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1 Basics 9
1.1 Service Overview GPRS 10
1.2 Service Overview EGPRS 11
1.3 Support of GPRS QoS classes 12
1.3.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 13
1.4 Dual Transfer Mode 14
1.4.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 15
1.5 (E)GPRS MS Multislot Classes 16
1.6 (E)GPRS General Architecture 17
1.7 Alcatel (E)GPRS Architecture 19
1.8 (E)GPRS Protocol Layers (Transmission Plane) 22
1.9 Alcatel (E)GPRS BSS Hardware support 23
1.10 Modulation Technique: 8-PSK only for EGPRS 24
1.11 8-PSK TRA Power Aspects 25
1.12 (E)GPRS Radio Blocks Structure 29
1.13 GPRS Channel Coding 31
1.14 EGPRS Channel Coding 34
1.15 Radio Link Adaptation Overview 39
1.16 Automatic ReQuest for repetition (ARQ) 40
1.17 Type-I ARQ mechanism 41
1.18 Type-I ARQ in GPRS 42
1.19 Type-I ARQ in EGPRS 43
1.20 (E)GPRS radio physical channel: PDCH Concept 47
1.21 (E)GPRS Multiframe 48
EVOLIUM1.22
BSS -(E)GPRS Logical Channels
GPRS and EGPRS 49
1.23 Master/Slave
Radio Network Planning PDCH concept All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007 51
1.24 Temporary Block Flow 52
1.25 Resources Sharing 54
1.26 MS multiplexing co-ordination 58
1.27 GPRS mobility management (GMM) states for MS 61
1.28 Radio Resource (RR) operating modes for MS 62
1.29 Attach procedure 63
1.30 PDP context activation 65
1.31 Location management 66
1.32 Routing Area 67
1.33 Network Mode of Operation (NMO) 68
1.34 TBF establishment 69
1.35 UL TBF establishment on CCCH, 1 phase access 70
1.36 UL TBF establishment on CCCH, 2 phases access 72
1.37 DL TBF establishment on CCCH 74
1.38 System information broadcasting on BCCH 75
1.39 System information broadcasting on PBCCH 77
1.40 (E)GPRS Transmission Aspects 80
1.40 TRX Classes Concept 81
1.41 Two Abis Links per BTS 84
2 B9 features 85
2.1 Enhanced Packet Cell Reselection (R4 MSs) 86
2.1.1 Radio Network Impact 87
2.2 Extended Uplink TBF Mode 88
2.2 Radio Network Planning Impact 89
2.3 Enhanced support of E-GPRS (EDGE) in uplink 91
2.3.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 93
2.4 Counter Improvements for Release B9 94
2.4.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 98
2.5 Autonomous Packet Resource Allocation 99
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2.5.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 101
2.6 2G/3G Inter-working 102
2.6.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 105
2.7 M-EGCH Statistical Multiplexing 106
2.7.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 108
2.8 Dynamic Abis allocation 109
2.8.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 110
2.9 Enhanced transmission resource management 111
2.10 RMS_I1 Improvements 112
2.10.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 113
2.11 RMS_I2 Improvements 114
2.11.1 Radio Network Planning Impact 115
3 (E)GPRS Radio Algorithms 116
3.1 Cell Reselection Overview 117
3.2 Cell reselection: NC0 mode, no PBCCH established 121
3.3 Cell reselection: NC0 mode, PBCCH established 123
3.4 Cell reselection execution: NC0 in PTM 130
3.5 Cell reselection: NC2 mode 132
3.6 GPRS redirection 143
3.7 GPRS Power Control: Overview 145
3.8 GPRS Power Control: Measurements 146
3.9 GPRS Power Control: Algorithm 150
3.10 Link adaptation: DL GPRS Radio Link Control 153
3.11 Link adaptation: UL GPRS Radio Link Control 157
EVOLIUM3.12
BSS -Link adaptation
GPRS and EGPRS in EGPRS: New metrics 160
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
3.13 Link
Radio Network adaptation: DL EGPRS Radio
Planning Link Control 161
3.14 EGPRS Link Adaptation Decision 163
3.15 TRX ranking/TRX transmission pool set-up 164
3.16 TRX capability for PS traffic 166
3.17 Radio Resource Allocation: Overview 167
3.18 Radio Resource Allocation: PDCH state 168
3.19 TRX selection for EGPRS TBFs 171
3.20 Radio Resource Allocation: EGPRS TBFs 176
3.21 Radio Resource Allocation: TBF Re-allocation 179
3.22 Radio Resource Allocation: Min_PDCH 180
3.23 Radio Resource Allocation: Fast initial (E)GPRS access 181
4 General (E)GPRS planning principels 182
4.1 Throughput Dependency -> Interference (and Level) 183
4.2 Packet data throughput 184
4.3 Reference performance point 185
4.4 Saturation effect 186
4.5 Cell area and throughput 188
4.6 Throughput <-> C/I 189
5 (E)GPRS Network intoduction 191
5.1 GPRS network planning 192
5.2 GPRS Greenfield planning 193
5.3 GPRS traffic calculation and traffic analysis 195
5.4 GPRS traffic calculationand PS traffic 196
5.5 GPRS traffic calculation and user profile 198
5.6 GPRS traffic calculation and market applications 199
5.7 GPRS traffic calculation and user behavior 200
5.8 Customer questionnaire 201
5.9 Traffic Model (Example) 203
5.10 User mapping 204
5.11 Multi-Service 205
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5.12 QoS per User Application 206
5.13 GPRS traffic calculation 207
5.14 Exemplary results of the 3 traffic calculation methods 212
5.15 GPRS traffic calculation result 217
6 (E)GPRS Network design 218
6.1 General 219
6.2 Frequency planning 222
6.3 Throughput 224
6.4 Link budget 225
6.5 Interference analysis on BCCH frequencies 228
6.6 Interference analysis on TCH frequencies 229
6.7 TRX assignment to GPRS service 230
6.8 GPRS Analysis 231
6.9 LA and RA planning 235
6.10 Quality of Service 245
7 Considerabele features to react (E)GPRS target 248
7.1 General 249
7.1 Optimization campaign on parameters 250
7.2 MPDCH 251
7.3 Enhanced PDCH Adaptation & Fast pre-emption 254
7.4 User multiplexing 255
7.5 PDCH Resource Multiplexing 256
7.6 Radio (TBF) Resource Reallocation 257
7.7 Coding Scheme Adaptation 259
EVOLIUM7.8
BSSCell
- GPRSReselection
and EGPRS 260
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
7.8 GPRS
Radio Network Power Control
Planning 262
7.8 Features on DL TBF establishment and release 263
7.8.1 Delayed DL TBF release 264
7.8.2 Fast Downlink TBF re-establishment process 266
7.8.3 Non-DRX feature 267
8 GPRS introduction into oerational GSM network 268
8.1 General 269
9 GSM Network enhancement features & GPRS 275
9.1 Frequency Hopping 276
9.2 -cell 278
9.3 Dual Band 280
9.4 Concentric cell 283
10 E-GPRS 284
10.1 E-GPRS main differences 285
11 GPRS traffic calculation example 288
11.1 Customer questionnaire (Example) 289
11.2 User and area distribution determination 291
11.3 Traffic demand for CS traffic 292
11.4 Traffic demand for packet traffic 293
11.5 Network capacity calculation 297
11.6 Traffic dimensioning 301
1 Basics
PFC procedure
Packet Flow Context (PFC) is a concept introduced starting with R99 3GPP release to ensure that the
BSS is involved in the R99 QoS negotiation. The interest of PFC is to differentiate on the radio
interface the conversational and streaming traffics and to reserve resources for these traffics.
Without the PFC, the BSS only knows the R97/98 QoS parameters (correspond to the interactive and
background R99 QoS classes). It enables to perform admission control and QoS based resource
allocation in the BSS.
R99 QoS is taken into account if the PFC (Packet Flow Context) procedures are supported by the MS,
the BSS and the SGSN. It allows the BSS B9 to handle streaming and interactive traffics and also to
negotiate the QoS parameters.
R97/98 QoS should be also taken into account (OP12) if PFC is not supported by the MS or the SGSN in
order to handle interactive traffics or some specific applications as PoC (Push over Cellular).
Multislot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Class
RX Timeslots 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8
TX Timeslots 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 4 6 2 3 4 4 6 8
Sum of
2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.
Timeslots
EVOLIUM BSS - GPRS and EGPRS
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Radio Network Planning
MS type
Type 1 are simplex MSs, i.e., without duplexer: they are not able to transmit and receive at the same time
Type 2 are duplex MSs, i.e., with duplexer: they are able to transmit and receive at the same time
Rx
The maximum number of received time slots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The receive TS shall be
allocated within window of size Rx, but they do not need to be contiguous. For SIMPLEX MS, no transmitted
TSs shall occur between receive TS within a TDMA frame. This does not take into account the measurement
window (Mx).
Tx
The maximum number of transmitted time slots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The transmitted TS
shall be allocated within the window of size Tx, but they do not need to be contiguous. For SIMPLEX MS, no
received TS shall occur between transmit TS within a TDMA frame.
