Phyllophaga portoricensis - - 2 2

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6 Drosophila melanogaster - - 1 1

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7 Carabidae - - 1 1

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&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjjvteszLXS
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8 Dolichoderus thoracicus 2 4 6 12

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9 Aranae 2 1 - 3

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92
10 Formica - 5 - 5

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11 Symphila - 1 - 1

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12 Collembola - - 1 1

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4.2 Analysis and Discussion

All spesies = 33 (N=33)

No Species Pi ln.pi -(pi.ln.pi)

1 2 0,0606 -2,803460385 0,1699
2 2 0,0606 -2,803460385 0,1699
3 2 0,0606 -2,803460385 0,1699
4 1 0,0303 -3,496607566 0,1059
5 2 0,0606 -2,803460385 0,1699
6 1 0,0303 -3,496607566 0,1059
7 1 0,0303 -3,496607566 0,1059
8 12 O,3636 -1,011700916 0,3678
9 3 0,0909 -2,397995277 0,2179
10 5 0,1515 -1,887169654 0,2859
11 1 0,0303 -3,496607566 0,1059
12 5 0,1515 -1,887169654 0,2859
37 2,2607

H '(Diversity) : -(pi.ln.pi)

: 2,2607

: 2,261

H' 2,2607 2,2607

E (Evenness) : ln . S = ln. 12 = 2,28290665

: 0,9902726

: 0,990

S1 11
R (Wealth) : ln . N = 3,610917913

: 3,0463168

: 3,046

Abiotic factors

Plot 1:

Temperature: 25 C

pH: 7

Moisture: 4

Fertility: too little

plot 2

Temperature: 25 C

pH: 6.8

Moisture: 4

Fertility: too little

plot 3

Temperature: 25 C

pH: 7

Moisture: 2.5

Fertility: too little

In nature or in the neighborhood were encountered various animals of various

kinds. The animals can be found in moist soil, water, air, bush, and others. The
presence of a population of animals in one place and their distribution on the face
of the earth is always related to the problem of habitat and ecological niches.
Habitat is an ideal environment to live in an animal population (Dharmawan, et al,
2005). In this case the land is a habitat for land animals, either epifauna or
infauna.

Land is one of the important components of the ecosystem, especially for the
survival of the soil fauna. According Sugiyarto (2003), land was a part of
terrestrial ecosystem in which is inhabited by many organisms known as soil
biodiversity. Soil biodiversity is an alpha diversity that was instrumental in
maintaining and increasing soil functions to sustain life in and on it.

Suhardjonodan Adisoemarto (1997) in Husamah (2014) classifies soil animals by

body size into three groups, namely:
1. microfauna, group of animals, body size <0.15 mm, such as protozoa and stage
pradewasa several other groups, for example Nematodes

2. Mesofauna, group body size of 0.16 mm-10.4 mm and is the second largest
group compared to other groups, such as the Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda,
centipede, nematodes, molluscs, and pradewasa form of some other animals such
as millipedes and scorpion

3. macrofauna, group of animals body length> 10.5 mm, such as insects,

crustaceans, centipede, Diplopoda, molluscs, and small vertebrates.

One soil organisms are animals that are included in the group consisting of
Milipida macrofauna, Isopoda, insects, molluscs, and Anellida (Wood, 1989).
Meanwhile, according to Singh (1980), soil macrofauna groups of animals are
annelids, molluscs, arthropods and small vertebrates, diataranya most commonly
found living on the land are a group of arthropods, such Insecta, Arachnida,
Diplopoda, and centipede. Soil fauna were found and the measurements are on
Argiope mangal, Ponerinae sp., And Myrmicinae sp. Based on the measurements
of the three groups are included in the group fauna mesofauna. While on the other
fauna did not measure the body so it can not be determined that the soil fauna
groups. However, based on the above opinion the possibility of soil fauna found
included in the group mesofauna or macrofauna.

Based on habitat, Husamah (2014) distinguishes soil fauna into three groups,
namely:

1. Endogeic, the animals that live in the soil, eating organic animal and plant roots
are dead and clay (gephagus). This type is also called "ecosystem engineer".

2. Epigeic, ie animals that live and eat on the ground, play a role in the destruction
of litter and release nutrients but is not active in the spread litter into the soil
profile.