SUM
The maximum number of transmitted and received time slots (without Mx) per TDMA frame.
A
Interface MSC/VLR PSTN
GPRS
Gb backbone PDN
Interface
Gi
Packet Switched services domain
Signaling protocols:
MAP/TCAP/SCCP/MTP on Gr, Gd and Gc (through the SGSN for the latter),
GTP/UDP/IP on Gn, BSSAP+/SCCP/MTP on Gs,
GMM/SM/LLC on Gb/Um.
Gc: for Network-Requested PDP contexts Activation (the GGSN asks the HLR for SGSN Routing
Information).
Gs: defines the Network Mode of Operation I. It allows to perform LA + RA combined Location Update,
and PS and CS Paging Coordination.
Gr: exchange of Subscription Information at Attachment Phase.
Additional interfaces:
Gf (to the EIR).
Gd to deliver the SMS to the mobiles via the GPRS network (SGSN option and subscriber feature).
The standard specifies that the PCU function shall be implemented in one of the 3 following entities:
BTS,
BSC,
after the BSC (in the SGSN for instance)
The implementation of the PCU functions determines the position of the Gb interface. ALCATEL chose
the MFS integration in order to offer a faster implementation inside the BSS as well as an easier
maintenance and supervision.
MFS: Multi BSS Fast packet Server.
Abis Ater Gb Gn Gi
Internet/
Intranet
MS
www
Application example
http
Hypertext Transfer
Protocol
TCP
Transmission Control
Protocol
RFC 793
IP IP
Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol
RFC 791
RFC 791
relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP
Subnetwork
Subnetwork GTP GPRS Tunneling
Dependent GPRS Tunneling
Dependent Protocol
Convergence Protocol
Convergence GSM 09.60
Protocol GSM 09.60
Protocol
GSM 04.65
GSM 04.65
For the exact purposes of the tracing, please refer to Introduction to GPRS & E-GPRS Quality of
Service Monitoring It can be said from this protocol stacks diagram that after allocation of a GCH by
the BSC to the MFS, the data carried over the GCH are transparent for the BSC.
The RLC function defines the procedures for segmentation and reassemble of LLC PDUs into RLC/MAC
blocks and, in RLC acknowledged mode of operation, for the Backward Error Correction (BEC)
procedures enabling the selective retransmission of unsuccessfully delivered RLC/MAC blocks. In RLC
acknowledged mode of operation, the RLC function preserves the order of higher layer PDUs provided
to it. The RLC function provides also link adaptation. In EGPRS in RLC acknowledged mode of
operation, the RLC function may provide Incremental Redundancy (IR).
The MAC function defines the procedures that enable multiple mobile stations to share a common
transmission medium, which may consist of several physical channels. The function may allow a
mobile station to use several physical channels in parallel, i.e., use several time slots within the TDMA
frame. For the mobile station originating access, the MAC function provides the procedures, including
the contention resolution procedures, for the arbitration between multiple mobile stations
simultaneously attempting to access the shared transmission medium. For the mobile station
terminating access, the MAC function provides the procedures for queuing and scheduling of access
attempts.
An 8PSK signal carries three bits per modulated symbol over the radio
path which allows to tripled the data transmission rates
Q
Q
110
111 100
Q
011 111 011 101 t
Q I
010 010 110 dB
000 011 010 001 I
I 000 0
000 100
001 111
I 001 101 PN
110 -20
101
100
(147 bits)
GMSK = the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying belongs to a subset of phase modulations
GMSK 8-PSK
Modulation type Frequency modulation Phase modulation
Channel spacing 200 KHz 200 KHz
Gross bit rate per
270 Kbit/s 810 Kbit/s
carrier
Carrier envelope constant Amplitude varies
Packet radio service GPRS / EGPRS EGPRS
All Rights Reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent
3FL 38020 ACAA Edition 2
Section 1 Module 1 Page 24
1 Basics
1.11 8-PSK TRA Power Aspects
Radio Network Planning - GPRS and EGPRS 1 1 25
G3 TREs are not able to handle the 8-PSK modulation. Only G4 TREs (also called TRA) are EDGE capable.
SECTOR
APD, takes into account the
GMSK BS_TXPWR_MAX and consequently the
8-PSK TRE 1 Effective GMSK Sector Power
Always 8 PSK pwr GMSK pwr
8-PSK TRE 2
APD = 0 if 8 PSK pwr > GMSK pwr
Used by Link Adaptation process
Example:
GSM 900, a mix BTS sector configuration is considered:
ANc combined with 4 TRA (TRAs = EGPRS capable TRE):
TRE 1 (BCCH): 60W GMSK (25W in 8-PSK)
TRE 2..4: 45W GMSK (15W in 8-PSK)
BS_TXPWR_MAX = 2 dB;
RESULTS:
1st step: Output power at BTS antenna connector (after combiner and
duplexer stage):
TRE 1 GMSK = 43.4 dBm; 8-PSK = 39.6 dBm
TRE 2..4 GMSK = 42.1 dBm; 8-PSK = 37.4 dBm
2nd step: LEVELING (BTS automatic GMSK power balancing):
TRE 1..4 GMSK = 42.1 dBm (Sector GMSK power)
MAC header: control fields which are different for uplink and downlink directions
RLC header: control fields which are different for uplink and downlink directions
RLC Data Block: bytes from one or more LLC PDUs
Block Check Sequence (BCS): used for error detection
RLC/MAC header HCS RLC data block 1 RLC data block 2 BCS
only MCS-7/8/9
RLC/MAC header: control fields which are different for uplink and downlink directions
RLC Data Field: LLC PDUs bytes; contains one or two RLC data blocks
Block Check Sequence (BCS): for error detection of the data part
Header Check Sequence (HCS): for error detection of the header part
Four different coding schemes, CS-1 to CS-4, are defined for the
GPRS Radio Blocks carrying RLC data, and are applied depending
from the actual radio conditions
The first step of the channel coding procedure is to add a Block
Check Sequence (BCS) for error detection
For CS-1 to CS-3, the second step consists of pre-coding USF
(except for CS-1), adding four tail bits and a half rate
convolutional coding for error correction that is punctured to give
the desired coding rate
For CS-4 there is no coding for error correction
The most protected mode is CS-1 which is therefore always used for
GPRS signaling (even for EGPRS)
USF BCS
8 CS-1
rate 1/2 convolutional coding
12 CS-2
GMSK
modulation
14.4 CS-3
puncturing
20 CS-4
Maximum User Payload [kbps]
456 bits Header + Protection
Interleaving of GPRS Radio Block over 4
consecutive TDMAs (4 PDCH)
The puncturing process consists of transmitting only some of the coded bits obtained after the rate 1/3
convolutional coding. Depending on the considered puncturing scheme, different coded bits are transmitted.
Therefore, when the receiver receives two versions of the same RLC block sent with two different puncturing
schemes, it obtains additional information leading to an increased decoding probability.
MCS-3
8.8 MCS-1
Family A 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets
34 +3 octets 34 +3 octets
8.8 x 2 = 17.6 MCS-4
Family A MCS-6
11.2 x 2 = 22.4 MCS-5 padding
34 octets 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets
The different code rates within a family are achieved by transmitting a different number of payload
units within one radio block. When 4 payload units are transmitted, these are split into 2 separate RLC
blocks (i.e., with separate sequence numbers).
MCS-9 Example:
EGPRS MCS-9 RADIO BLOCK
3 bits 45 bits 612 bits 612 bits
SB=8 36 bits 124 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
1392 bits
Scheme Modulation Coding schemes Code Maximum data rate per TS (RLC
schemes for RLC data block rate payload)
[kbps]
B9
!!! ARQ type-II applies for UL and DL EGPRS mode !!!
MS MFS
With the type 1 ARQ mechanism, the decoding of a re-transmitted RLC block does not use the
previously transmitted versions (not correctly received) of this RLC block. The decoding of a RLC data
block is only based on the current transmission.
GPRS CSs are designed independently from the others with its own basic
payload unit size, so the family concept does not exists in GPRS
Before its transmission over the radio interface, the LLC frame is segmented
into payload units according to CS that will be used to transmit the radio
block
In case of erroneous reception, the RLC data block can be retransmitted
only with the same CS (segmentation is not possible)
If the radio conditions have changed and the coding rate is not appropriate to
them, the receiver will never be able to decode the retransmission of the RLC
data block. This will lead to the release of the TBF and the establishment of a
GPRS DRAWBACK
The type 2 ARQ mechanism or incremental redundancy (IR) is an ETSI function, mandatory for the EGPRS MS
receiver (downlink path) and optional for the BTS receiver (uplink path). In B8 release, the IR feature is only
available on the downlink path. It is important to notice that the IR feature is always running in the EDGE MS
receiver (except in case of MS memory shortage). The DL incremental redundancy is not used for the signaling
blocks, the GPRS data blocks and the data blocks in RLC unacknowledged mode. It is only used for the EGPRS data
blocks in RLC acknowledged mode.
If the "MS OUT OF MEMORY" field is set by the mobile in the EGPRS Packet DL Ack/Nack message, the type I ARQ
shall apply in the MS receiver (ARQ without IR). This occurs when the memory for IR operation runs out in the MS
(that is when the memory of the MS is full due to the storage of the different versions of a RLC block not
correctly decoded).
One PDCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 47 48 49 50 51
PTCH (Packet Traffic Channel) used for user data transmission and
its associated signaling
PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channel) used to carry user data (LLC PDU
segmented is RLC/MAC blocks)
PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel)
Bidirectional channel, dynamically allocated on block basis, used to carry
control data
In Alcatel BSS is always allocated on one of the PDCHs on which PDTCHs are
allocated
PTCCH (Packet Timing Advance Control Channel) used for
continuous timing advance mechanism
Bidirectional channel allocated on the same PDCH as the PACCH
B8 release:
MPDCHs are statically established only on BCCH TRX
Up to 4 MPDCHs can be supported per cell (max Nb_TS_MPDCH=4)
Important:
Since B7, it is possible to establish 32 TBFs per PDCH group (See sub-session 2.2 for PDCH group
definition).
TBF
is a group of blocks dynamically allocated to one MS for one transfer of RLC blocks in one direction
inside one cell.
A Temporary Block Flow is a temporary, unidirectional physical connection across the Um interface,
between one mobile and the BSS. The TBF is established when data units are to be transmitted across
the Um interface and is released as soon as the transmission is completed.
Multislot usage
Refers to the case when 1 user can request at once more than 2 PDCH
resources for the data transmission
User multiplexing
NB: the values of the USF are entirely dedicated to PDTCH and PACCH transfers. See further (MPDCH
and RRBP) The TFI is use in the UL as well: each mobile shall put its TFI in the UL header of the UL
blocks during a UL TBF, as well as in the RLC header of the UL PACCH blocks of a DL TBF. So we can say
that the de-multiplexing of the blocks is achieved by the use of a TFI.
Allocation of a PACCH block for the sending of acknowledgements in the UL of blocks received in the
DL:
The MS has no USF because it is involved in a DL TBF
Use of the RRBP field transmitted in the downlink (MAC header) in association with the TFI of the DL
TBF in the RLC header.
At the exact occurrence of the RRBP, a special USF value is used for the UL TBF taking place on the
same PDCH: USF=no emission.
It is a semi-boolean parameter. The RRBP field of a RLC/LAC block is checked each time by the MS
whose TFI is written in the RLC header.
When S/P is false, no UL PACCH is scheduled.
When the RRBP field is valid, the value gives the number of blocks to wait before sending its PACCH
block in the UL
Downlink Uplink
Block TFI USF RRBP
number
Bn TFIa USFj
Bn+1 TFIb USFk PDTCHj
Bn+2 TFIa USFj +3 PDTCHk
Bn+3 TFIb FREE PDTCHj
Bn+4 TFIb No PRACH
Emission
Bn+5 TFIb USFj PACCHa
Bn+6 TFIa USFk PDTCHj
Idle
the MS is not attached to the Idle
packet network: paging is not
possible
GPRS GPRS
Ready attach detach
the MS location is known with
the cell accuracy Timer
expiry Ready
Standby
the MS is attached to the
network: paging is possible Timer PDU transmission
expiry
the MS location is known with
the RA accuracy
Standby
Aim
to access to GPRS services, a MS must first make its presence known to
the network by performing a GPRS attach to the SGSN
GPRS attach function is similar to IMSI attach
MS authentication
Ciphering key generation
TLLI allocation (derived from the new P-TMSI)
Subscriber profile request to the HLR
Results
A logical link between the MS and the SGSN is created
MS is in Standby state and may activate a PDP context
MS location is known (RA accuracy)
MS is available for paging via the SGSN
Charging information is collected
Combined GPRS and IMSI attach is possible for class A/B MS
Aim
in order to send and receive GPRS data, the MS must activate the PDP
(Packet Data Protocol) address, which it wants to use
Results
the MS is known in the corresponding GGSN (the GGSN knows the SGSN
where the MS is located) and data transmission with external data
network can begin
New cell inside the current RA New cell belongs to a new RA New cell belongs to a new LA
MS in Ready state
RA Update:
The MS sends an RA Update Request message containing the identity of the MS, the old RAI and the
Update Type. The update type is either enter a new RA or periodical RA update.
The BSS adds the cell global Identity when transferring the message into a BSSGP frame towards the
SGSN.
Paging Coordination
CS Paging PS Paging
NMO Characteristics
Channel Channel
PCCCH PCCCH - Gs interface
- MPDCH
Since B7, all the possible combinations with the MPDCH are:
NMOIII,
NMOI with MPDCH.
According to the NMO offered and the packet mode of the MS (Packet Transfer Mode or Packet Idle
Mode), the routing of the PS paging and the CS paging changes.
The NMO setting is done from the OMC-R via the NETWORK_OPERATION_MODE parameter.
MS is in PIM mode:
MS is in PIM mode:
MS (EGPRS Packet) BTS BSC MFS
Channel request TA calculation
RACH
Also PRACH Channel request + TA
MS is in PIM mode:
Note: do not confuse RA_COLOUR and RA Code. The former is used as a flag which has two uses for the
MS entering a new cell:
to know if the GPRS service is supported in the cell (RA_COLOUR has a value different from -1).
to trigger an RA update when the value of the RA_COLOUR changes. It is easy to monitor because it is
broadcast often.
The Routing Area Code is necessary for the RA update procedure (message content).
The SI13 takes the place of a few SI1 occurrences.
Cell Parameters
NMO, MS Timers, DRX info, RLS parameters, etc.
PRACH access control parameters
access burst type, access control class, etc.
PCCCH organization parameters
BS_PBCCH_BKLS, BS_PAGCH_BLKS_RES, BS_PRACH_BLKS
The GPRS cell adjacencies are the same for a MS in Packet Idle Mode as for a MS in Packet Transfer
Mode. The GPRS cell adjacencies are equal to CS cell adjacencies.
PSI3, PSI3bis:
One PSI3 instance shall be sent and, as a minimum, one PSI3bis instance shall be sent as well
There may be up to 16 PSI3bis instances.
Reselection parameters: C31_HYST, C32_HYST, GPRS_CELL_RESELECT_HYST, PRIORITY_CLASS,
HCS_THR, RA_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS
Neighbor cell parameters: BSIC, BCCH frequency, SI13 PBCCH location, GPRS_RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN,
GPRS_MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH, GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET, GPRS_PENALTY_TIME,
GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET.
Up to 32 neighboring cells may be defined. The field Same_RA_As_Serving_Cell provides
complementary information for reselection process.
PSI 3 / 3bis
BA(GPRS) list (identical to GSM BA list, neighboring cells BCCH)
Cell selection and re-selection parameters for (non-)serving cells
LSA identification of serving and neighboring cells
PSI 8 CBCH information (TS, freq., if there is CBCH in the cell)
EGCH
An EGCH is made up of a pool of GCHs (from 1 to 5): One main GCH and a pool of auxiliary GCHs (the
GCH uses the basic 16k Abis nibble).
TRX class
The TRX class is defined at MFS level. For a TRX class n, the MFS will use n GCHs to establish one
EGCH. The TRX class varies with the hardware TRX capabilities (TRX type, Hardware PS capability).
Higher the TRX class is, higher the PDCH throughput is.
AterMux resources allocation
In case of EGCH establishment, from one to five AterMux nibbles will be necessary. Nibbles have not
to be contiguous.
These nibbles will be taken:
- on free nibbles of at least one already switched 64 Kbit/s channel, or,
- on free nibbles of one or more already switched 64 Kbit/s channels and on an additional 64 Kbit/s
channel, switched for this purpose, or,
- on 1 or 2 additional 64 Kbit/s channels, switched for this purpose.
When possible, the first possibility will be chosen.
When establishing a PDCH, the number of GCH links per radio time slot is determined according to
the TRX class, the PDCH type (SPDCH/MPDCH), and the AterMux congestion state.
Abis Interface
Several Abis nibbles are also used to handle a throughput higher than 16Kbit/s. Abis configuration is
static due to hardware constraints.
Depending on the requested throughput, a radio time slot needs up to 4 extra Abis nibbles in addition
to the basic one.
As all radio time slots of a TRX must have the same throughput capability, a TRX needs up to 8 extra
Abis time slots. These extra Abis time slots are called a TRX transmission pool.
All Rights Reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent
3FL 38020 ACAA Edition 2
Section 1 Module 1 Page 82
1 Basics
1.40 TRX Classes Concept [cont.]
Radio Network Planning - GPRS and EGPRS 1 1 83
Primary Abis
EVOLIUM
BTS
Secondary Abis
BTS BTS
Topology 2
2 B9 features
The feature main benefits are: reduced (may be 0) delay before next UL transmission (no new TBF to establish) and
reduced DL TBF establishment, when it follows an UL TBF. Expected effects:
In uplink, it can avoid to re-establish TBF for subsequent burst of data from the same higher layer transaction,
and it avoids to establish a new TBF if new data arrive during countdown procedure on the current TBF.