3. Anecic, ie animals that move the litter from the ground and take active and
move into the soil and shelter from predators and unfavorable climatic conditions.
Based on this classification due to the method used is the pitfall trap, then the land
animals found were animal epifauna so that all the fauna including epigeic, ie
animals that live and eat on the ground. According Husamah (2014), this type is
called "litter transformers" or "destroyer litter" because of their role in the in-situ
decomposition through litter fragmentation and physical pulverization without
chemical composition.

Groups of organisms that live in the soil to form an integrated system, which can
also be called a community land (Suin, 2012). Community is a group of the
population that interact directly or indirectly (Smith, 2006). Meanwhile, according
to Purnomo (2005), a community is a group of organisms that consist of a number
of different types, which together occupy the same habitat or area and time
together as well as the interactions occur through trophic and spatial relationships.
Community as an organization of life made up of several components, each
component has its dynamics respectively and are known as community structure
(Satino, 2011). The structure in the community often change, as most can be
replaced in time and space so functionally similar communities can have different
species composition. The composition of the community is the list of the types
and number of individuals who menusun community somewhere. Community
structure has characteristics that are not owned by any kind as constituent
components. According to Schowalter (1996) in Husamah (2014) there are three
approaches that can be used to describe the community structure of the diversity
types, interaction types, and functional organization. Yaherwandi (2010) adds that
each of these approaches provide useful information and the selection of which
approach to use depends on the purpose and practical considerations. In the
method of pitfall traps and barless this tool is the approach used to determine the
type of approach keanekaragam community structure at the location of the
sampling in the garden UM Biological Science. Therefore, things that need to be
considered is the type of species and numbers. There are three parameters used in
this lab that species diversity, evenness and species richness.

Based on observational pithfall on plot 1 found 2 Dolichoderus tharacicus tail and

2 tails Arachnae sp., While the observational barless found 2 tails Colembolla sp..
In the second plot was found 1 tail Gryllus mitratus, 4 tail Dolichoderus
tharacicus, 1 tail Arachnae sp., 5 animals Formica sp., and 1 tail Symphilla sp.,
while the observational barless found 2 tails Colembolla sp .. At 3 plots found 1
Gryllus mitratus tail, 2 tail Araneus diadematus, 2 tail Chelisoches morio, 1 tail
Amphicyrta clentipes S., 2 Phyllophaga portolicensis tails, 1 tail Drosophila sp., 1
tail Carabidae sp., and 6 animals Dolichoderus tharacicus, while the
observational barless found 1 tail Colembolla sp .. Variety or diversity is a
diversity or the differences between members of a group that generally leads to a
diversity of species (Husamah, 2014). Diversity of species can be used to measure
the stability of the community, ie the ability of a community to keep himself
steady though no disruption to component (Ardhana, 2012). Diversity of species
can be used to determine the structure of the community. The more the number of
types by the number of individuals of the same or nearly the same, the higher the
degree of heterogeneity. Conversely, if the number of types of very little and there
is a large difference in the number of individuals among species, the lower the
heterogeneity of a community. Diversity of species is not to seek the position
types in a taxon, but more emphasis on the basic trophic or functional level
organism (Satino, 2011). Diversity index used is the Shannon-Wiener Diversity
Index. The main purpose of this theory is to measure the degree of order and
disorder in a system (Suin, 2012), which is based on the uncertainty (Leksono,
2011). Additionally because the data were randomized to a community, then the
calculation of proper diversity is using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index.
According to Odum (1998), Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index is divided into five
categories:

1. <1: very low

2. 1 to 1.9: Low

3. 2 to 2.9: moderate

4. 3 to 3.9: High

5.> 4: very high

After analysis of the obtained data, the total number of all animal species epifauna
obtained using pitfall trap methods are as many as 32 head and tail barless as
many as five. The classification is based on a biological garden UM Faculty
Diversity Index has a value of 2.2607. Based on this index can be concluded that
diversity in the garden environment epifauna animal biology UM Faculty is
moderate. Diversity was showing the dominance of a particular type (Leksono,
2011). In the observational data can be seen that there is domination by
Dolichoderus tharacicus which contains the most which is about 12 tails.
Shannon-Wiener index value ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 and only rarely reaches 4.5.
The greater the H 'of a community, the more stable the community anyway, or the
higher the relative abundance (Husamah, 2014). In connection with the study of
soil fertility, the higher the diversity index, the higher the degree of
decomposition, or soil nutrient cycling processes, the better the soil fertility.
Suwondo (2002) adds that if a large land animal diversity index (> 3) means a
high level of dekomosisi happened otherwise the decomposition rate will be low if
the soil animal diversity index is low (<1). High diversity index means a high
level of soil fertility. With the index can be concluded that the level of fertility is
low because it is close to 1.

Equity is defined as the level of individual distribution between the types. In

general, the diversity of species in a habitat never reach the maximum because the
equitability of all species can rarely be the same (Leksono, 2011). The value of E
range between 0-1 where the value 1 illustrates a situation in which all kinds of
relatively abundant. While Krebs (1989) classifies the value of this index into
three namely:

1. E <1: high evenness

2. 0.4 <E <0.6: evenness being

3. E <0.4: Low evenness

Based on data analysis of biological value of evenness in the garden FMIPA MW

of 0,990 so it can dismpulkan that values fairness in these locations is high. If the
terms of the number of species found, most of the less abundant types that are
found only slightly. It tersebit can be seen in observational data, for example on.
only one tail Gryllus mitratus, 1 tail Drosophila sp., as well as other species.

The results of the analysis can also specify the value of the wealth of animals
epiauna in environmental biology gardens UM Science Faculty, which obtained a
value of 3.046. If the property value the more likely it shows that the more fertile
soil for more fauna that destroy leaf litter. Wealth / abundance is influenced by
many factors: abiotic and biotic factors.

Natural communities controlled by physical or abiotic conditions ie humidity,

temperature or the temperature, and by some biological mechanism. Community
of controlled biological often influenced by a single or a group of species,
dominated environment and the organism is commonly called dominant.
Dominance demonstrated high community diversity is low (Odum, 1998). In the
diverse conditions of the type can not be more dominant than the other, whereas in
the less diverse communities, then one or two types can achieve greater density
than others.

A community can be recognized from the presence of one or more species that
dominate in biomass or contribute to the physical characteristics of a species.
Community consists of a set of species abundance positively or negatively
correlated with the time or the place (Leksono, 2007). Based on these opinions,
the dynamic unity of the functional relationship of mutual influence among the
population, whose members play a role in their respective positions spread out in
space and habitat types (Husamah, 2014).

Handaryanto and Hairiah (2012) suggested that if you want to understand the soil
organisms, it is necessary knowledge on land as habitat. Soil is a complex habitat
for organisms. Compared to media pure culture in the laboratory, the ground is
very different because the two main things on natural conditions, soil is a medium
phase of solid, liquid, and gas with properties and characteristics that vary and
ground competition between a wide range of organisms to obtain nutrients, and
space , So differences in pH, moisture, and type of food available is able to form
different types of habitats. According Suin (1997), soil animals is one component
of the soil. Animal life dependent on habitat land, because of the presence and
density of a particular type of soil animals in an area is determined by the state of
the area. In other words, the presence and density of a particular type of soil
animals in a region highly dependent on environmental factors that biotic and
abiotic environment. Animal land is part of the soil ecosystem, therefore, in
studying the ecology of soil animals physico-chemical factors the soil is always
measured. But in this time observation of environmental factors can not be
measured due to limitation of the study.

Land animal life is strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic environmental

factors. Biotic environmental factor is the presence of other organisms that are in
the same habitat as vegetation and other animal groups (Suin, 2006). In the
sampling locations are a variety of plants ranging from plants cover the ground up
cause the animal to the ground will be a shortage of food sources (Husamah,
2014). Due to the limitations of the study, soil pH can not be calculated but based
on the number of plants are relatively large, the possibility of soil at the site is still
included in the category of neutral. Most land animals belong to the group of
animals mesophiles, namely soil organisms that live at temperatures 10-40C. Soil
animals generally prefer moist soil (Husamah, 2014).