In uplink, it can avoid to re-establish TBF for subsequent burst of data from the same higher layer transaction,
and it avoids to establish a new TBF if new data arrive during countdown procedure on the current TBF.
in downlink, it allows to perform more often the TBF establishment on concurrent TBF and it saves the DL
bandwidth by sending dummy UI commands (on the DL TBF is in delayed release state) if a concurrent TBF exists.
Both effects are expected to improve the end-to-end transmission delay and consequently to reduce the transfer
duration.
Traffic model changes: the feature will modify the number of UL TBF
activation+release on PACCH for all TCP/IP based applications and
WAP.
The feature will also modify the average duration of an uplink TBF,
and as a consequence increase the number of MS multiplexed in
uplink.
If necessary to reserve a certain bandwidth in uplink for QoS, then
the maximum number of MS in UL on the concerned PDCH should be
limited. (the current default value is of 5 MS multiplexed in uplink)
Fast USF UL extended : to keep the link alive in order to be ready as soon as needed. If n MSs in extended,
then USF for 1 MS sent every n x 20ms.
RA CAP Update : the MFS can request the RA capabilities of the MS to the SGSN (based on IMSI)
Support of distributions
Counter Mnemonic Rationale
P455a DISTRIB_UL_PDCH_UNIT_ALLOC The distribution of the number of PDCH units assigned to an UL TBF is required to check whether
non-optimal allocations come from a lack of radio resources. In this case, parameters like
MAX_PDCH, MAX_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD can be increased.
Support of distributions
Actually, Support of distributions is an enhancement for the feature Radio Measurement Statistics
(RMS), introduced on release B7.2, in order to get statistics on radio measurements such as RXLEV,
RXQUAL, interference level, timing advance, MS or BS transmitted power, etc.
This sub-feature introduces a new concept of counters to monitor PS resource usage. The existing PS
counters count a number of events occurring during the reporting period (i.e. every hour). However,
such counters do not allow retrieving the distribution of the events. For instance, existing counters
allow evaluating the averaged duration of the TBFs. However, it is interesting to know what is the
proportion of short TBFs compared to long TBFs, to evaluate the type of GPRS traffic, to understand
the throughput measured in the fields, etc.. New counters, called distribution, were introduced. The
B7.2 RMS feature is based on the following principles:
- The operator can launch RMS from the OMC-R on a per cell or per BSC basis for a given duration (up
to 23 hours).
- The radio measurements are monitored the closest to the observed functions, i.e. in the BTS.
- During the observation period, it is possible to launch extended measurement reporting in order to
get measurements on radio frequencies not used for CS/PS traffic in the cell.
The measurements are usually reported in vectors made of 10 values (or matrixes made of several
vectors). The ranges of each vector are defined by 9 thresholds. These thresholds are changeable at
the OMC-R.
Class B
Class B mobile phones can be attached to both GPRS and GSM services, using one service at a time. Class B
enables making or receiving a voice call, or sending/receiving an SMS during a GPRS connection. During voice
calls or SMS, GPRS services are suspended and then resumed automatically after the call or SMS session has
ended.
The purpose of this feature is to give to the MFS all the radio
timeslots that are usable for PS traffic, according to the whole BSS
load (CS and PS loads). The MFS needs no more to request radio
timeslots to the BSC; instead the MFS is always aware of all the
available radio timeslots.
Main principles:
CS and PS allocation separation with expected result of higher mean TBF
throughputs.
To give to the MFS all the radio timeslots that are usable for PS traffic
MIN_SPDCH
MAX_SPDCH_HIGH_LOAD
MAX_SPDCH_LIMIT
MAX_SPDCH
MAX_SPDCH_LIMIT is computed by the BSC and defines the number of SPDCHs that are allocated to the
MFS (based on the whole BSS load)
The allocated SPDCHs are always those having the highest priority for PS allocations and their positions
are provided to the MFS within a new message called Radio Resource (RR) Allocation Indication message
TBFs allocated in the MAX_SPDCH_HIGH_LOAD zone cannot be pre-empted (T1 re-allocation) when
MAX_SPDCH_LIMIT value decreases
Periodically, the MFS sends to the BSC a Radio Resource Usage Indication message. This message
contains the allocated SPDCHs in the MFS as well as their usage. This message is used by the BSC to
estimate the PS load
If required, the MFS may pre-empt a few SPDCHs to give them back to the BSC. The MFS uses the same
Radio Resource Usage Indication message to indicate to the BSC the de-allocated SPDCHs and to
acknowledge the allocation of new SPDCHs
Reserved for PS: This zone defines the number of radio resources reserved for PS traffic. No CS traffic can
be carried in that zone. The size of this zone is defined by the parameter MIN_SPDCH.
Priority for PS: This zone defines a number of radio resources where CS and PS traffic can be carried, but
the preference is given to PS traffic in that zone. The size of this zone is defined by the parameters
MAX_SPDCH_HIGH_LOAD and MIN_SPDCH.
Priority for CS: This zone defines a number of radio resources where CS and PS traffic can be carried, but
the preference is given to CS traffic in that zone. The size of this zone is given by the difference between the
parameters MAX_SPDCH and MAX_SPDCH_HIGH_LOAD.
Reserved for CS: This zone defines the number of radio resources reserved for CS traffic. No PS traffic can
be carried in that zone. The size of this zone is defined thanks to the parameter MAX_SPDCH.
This feature provides a solution to share the Ater and Abis nibbles
between the radio timeslots of a TRX so that the transmission
resources left available by a PDCH can be re-used by other PDCHs
as long as those PDCHs belong to the same TRX. Thus allows
reducing the waste of transmission bandwidth on the Ater and Abis
interfaces.
Terminology
M-EGCH
- The term M-EGCH (Multiplexed-EGCH) is used to refer to a link established between the MFS and
the BTS. An M-EGCH is defined per TRX (instead of an EGCH per radio timeslot in release B8).
GCH
- A GCH is the 16kb/s channel between the MFS and the BTS. It is composed of an Ater nibble and an
Abis nibble cross-connected together in the BSC. The MFS or the BTS periodically send blocks on a
GCH every 20 ms.
GCH frame
- In 20 ms period (also called block period), a number of 320 bits of this GCH can be used: this is the
frame.
Segment
- A segment is formed by a part of an RLC block (after its segmentation on the M-EGCH link) and a
GCH header (different for first segment and subsequent segments). RLC data might be padded or a
segment can be a no-data segment.
- Note that in B9 a frame can be constituted of several segments belonging to different RLC blocks as
now all the RLC blocks sent on several PDCHs of a TRX are multiplexed on the same M-EGCH link.
Padding bits are added to the RLC blocks segments to fill the frame to 320 bits.
The Statistical Multiplexing introduces a new segmentation of the radio blocks on the M-EGCH link: the blocks
of all the PDCHs of the TRX are sent one after the other without padding between them. As in B8 a block for a
PDCH can be spread over several 320-bit frames but after its last segment the block of another PDCH can be
started (if the remaining transmission capacity is sufficient). So a fixed 320-bit frame can have up to 2 or 3
segments of variable size. As in B8, the unused part of a 320bit frame (once all the PDCHs have been
scheduled) is filled with padding and the unused GCHs with a NODATA PDU.
The EGCH layer is highly impacted to support the statistical multiplexing and is renamed M-EGCH layer in
B9. This feature only applies to G3 and G4 TRX while the G2 DRFU TRX uses a B7.2 like GCH stack (1 GCH
allocated per PDCH to support up to CS2 TBFs).
Deals with the determination of the number and of the nature of the
16k GCH channels inside each M-EGCH. It is implemented as a
transmission resource manager. The transmission resource manager
is located at MFS/GPU level. It handles both Abis and Ater resources
at GCH level.
It is in charge of:
Creating and removing the M-EGCH links
Selecting, adding, removing, and redistributing GCHs over the M-EGCH
links
Managing transmission resource preemptions
Managing Abis and/or Ater congestion states,
This feature allows monitoring the proper operation of AMR and the
quality of the radio coverage in a cell. It also gives the possibility to
tune the AMR parameters. Indeed, statistics about frame erasure
rate in uplink and comparison between codec distribution and RXLEV
allow assessing the voice quality, and adapting AMR thresholds to
the situation of a given cell.
RMS_I1 Indicators:
Knowing which codecs are the most used, and comparing them with
link level in the cell, the operator could assess the voice quality and
possibly adapt the AMR parameters (definition of the subset,
thresholds and hysteresis).
These parameters are different for AMR FR and AMR HR, information
shall be provided separately for AMR FR and AMR HR.
RM_I2 Indicators:
GMM ready:
NC2 mode is applied if set by the Operator. C1NC2, C31NC2 and C32NC2 criteria are used
NC0 mode is applied if NC2 mode is not set and consequently C1, C31 and C32 criteria are used
In GSM
C1 = A - Max (0,B) with:
- A = RLA_C - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
- B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - MS_TXPWR_MAX + POWER_OFFSET(1800)
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET(T) when Penalty_time<31
C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET when Penalty_Time=31
In GPRS ready and standby states, cell reselection is performed by the MS except for a class A MS while
in dedicated mode of a circuit switched connection, in which case the cell is determined by the
network according to the handover procedures.
For a class B MS which can combine GSM and GPRS states, C1 criterion is used when the MS
simultaneously attached to both, the network and the MS is in Packet Idle Mode (refer to GSM 05.08).
P(n) is the maximum output RF power of the MS in the BCCH frequency band of the cell n. P(n) gives
the MS Radio Access Capability Information Element provided in the Packet Resource Request message
or in the DL LLC PDU. In the NC cell reselection procedure, the parameter P(n) shall always refer to the
RF power capability of the GMSK modulation.
Note that all values are expressed in dBm.
The cell ranking criterion parameter C2NC2 is used to order the candidate cells on an radio criterion.
This criterion applies only in serving cells where there is no PBCCH established.
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET(n) is a positive offset which favors or disfavors the cell n.
PENALTY_TIME(n) indicates whether the cell reselection offset shall be positive or negative.
C2 criterion:
PENALTY_TIME <> 11111
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY OFFSET * *
H(PENALTY_TIME - T)
non-serving cells: H(x) = 0 for x < 0; H(x)= 1 for x 0
serving cells: H(x) = 0
T is a timer implemented for each cell in the list of strongest carriers. T shall be started
from zero at the time the cell is placed by the MS on the list of strongest carriers
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET may be used to give different priorities to different bands when
multiband operation is used
TEMPORARY_OFFSET applies a negative offset to C2 for the duration of PENALTY_TIME
after the timer T has started for that cell.
PENALTY_TIME = 11111
C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND = 0 then C2 = C1
The signal level threshold criterion parameter C31NC2 is used in hierarchical cellular networks to
determine whether the signal level received from a neighboring cell n is sufficient to redirect the MS
towards cell n based on a non-radio priority criterion. This criterion parameter is used only if there is a
PBCCH established in the serving cell. HCS_THR(n) defines a signal threshold for applying the
prioritized hierarchical GPRS cell reselection criterion. The cell n denotes either the serving cell or a
neighboring cell. Contrary to the C31 criterion implemented in the MS, the Alcatel BSS does not
manage the timer T implemented for each cell to monitor the time a neighboring cell is present in the
list of the strongest carriers. Therefore, the Alcatel BSS always assumes that
GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET(n) = 0. As the GPRS_CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS,
RA_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, and C31_HYST are used to control the triggering conditions of a cell
reselection, they are not taken into account in the criterion C31NC2 and C32NC2 parameters.
The cell ranking criterion parameter C32NC2 is used to order the candidate cells on an radio criterion.
This criterion applies only in serving cells where there is a PBCCH established.
GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET(n) applies a positive or negative offset which favors or disfavors the
neighboring cell n. The cell n denotes either the serving cell or a neighboring cell. If the parameter
C32_QUAL is set, the determination of C32NC2 is modified so that the neighboring cell n having the
highest AV_DL_RXLEV_NC2 among all the neighboring cells is applied a GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET
(only if the offset is positive) and no GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET is applied to the other neighboring
cells.
The MFS shall take care of avoiding ping-pong effects between the old cell and the new cell (i.e.,
circular NC cell reselections). For that purpose, the MFS handles an anti-ping-pong timer and an anti
ping-pong offset, respectively called T_NC_PING_PONG and NC_PING_PONG_OFFSET. While the timer
T_NC_PING_PONG is running the neighboring cells are disfavored by the offset NC_PING_PONG_OFFSET
(expressed in dB) in the cell ranking process.
The MFS starts the anti-ping-pong timer at the creation of the NC2 context for the MS.
The MFS stops the anti ping-pong timer at the deletion of the NC2 context.
C31 criterion
Serving cell:
C31(s) = RLA_P(s) GPRS_HCS_THR(s)
Neighbor cell:
C31(n) =
GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(n) GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(n)
<> =
GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(s) GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(s)
= RLA_P(n) GPRS_HCS_THR(n)
T(n) <= GPRS_PENALTY_TIME(n) = RLA_P(n) - GPRS_HCS_THR(n)
GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET(n)
C32 criterion
Serving Cell:
C32(s) = C1(s)
Neighbor cell:
C32(n) =
GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(n) GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(n)
<> =
GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(s) GPRS_PRIORITY_CLASS(s)
= C1(n) +
= C1(n) +
T(n) <= GPRS_PENALTY_TIME(n) GPRS_ RESELECTION_OFFSET(n) -
GPRS_ RESELECTION_OFFSET(n)
GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET(n)
= C1(n) + = C1(n) +
T(n) > GPRS_PENALTY_TIME(n)
GPRS_ RESELECTION_OFFSET(n) GPRS_ RESELECTION_OFFSET(n)
C32:
if C32_QUAL=1, positive GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET value shall only be applied to the
neighboring cell with the highest RLA_P value of those cells for which C32 is compared above.
If GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET (neighbor) >0, the cell has a bonus to reselection
If GPRS_RESELECTION_OFFSET (neighbor) <0, the cell has a handicap for reselection
In Packet Idle Mode, the MS shall make one measurement for each BCCH carrier monitored every 4
seconds, as well as more than one sample per second for each BCCH carrier.
A list of 6 strongest cells shall be kept updated at a rate of at least one update per running average
period.
In Packet Transfer Mode, the MS shall monitor a list of 6 strongest non-serving cell BCCH carriers. It
shall attempt to check the BSIC for each of these 6 strongest cells at least once every 10 seconds.
1. CS change
1. CS change
CS 2
Average
Throughput
Throughput
CS 1
Time
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 [s]
Each time the MS performs a cell reselection, the data transfer is interrupted and a retransmission of
some LLC PDUs may be required:
The on-going TBF is released in the old cell.
The MS performs the PSI or SI acquisition in the new cell.
Then, the MS establishes a new UL TBF in this cell to send a Cell Update message to the SGSN.
The MFS deletes or reroutes towards the new cell the LLC PDUs stored in the old cell.
- if they are deleted, a retransmission is needed.
Finally, the data transfer is re-started (after a DL TBF establishment, in case of DL transfer).
All these steps degrade the data throughput or the page access time perceived by the enduser.
NC2 activation
An MS transit to NC2 mode when it receives a PACKET MEASUREMENT
ORDER message from the BSS, at the beginning of a data transfer. It
provides mainly the NC_REPORTING_PERIOD_T which is the reporting
period of NC measurements sent by the MS while in PTM (default = 0.96s)
Measurement reporting and processing
MS periodically reports its NC2 measurements on PACCH through a
PACKET MEASUREMENT REPORT
The BSS handles the following measurements:
UL serving cell: RXQUAL for GPRS TBF and mean BEP for EGPRS TBF
DL serving cell: RXQUAL for GPRS TBF and mean BEP for EGPRS TBF
DL serving and neighbor cells: RXLEV measurements of BCCH
The R97 and R98 MSs are differentiated from the other MSs. Indeed, all the MSs shall support the NC2
mode, however since no network manufacturer has implemented the NC2 mode, the R97 and R98 MSs
may not have been sufficiently tested and therefore there is a risk of interoperability with these MSs.
The Packet Measurement Order message is used to activate and de-activate the NC2 mode of
operation for a given MS.
Activation
- The Packet Measurement Order (NC2) message is sent when:
establishing the first Downlink TBF of the Packet Transfer Mode or when re-establishing
the DL TBF while T3192 is running and there is not any on-going UL TBF.
no measurement report has already been received for that MS during its on-going packet
transfer(s) (UL and/or DL).
the MS has not been forced to operate in NC2 mode by a Packet Cell Change Order
message (during an intra-RA cell reselection).
De-activation
- The Packet Measurement Order (RESET) message is sent at the end of the data transfer, in
case of NC2_DEACTIVATION_MODE = NC2 deactivation at the end of the packet transfer.
- When the MS goes back to the STANDBY state, in case of NC2_DEACTIVATION_MODE = NC2
deactivation at GMM Ready timer expiry.
The criteria calculated by the BSS in NC2 mode are very near from those
used by the MS in NC0 mode. This ensures that the target cell selected
by the MS in NC0 mode or by the BSS in NC2 mode are identical in quite
all cases
C1NC2,
C2NC2, C31NC2 and C32NC2 criteria are calculated by the BSS and the
parameters defined for cell reselections in NC0 are re-used
The cause PT1 is equivalent to check the condition C1NC2 < 0 assuming that the (GPRS_)RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
threshold is replaced with NC_DL_RXLEV_THR threshold.