By the time our lab to measure the level of temperature, pH, moisture, and fertilyti
on each plot. The results we got was at Plot 1, Temperature: 25 C, pH: 7,
moisture: 4, fertility: too little. In the second plot, Temperature: 25 C, pH: 6.8,
moisture: 4, fertility: too little. On Plot 3, Temperature: 25 C, pH: 7, moisture:
2,5 fertility: too little. Differences of abiotic factors into one factor inequality
animals that live in these places.

Temperature effect on the ecosystem due to temperature is a necessary condition

for living organisms and there are types of organisms that can live only in a
certain temperature range. Temperature measurement is not done so as not to be
able to know the ambient temperature at the point of sampling, but the
temperature is still in the category suitable for organisms were found. The organic
material is part of the land which is a complex and dynamic system, source of
organic material is plant tissue. Leaves, twigs, branches, stems, and roots of plants
is a contributor to a number of organic materials (Husamah, 2014).

(1) Gryllus mitratus

Gryllus an insect jump included in family Gryllidae. Titre are about a

thousand species of crickets that live mainly in tit tropics. Titre are also many
species that live in temperate zones, namely, with a temperature of 26-33 C and
humidity of 75-80% (Sukarno, 1999). body length (from itad to tip of abdomen)
approximately 2-3 cm. body color varies, but is generally dark brown and black.
Race that has wings and body aeneous called and jet-black jerabang called
jeliteng, whose size can be up to 5 cm.

This animals can live under ground and above ground however, most of
lives on land. Spreading in Indonesia evenly in moist area. This animal has
particularly tendency toward pungent odors because tertric. Pitfall trap set is very
effective for this type of insect.

(2) Araneus diodematus

This species has two body parts, namely citpalothorax and abdomen.
Animals are jointed with two body segments, four pairs of legs, wingless and do
not have a mouth cud. At tit end of tit abdomen are spinnerets used to make
webs/nest, as well as channel toxins in tit canine. Spiders are predators
(carnivores), sometimes cannibals. Some spiders weaver has tit ability to wrap tit
body of its prey with winding threads of silk. This capability is especially useful
witn tit prey has a self-defense tool that is dangerous, like a bee that has stung; or
if tit spider want to save some time while waiting for titir prey witn preferred to
enjoy later.

This spider lived on tit ground for prey that can get caught in tit trap.
Generally, it lives in tit humid zone, but has a coarse soil texture and genbur. This
species also has a fascination with smells of attractants, so tit pit fall traps
effective for titse insects.
(3) Citlisocits morio

Morphology of this insects have a common name earwig, elongated,

slender and slightly flattened that resembles rove beetles, but has operatives like
pincers. Tarsi three segments, types of mouth citwing and simple metamorphosis.
Earwigs younger segments of its antennae less than in adults, with additional
segments every time it changes its skin (Elzinga, 2004). Earwigs use forcep
(cerci) to catch, pinning up can not be moved on and off its prey. With litit bodies,
earwig to bend over and take tit body. In observation, Earwig eating begins at its
abdomen just below of this prey, after eating, the head of the prey will be left.
From the literature, it is known that witn eating the body of its prey, earwig can
also be used to catch another pests usedits forcep (Jelfina CA 2009).

Earwigs are usually found on the surface of the ground that is not a hard
and relatively loose. It often run under leaf litter or rocks during the day to forage.
Tit environment classified in humid but not too wet. Temperatures between 25-28
C. Spreading in Indonesia is very uneven and plentiful status.

(4) Amphicyrta dentipes

This insect belongs to the small insects that often creeps on the ground
than fly even though it had wings. It has the characteristics of small-sized black
and 1.5-10 mm. It head curved down like a bow. Liked the sandy soil of the hard
ground. It prefers silence do witre it is located and generally move only to forage
around environment. This animals liked the place which damp and wet because it
life was ambient temperature ranges between 20-26 C. In Indonesia this animal
encounter in tropical forests and commonly found under leaf litter or under a rock.

(5) Phyllophaga portoricensis

Phyllophaga poctoricensis is one species of tit genus Phyllophaga which

has a body color light golden and shiny. This beetle has a size of about 9 mm and
is known as eaters of plants, especially leaves. This beetles like moisture as usual
spend the time foraging in tit soil moist and relatively loose. It is looking for food
in areas with many plants grasses however, that is not too crowded. This animals
do not like the wet areas around its living environment temperature of 25-30 C.