Max (Bnc2,0) = handicap on threshold if MS can't reach max UL tx power recommended in the cell
Cause PT2 is checked among the neighboring cells n upon receipt of a Packet Measurement Report message. It
is triggered if the value C2NC2 or C32NC2 of one neighboring cell n exceeds the value C2NC2 or C32NC2 of the
serving cell s by at least the O&M hysteresis NC_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS(s,n) defined per cell adjacency link
(respectively whether or not there is a PBCCH in the serving cell).
Cause PT4
is checked only for the serving cell whenever one UL RLC data block is correctly received for the on-
going UL TBF provided that T_NC_RXQUAL_VALID seconds have elapsed since the computation of the
first UL samples of the UL TBF.
T_NC_RXQUAL_VALID aims at not triggering false alarms at the beginning of the TBF and not
triggering an NC cell reselection for a very short TBF.
Cause PT3
is checked only for the serving cell each time a (EGPRS) Packet Downlink Ack/Nack message is
received provided that the DL TBF is not in delayed release state and provided that the
T_NC_RXQUAL_VALID seconds have elapsed since the receipt of the first Packet Downlink Ack/Nack
message of the DL TBF.
T_NC_RXQUAL_VALID aims at not triggering false alarms at the beginning of the TBF and not
triggering an NC cell reselection for a very short TBF.
PBCCH established
The cell are ranked based on the C31NC2 and C32NC2 criteria. Among the cells, the best
cell is the cell with the highest C32NC2 value among:
o For cells that fulfill C31NC2criterion (C31NC2>0):
Those cells having the highest PRIORITY_CLASS(n)
o If no cell fulfill C31NC2 criterion:
All cells
NC2 deactivation
Two modes via the O&M parameter NC2_DEACTIVATION_MODE:
NC2 deactivation at the end of packet date transfer
NC2 deactivation at Ready timer expiry
Averaging
Recursive Filtering (in the MS) to obtain average level
Recursive Filtering Formula:
Cn=a * SSn + (1-a) * Cn-1
Cn is the DL level average calculated by the MS (Cn-1 =previous value)
SSn is mean of received signal level of 4 bursts
a is the forgetting factor
Packet Idle Mode
a = 1 / [min (n, max (5,T_AVG_W/TDRX) ) ]
TDRX= parameter which considers the number of measurements that are made
and the paging group; TDRX=BS_PA_MFRMS
BS_PA_MFRMS = number of multiframes needed to send all paging groups
T_AVG_W = 2k/2 /6 (k=1..25, recommended k < 12) is the signal level filter
period for PC in PIM
Averaging
Tuning of k: average mechanism convergent between GSM and GPRS
Comparison between GSM averaging and the practical GPRS averaging with
A_LEV_PC=2 and K =4:
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136 141
Tuning of CH and
Idea: Tune PC algorithm to balance DL and UL paths
= 1 (according to GSM 05.08)
CH
tune CH in order to reach the Minimum UL Level (RXLEVUL) at the BTS
CH = 0 - 48 - RXLEVUL - PBTS
Current
CS CSi -> CSi+1 CSi -> CSi-1
CS1 AV_RXQUAL_LT < CS_QUAL_DL_1_2 -
As it has been observed (in the Alcatel labs during the B8 release validation) that some MS do not
report any interference measurements when the BCCH carrier is included in the frequency hopping
sequence of the allocated PDCH, the algorithm described above is slightly modified in the MR2 version
of the B8 release.
A new triggering condition is used for the CS change between CS3 and CS4. This new triggering
condition shall be applied only to the TBF that do not report any interference level measurements.
Each time a Packet DL Ack/Nack message is received:
either it contains no interference measurements and the new algorithm is applied,
or it contains interference measurements and the standard algorithm is applied.
With the new algorithm, the interference level is replaced by the BLER (RLC BLock Error Rate):
the CS3 BLER is used for a CS change from CS3 to CS4,
the CS4 BLER is used for a CS change from CS4 to CS3.
Remarks :
case of a DL TBF with PDCH allocated on the BCCH TRX and no frequency hopping on the BCCH
TRX : the MS does not report any interference level measurements in the Packet DL Ack/Nack
message (no interference measurements on the BCCH carrier),
case of a DL TBF with PDCH having the BCCH carrier belonging to the frequency hopping
sequence : depending on MS implementation, some MS may not report any interference
measurements (behavior observed in the Alcatel labs during the B8 release validation).
AV_RXQUAL_LT
CS1
CS_QUAL_DL_1_2 + CS_HST_DL_LT
CS1 or CS2 (hysteresis)
CS_QUAL_DL_1_2
CS2
CS_QUAL_DL_2_3 + CS_HST_DL_LT
CS2 or CS3 (hysteresis)
CS_QUAL_DL_2_3
C S_QUAL_DL_3_4
CS3 CS3
or CS4
CS4
0 AV_SIR
0 CS_SIR_DL_4_3 CS_SIR_DL_3_4 15
The change from CS-3 to CS-4 is not only based on AV_RXQUAL_LT for the two following reasons:
RXQUAL range only goes down to 0.2%. However, the change of the coding scheme from CS-3 to CS-4
will probably have to be done for even lower values. Indeed, when the coding scheme is CS-4, in
static (AWGN), a BLER of 0.1 (typical value of the BLER threshold to change from CS-3 to CS-4) is
obtained for a raw BER of 1-(1-0.1)1/456 = 2.10-4. This raw BER would be larger in multipath
channels but is likely to remain below 0.2%. This means that CS_QUAL_DL_3_4 should be close to 0
and that a condition based on RXQUAL is not sufficient to change the coding scheme from CS-3 to CS-
4.
If the changes from CS-3 to CS-4 and from CS-4 to CS-3 are based on different metrics, a Ping-Pong
effect may occur. Indeed, it may happen that the conditions to change from CS-3 to CS-4 and CS-4 to
CS-3 are simultaneously true in some situations.
MS BTS MFS
new CS
Current
CS CSi -> CSi+1 CSi -> CSi-1
CS1 AV_RXQUAL_LT < CS_QUAL_UL_1_2 -
AV_RXQUAL_ST is a short term average whereas AV_RXQUAL_LT is a long term average. The short term
average is used to react quickly in case of fast degradation of the radio conditions.
X = FH or NFH: two thresholds are available for hopping and non-hopping TRXs.
Y = ACK or NACK: two thresholds are available for RLC acknowledged and unacknowledged modes.
CS1
CS_QUAL_UL_1_2 + CS_HST_UL_LT
CS1 or CS2 (hysteresis)
CS_QUAL_UL_1_2
CS2
CS_QUAL_UL_2_3 + CS_HST_UL_LT
CS2 or CS3 (hysteresis)
CS_QUAL_UL_2_3
CS3
CS_QUAL_UL_3_4 + CS_HST_UL_LT
CS3 or CS4 (hysteresis)
CS_QUAL_UL_3_4
CS4
0 AV_SIR
0 15
In the uplink, the RXQUAL is available in CS-4 and the SIR measurements are not reported by the BTS to the
MFS so far. Therefore, it is possible to also use RXQUAL measurements to change the coding scheme from CS-3
to CS-4 or from CS-4 to CS-3, contrary to the downlink algorithm, where the SIR was used.
Two new metrics are introduced in EGPRS, Mean_BEP (mean Bit error
Probability) and CV_BEP (Coefficient of Variation of BEP), to offset the fact
that RXQUAL, does not provide an accurate estimation of the bit error rate
of the radio channel
BEP measured on burst basis, is a reflection of the current C/I, time dispersion
of the signal and the velocity of the terminal
1 4
MEAN_BEPblock = BEPburst i
4 i=1
The variation of BEP value over several bursts also provides additional
information regarding velocity and frequency hopping
2
1 4 1 4
BEPburst k BEPburst i
3 k =1 4 i=1
CV_BEPblock = 4
1
BEPburst i
4 i=1
The mechanism is more efficient than in GPRS, since measurements are taken on
every burst and not only during the idle frames
For more details about MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP averages performed by the MS, refer to 3GPP 05.08.
Raw measurements on a radio block basis
For EGPRS (that is during an EGPRS DL TBF), the MS shall calculate the following values, for each radio block (1
radio block = 4 bursts) addressed to it (the DL TBF TFI contained in the radio block must be decoded) :
Mean Bit Error Probability (BEP) of a radio block:
1 4
MEAN _ BEPblock = BEPburst i
4 i =1
Coefficient of variation of the Bit Error Probability of a radio block:
2
1 4 1 4
BEPburst k BEPburst i
3 k =1 4 i=1
CV _ BEPblock = 4
1
BEPburst i
4 i=1
In the above equations, the BEP is measured on a burst basis by the MS before channel decoding.
new CS
xn denotes the existence of quality parameters for the nth block, i.e. if the radio block is intended for this MS. xn values 1
and 0 denote the existence and absence of quality parameters, respectively
Measurements reporting
A MS shall report the overall MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP (instead of reporting the RXQUAL and SIGN_VAR values) per
modulation type (that is GMSK_MEAN_BEP, GMSK_CV_BEP and/or 8-PSK_MEAN_BEP, 8-PSK_CV_BEP depending on the
received blocks since the last channel quality report sent to the network) averaged over all allocated channels
(timeslots) as follows:
R (j)
n MEAN_BEP_TN(j)
n
n =
j ,
MEAN_BEP
j
Rn
(j)
The MS reports the Mean_BEP and CV_BEP values to the MFS in the Channel Quality Report included in the EGPRS
Packet DL Ack/Nack and Packet Resource Request messages.
The MS can report 32 different Mean_BEP values (MEAN_BEP_0 to MEAN_BEP_31). The mapping between the
calculated Mean_BEP value (linear scale) and the reported Mean_BEP value (logarithmic scale) depends on the used
modulation (two mapping tables are given in the 05.08 GSM recommendation : one for GMSK and one for 8-PSK).
The MS can report 8 different CV_BEP values (CV_BEP_0 to CV_BEP_7). The mapping between the calculated and
the reported values is identical for the GMSK and 8-PSK modulations.
The BTS measures for each UL burst the BEP and calculates for each UL radio block (4 bursts) the Mean_BEP and the
CV_BEP = Std_BEP / Mean_BEP. The Mean_BEP and the CV_BEP are reported on a radio block basis by the BTS to the
MFS.
MS BTS MFS
new CS
The MFS verify if a MCS change is needed each time it receives new
MEAN_BEP and CV_BEP measurements, based on the following algorithm:
YES NO
IR activated
?
APD value APD value
TRX ranking
PS capable TRXs (TRX_PREF_MARK = 0) are
ranked at BSC side for PS traffic (from the TRX <--> TRE
highest to the lowest), according to the following
criteria :
TRX supporting the BCCH, if PS_Pref_BCCH_TRX = 0 TRX ranking TRX characteristics
p.90 et p.91
Example:
5 TREs in a cell
1 G4-HP TRE
2 G4-MP TREs
2 G3 TREs
PS_Pref_BCCH_TRX = 0 (no specific preference)
5 TRXs
TRXa, TRXb, TRXc, TRXd: TRX_PREF_MARK = 0 (PS capable)
TRXe: TRX_PREF_MARK > 0 (non PS capable)
3 DR TRXs
Pool types
1 type 4
1 type 2
TREs Dual Rate associated PS capable associated
usage TRXs TRX ranking transmission
2 type 1
pool
G4 - HP FR TRXa 1 type 4
G4 - MP FR TRXb 2 type 2
G4 - MP DR TRXc 3 type 1
G3 DR TRXd 4 type 1
G3 DR TRXe
p.119
Allocated : The PDCH is a slave PDCH, which has been indicated as usable
for PS traffic by the BSC
Active : An allocated PDCH is active if it supports at least one radio
resource allocated for a TBF or for a RT PFC
Full :
For GPRS TBF:
The number of established TBFs (GPRS + EGPRS TBFs) is equal to
MAX_UL/DL_TBF_SPDCH.
For EGPRS TBF:
The number of established EGPRS TBFs is equal to MAX_UL/DL_TBF_SPDCH.
EGPRS : SPDCH used in the DL direction by a 8-PSK capable EGPRS TBF.
This state is meaningful only for non-EGPRS capable MSs and only in the
UL direction.
Full : for GPRS TBF : GPRS + EGPRS ts are counted, because some EGPRS TBF on GPRS PDCH are using GMSK
MCS.
DOWNLINK UPLINK
MAX_DL_TBF_SPDCH MAX_UL_TBF_SPDCH
One SPDCH has one state per direction (i.e., one state for the UL, one state for the DL). This state depends on the type of the MSs (EGPRS
capable or non-EGPRS capable) for which the radio resource (re)-allocation algorithm is called.
radio resource allocated to the MFS, but associated transmission resources are not allocated (i.e., the PDCH is not established).
All the following states are related to established PDCHs:
empty:
the PDCH is established, but no established TBF.
active:
For GPRS TBF: at least one established TBF and the number of established TBFs (GPRS + EGPRS) is smaller than
N_TBF_PER_SPDCH.
For EGPRS TBF: at least one established EGPRS TBF and the number of EGPRS TBFs (1) is smaller than N_TBF_PER_SPDCH.
busy:
For GPRS TBF: the number of established TBFs (GPRS and EGPRS TBFs) is greater or equal to N_TBF_PER_SPDCH, but smaller
than MAX_UL_TBF_SPDCH/MAX_DL_TBF_SPDCH.
For EGPRS TBF: the number of established EGPRS TBFs (1) is greater or equal to N_TBF_PER_SPDCH, but smaller than
MAX_UL_TBF_SPDCH/MAX_DL_TBF_SPDCH.
full:
For GPRS TBF: the number of established TBFs (GPRS + EGPRS TBFs) is equal to MAX_UL_TBF_SPDCH/MAX_DL_TBF_SPDCH.
For EGPRS TBF: the number of established EGPRS TBFs (3) is equal to MAX_UL_TBF_SPDCH/MAX_DL_TBF_SPDCH.
EGPRS (2)
PDCH used in the DL direction by an 8-PSK capable EGPRS TBF (i.e., the PDCH does not belong to a class 1 TRX).
This state is meaningful only for non-EGPRS capable MSs and only in the UL direction.
When meaningful, it overwrites active and busy states (but not the full state).
(1): Only EGPRS TBFs are taken into account to avoid to establish EGPRS TBFs on PDCHs with a low EGPRS capability, because of
GPRS TBFs.
(2): The aim of this new state is to avoid multiplexing UL GPRS TBF and DL EGPRS TBF, in order not to reduce EGPRS throughput.
(3): Only EGPRS TBFs are taken into account to avoid radio resource allocation failure because of the restricted list of EGPRS
capable TRXs.
Itdefines for each EGPRS TRX capability (MCSi) in the cell the number of
EGPRS TBFs per PDCH beyond which it becomes more interesting to serve
upcoming EGPRS MSs on TRXs with a lower EGPRS capability (MCSj).
Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSi / Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSj
with Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSx is the maximum theoretical throughput that
can be achieved at RLC/MAC per PDCH using MCSx encoding
All the values between MCS2 and MCS9 are possible because of the
O&M parameter Max_EGPRS_MCS
Different used thresholds :
N_TBF_PDCH_MCSi_MCSj are internal parameters which define for each EGPRS TRX capability, in the cell, the
number of EGPRS TBFs per PDCH beyond which it becomes more interesting to serve upcoming EGPRS MSs on
TRXs with a lower EGPRS capability.
This value depends on the throughput gap between 2 consecutive TRXs inside the ordered (according to TRX
Rank) list of EGPRS capable TRXs.
N_TBF_PDCH_MCSi_MCSj = Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSi DIV Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSj
Max_PDCH_Throughput_MCSx is the maximum theoretical throughput that can be achieved at RLC/MAC
per PDCH using MCSx encoding.
Example
Assuming that in a cell the following TRXs are EGPRS capable:
TRXa: EGPRS capability = MCS9
TRXb: EGPRS capability = MCS5
TRXc: EGPRS capability = MCS5
TRXd: EGPRS capability = MCS2
TRXe: EGPRS capability = MCS2
CELL START
MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXi) = 0
(with i = a, b, c, d or e )
MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXa)
TRXa < N_TBF_PDCH_MCS9_MCS5
MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXa)
MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXa)
= N_TBF_PDCH_MCS9_MCS5
< N_TBF_PDCH_MCS9_MCS5
MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXb)
< N_TBF_PDCH_MCS5_MCS2 _
OR
TRXa, TRXb, TRXc MAX_TBF_PDCH_Current (TRXc)
< N_TBF_PDCH_MCS5_MCS2 _
HIGH E) The candidate timeslot allocations which have the lowest number
of established EGPRS TBFs in the direction of the bias are preferred
It is preferred to multiplex an EGPRS TBF with a GPRS TBF, rather
than with another EGPRS TBF
F) The candidate timeslot allocations which have the lowest number
of established EGPRS TBFs in the direction opposite to the bias are
IMPORTANCE
preferred
G) The candidate timeslot allocations which are on a TRX with
highest priority are preferred
H) The candidate timeslot allocations which have the lowest number
of established GPRS TBFs in the direction of the bias are preferred
H has a lowest priority than G, in order to avoid to establish
EGPRS TBFs on low class TRXs, because of GPRS TBFs
LOW
HIGH I) The candidate timeslot allocations which have all their PDCHs
established are preferred. If all the preferred best candidate
timeslot allocations require additional PDCHs, then a request is sent
to the BSC and the algorithm is stopped
IMPORTANCE
T1: re-allocation to
maintain a TBF alive despite a pre-emption on a PACCH of a TBF
or if MEGCH becomes too low to provide MAX MCS of the TBF [B9]
T2: re-allocation of an on-going TBF when establishing a concurrent TBF
in order to provide a better throughput
T3: re-allocation to offer a better throughput to an on-going TBFs
In order to provide a higher throughput, if it is possible, to any TBF in the cell.