(6) Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila is an animal that usually lives in a bright place and spent his
life which have a life span of 10-12 days to feed and breed. This animals belong to
the insect like a moist but not wet like the place. This insect can be trapped in
pitfall trap was because of this animal was attracted by a pungent odor of the
attractant. Drosophila melanogaster are not uncommon in the fallow ground and
prefers sunlight and life place is at a temperature range of 24-30 C.

(7) Carabidae

Carabidae possess the characteristics of the body length of about 1 mm to

10 cm. Carabidae female can lay up to 90 items, an average of 1 point in 5 days.
All Carabidae morpitd perfectly, so different from tit imagonya Carabidae larvae.
His body is divided into three parts: itad, thorax, and abdomen. Possessing a pair
of segmented antennae, which usually stand in front of his eyes. Has a mouth-type
masticatory. A pair of wings gently folded and protected by a cover outside (sitll)
that is hard. Carabidae usually only live for 2-6 months. However, Carabidae
certain wood borer's life cycle has for several years. Can be found in almost all
habitat types in plants, in the soil surface, in soil, in water, in tit seed and fruit, and
even in the ant nest.

Based on the results of pitfall trap, Carabidae found in plot 3, which plots
under a Banyan Tree. On the plot are found a lot of litter. Carabidae generally
generalist predators and live in tit bush ground, hiding near tit rocks. Its body
color is generally dark or metalic and also types of purple or bronze, or colorful
sparkling like metal.

Generally this Carabidae actively move quickly and rarely fly. The larvae have
elongate body and live in its remains of the leaves or on tit ground and have
mandibulata lead to the next. Carabidae adults are able to cut the body of prey
using mandibulata. Carabidae adults generally active at night, preying on insects
that live on the surface of the ground, rarely found up to the top of the plant to
search for prey. Genus Calosoma known as a member of this family who rose to
plants to find the prey, namely caterpillar Lepidoptera, so known as caterpillar
hunter.

(8) Dolichoderus thoracic

In epifauna animals using pitfall trap methods, animals have been found
was Dolichoderus thoracic or also called Black ants. Dolichoderus thoracic found
on all plots. In the first plot, found as many as two species; on plot 2, found as
many as four species; and on plot 3, found as many as six species. Black ants
(Dolichoderus thoracicus) is a species of ant that is widespread in the endemic
area of Soutitast Asia, especially in areas with altitudes of less than 1,300 meters
above sea level. Black ants are often found in citrus, cocoa, coffee, and mango
(Kalshoven, 1981). Nest of black ants are usually located above ground level
(piles of litter, dry leaves) and also fronds of palm leaves (if cocoa is planted with
coconut) or in otitr places, dry and dark and not far from food sources (Way and
Khoo, 1992 ).

Black ants (D. thoracicus) usually fall out of the nest in the morning and
late afternoon with the temperature is not too hot. Ants will go top-shoots of
plants to get sunlight while carrying out its activities. But during the day that
temperatures are hot, this ants will hide in places that are sitltered from the sun
directly, as in the nest, behind the foliage, on the ground, and otitrs (Elzinga, 1978
in Rahmawadi, 1997).

(9) Aranae

The characteristics are:

Including Arthropods

Has long legs

 Has eight legs

Stay in the rest roomates usually a net rest

Do not have wings

Had no mouth and teeth

Has a single lens eye

Have two segments of a body

At catcits animals epifauna using Pitfall traps found a spider on a plot of 1 by

2 species and on plot 2 by 2 species. Spiders are one member of arthropods that
have two body segments, four pairs of legs, wingless and does not have a mouth
cud. The spiders live in the grass, under rocks or boards and in ruins. This is
consistent with tit results that have been found, because tit spider was found on
land that has a lot of litter and grasses.

(10) Formica

Based on observations of animals epifauna using pitfall traps, groups of 5

found ants (Formica) on plot 2 by 5 tails. Formica is allare insects members of the
tribe Formicidae, nation Hymenoptera. Ecologically, this ant nest spread of
mangrove forest and tit trees along tit coast to an altitude of 2400 m.

Ant nest most often found in pastures and is rarely found in lowland
tropical forests, but more usually found in forests and agricultural areas with an
altitude of about 600 m. It found a lot of stick in some trees, mostly in eucalyptus
trees, pine mountain, Kaha, and beech trees, but rarely on trees with a trunk
smooth and responsive as Eucalyptus. Ant nest is growing on the plains without
trees with nutrients and low altitude above the tree. In the wild anthill inhabited
by diverse species of ants and often by three species of tit genus Iridomyrmex.

(11) Symphila
 In observation of animals epifauna using pitfall traps, found Symphilla.
envy-general characteristic of class Symphyla that habitat in the wet with a
segmented body, and the body of translucent color. Food staple vegetables rot. Its
body length varies between 2.8 to 6 mm. Based on observations, Symphilla only
found on plot 2 by 1 tail.

(12) Collembola

In the catch animals by methods barless infauna found that one type of
Collembola Collembola sp. "its name" Collembola "is derived from" Colle "=
glue and" embolon "= piston or peg. This refers to the belief that the ventral tube
has aditsive properties, that it is a" glue-peg". However, it tube's function is
primarily for excretion and maintaining water balance.

Among the prominent derived characteristics of this group are:

Ventral tube ("collophore") on segment 1 of abdomen (adhesive in some
groups, but primarily involved with excretion and water transport)
Springing mechanism formed from retinaculum on segment 3, furcula on
segment 4
4-segmented antennae (segments sometimes subsegmented, giving the
appearance of more than 4 segments)
6 abdominal segments
Other characteristics include:
Indirect sperm transfer with globular stalked spermatophore
Some Neanuridae have polytene chromosomes
Adults continue moulting throughout life (up to 50 moults)
Reproductive instars alternate with feeding instars
Springtails have the widest distribution of any hexapod group, occuring
throughout the world, including Antarctica. They are probably the most abundant
hexapods on Earth, with up to 250,000,000 individuals per square acre. They are
found in soil, leaf litter, logs, dung, cave, shorelines, etc. Based on the
observations, Collembola sp. found on plot 3 in 1 tail. It shows that tit soil has a
very low fertility rate because an animal Collembola infauna whose role is to
enrich the soil and can be used as indicators of soil fertility. So, if Collembola
around the area too little fertility, the land is included in the category of less
fertile. This is evidenced by the results of testing abiotic using soil-tester, the land
included in the category of too little.

UNIT 5
CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion
Conclusions based analysis and discussion above, namely:

1. Sampling method Pitfall Trap soil animals is to put a glass containing a mixture
of liquid and water Rinso (alcohol, glycerin, and distilled water) into the hole that
has been created with a depth equal to the height glass. Then the end sought to be
flattened epifauna animals can be trapped. Pitfall Trap posted for 24 hours and the
top covered with leaf litter.

2. The type of soil animals were found on based on observational pithfall on plot 1
found 2 Dolichoderus tharacicus tail and 2 tails Arachnae sp., While the
observational barless found 2 tails Colembolla sp.. In the second plot was found 1
tail Gryllus mitratus, 4 tail Dolichoderus tharacicus, 1 tail Arachnae sp., 5
animals Formica sp., and 1 tail Symphilla sp., while the observational barless
found 2 tails Colembolla sp .. At 3 plots found 1 Gryllus mitratus tail, 2 tail
Araneus diadematus, 2 tail Chelisoches morio, 1 tail Amphicyrta clentipes S., 2
Phyllophaga portolicensis tails, 1 tail Drosophila sp., 1 tail Carabidae sp., and 6
animals Dolichoderus tharacicus, while the observational barless found 1 tail
Colembolla sp ..

3. The value of the diversity of animals epiauna in environmental biology gardens

UM Faculty of 2.261. Epiauna equity value of animals in the garden environment
biology FMIPA MW of 0,990. Epiauna property value of animals in the garden
environment biology UM Faculty of 3.046. The greater the abundance it can be
concluded that the ground will be more fertile.

5.2 Suggestion
For this experiment, we need to be patient and perceptive. We must to be
an researcher, which have scentific thoughts. For the last be full of spirit.
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ENCLOSURE.