T4: re-allocation condition to move
ULGPRS TBF sharing one PDCH with a DL EGPRS TBF
PDCHs which do not carry a DL EGPRS TBF
C/I = 9 dB
Level of interfer cell
CS-2 Distance
CS-1
RL/MAC net
Data Throughput 12
(kbit/s) 10.8
8
7.2
Note: the throughput values are ETSI requirements, the C/I values are valid for TU3, SFH enabled
If performing a planning with C/I > 12db : only MS with good C/I will get enough C/I to have max tput.
It is possible to link the C/I and RXLEV to simplify analysis (rxlev = f(C/I), depending on netwpork planning)
Packet data System Scheme Max RLC data through- RLC data throughput
throughput (ETSI) put (RLC payload) at Reference Point
[kbps] (BLER=10%)
[kbps]
Maximum (error free
transmission) on Air EGPRS MCS-9 59.2 53.3
Interface MCS-8 54.4 49.0
MCS-7 44.8 40.3
MCS-6 29.6 26.7
at BLER=10% MCS-5 22.4 20.2
Degradation of RLC MCS-4 17.6 15.9
by Level and MCS-3 14.8 13.3
Interference MCS-2 11.2 10.1
MCS-1 8.8 7.9
CS1
kbit/s The reference performance point is reached at BLER=10% CS2
The following data rates can be achieved at this point:
CS-1: C/I=9 dB =>7.2 kbit/s (saturation: 8 kbit/s)
20 CS-2: C/I=13 dB =>10.8 kbit/s (saturation: 12 kbit/s)
16
12
0 C/I
3dB 7dB 11dB 15dB 19dB 23dB 27dB
Throughput curve as required by ETSI for CS-1and CS-2, typical urban environment with MS speed 3 km/h TU3 with SFH
Due to this saturation effect, a further increase of the C/I ratio does
not have large impact on the data throughput of a single coding
scheme: possibly a switch to a higher CS may occur (C/I ~ 7 dB for
CS-1 to CS-2)
C/I = 9
dB Level of neighbor-cell
CS-2 Distance
CS-1
RL/MAC net
Data Throughput 12
(kbit/s)
10.8
8
7.2
ETSI requirements and Alcatel values for C/Ico and C/Iadj for CS and GPRS
(PDCH) GSM 900 (Requirement for GMSK modulation: C/Iadj = C/Ico 18dB)
In general: With higher coding scheme, higher C/I ratios required
GPRS functionality more sensitive against interference
Packet switched
Circuit CS1 CS2
GSM 900
switched
TU3 TU50 TU3 TU50
TU3 TU50 TU3 TU50
ideal FH ideal FH ideal FH ideal FH
C/I co-
channel 9 13 9 10 9 15 13 14 13
ETSI
C/I adj-
-9 -5 -9 -8 -9 -3 -5 -4 -5
channel ETSI
C/I co-
channel 11.5 6.7 7.5 6.5 13.1 10.3 11.1 10.8
Alcatel
C/I adj-
channel -9 -13 -12 -13 -6 -8.8 -8.2 -9
Alcatel
Ideal FH : hopping on 4 or more frequencies with at least 800kHz separation between each channel offers
the "ideal FH" diversity gain (4 to 5 dB)
13Jul2000 09:45:44
TU 50
Throughput
12
no FH 10
0
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C / I c o [dB]
CS4 can't resist to interference, even with high C/I, it doesn't reach the saturation point. Expect high
retransmission % when using CS4.
For each C/I, a typical tput can be expected. CS adaptation gives flexibility in case of radio conditions
changes.
How would the curve looks like if TU3 was used ? (C/I scale would be squeezed)
Traffic Analysis
Field strength prediction
Mutual interference calculation
GSM/GPRS frequency planning
Cell specific interference calculation
TRX assignment to GPRS service
Objectives
Traffic Analysis
PS Traffic
User Profile
Market applications
Customer questionnaire
Traffic model: Example
GPRS traffic calculation
- Straight forward
- Erlang C
- Traffic tool
- Exemplary results of the 3 traffic calculation methods
Traffic Analysis
PS Traffic
User Profile Different traffic calculation
User Behavior procedure for packet traffic
compared to speech traffic
Market applications calculation
Customer questionnaire
Traffic model: Example
GPRS traffic calculation
Straight forward
Erlang C
Traffic tool
U s e r p ro file U s e r b e h a v io r C u s to m e r
Q u e s tio n n a ire
M a rk e t a p p lic a tio n s
a n d s e rv ic e d istrib u tio n s
T ra ffic m o d e l
T ra ffic c a lc u la tio n
A user profile defines a typical user for packet data services, using a
certain amount of applications
It is useful to limit the amount of user profiles to keep the calculation
simple, e.g. two profiles can be introduced, business and private user
Market applications
Different services are possible for packet data use e.g. new designed
services or services known from the fixed network
Market applications and user profiles are related to each other, thus
some applications are assigned to one user profile only
Each service is characterized by its occurrence: action time per month
and the related bit rate per action.
In some applications, the data exchange traffic is oriented to downlink,
in some others to uplink. Generally the downlink traffic is preponderant
in asymmetrical applications such as: web browsing, information
downloading, audio downloading etc.
This shall be taken into account for the dimensioning process: so the
dimensioning will be downlink oriented.
Uplink bias applications : MMS, ftp upload. Create problem for dimesionning ? No, because MMS are
uploaded and then downloaded. They create equal traffic in both ways.
Current Ms use 2ts in uplink, class 11 and 12 are coming (up to 4 TS in uplink, but still simplex.
Core network : can provide statistics per user (pdp context activation, gprs attach, APN usage, etc)
Which interface : Gb (mfs-sgsn) , Gn (sgsn-ggsn)
Special tools : astelia
Customer questionnaire
Data collection from Operator -> Forecast data
To keep process simple -> 12 Points questionnaire
1. Total amount of GSM subscribers in the network (CS+PS subscribers)
2. Blocking at air interface (speech)
3. Speech traffic per subscriber (mErl/sub)
4. Distribution of CS subscribers to different morpho classes
5. Percentage of GPRS subscribers related to the total amount of GSM
subscribers
6. Busy hour occurrence for speech traffic and packet data traffic
6. Busy hour mix (BHM) : at busy hour, split of different types of traffic
User mapping
One certain resource can be shared simultaneously by different users.
Behavior in GPRS -> Packet switched service for different users on one
timeslot.
User
User 3
User 2
User 1
Timeslot TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 8
1
TRX
S e r v ic e 2
e .g . F T P
S e r v ic e 1
S e r v ic e 3
e .g . H T T P
e .g . W A P
U ser
Page size
Queue Delay
Acceptable delay if no resource is available at service attempt
Quantile
Specific elements in the range of a variety X are called quantiles
Bit rate
Queue delay : how long a user can wait before disconnecting ? Usually for data, user can wait up to 30s.
Quantile : percentage of throughputs measures that are within a certain range (to check) STANDARD
DEVIATION !!
Multi-service
User mapping QoS per service
mapping
Straight Forward result
+ _ _
for PS
Erlang C for PS
+ + _
Traffic Model
+ + +
Erlang C calculation
gives for a required service attempt probability (Quantile) and the queue
delay time of it (e.g. 2 s delay can be set if no resource is available at
service attempt), the number of needed resources (TS).
The result of Erlang C will give the biggest number of needed PDCH TS
among the presented packet traffic calculations.
The reason is that a constant data flow is considered which is not the
case for different applications like WAP
For all different services the PDCH TS with Erlang C has to be calculated
and summarized. Afterwards the sum of PDCH TS for the different
services leads to an over dimensioning.
This method can be used to give very fast a planning result on how many
PDCH as maximum can be expected.
But assumption is : all users can bare to wait for 3600 sec to finish their download
ERLANG C
Erlang C GPRS traffic calculation MMS
Subscribers
Quantile
Bit rate
4 0R L A N G
E 2 C 360 2 s 9 0 .0 % 30
WEB
MU =
PDCH =
RO =
Volume@BH
Subscribers
Quantile
Bit rate
40 2 180 2 s 9 0 .0 % 30
1 0 .5 3 3 3 1 .8 7 5 0
PDCH =
RO =
MU =
Total number of needed PDCH = 10 PDCH TS
Assumption: Expected rate per TS of 10 kbit/s
For the WAP service 1 resource of 5 kbit/s is needed = 1 PDCH TS
For the WEB service 1 resource of 30 kbit/s is needed = 3 PDCH TS
For the MMS service 2 resources of 30 kbit/s is needed = 6 PDCH TS
With the input from GPRS traffic calculation the GPRS Design
process can start:
Next steps:
1. GPRS Field strength prediction is done as for the GSM network planning
[A9155]
Best carrier = the carrier with the less interference BCCH ? Normally, yes.
BCCH
no DTX, PC (Power Control) or FH (Frequency Hopping)
C/I of minimum 11.5 dB is recommended (Alcatel values)
Disadvantage: only 6 TS available for GPRS
TCH
Hopping, (PC)
all 8 TS available for GPRS
Disadvantage: by hopping -> Interference is RF_load dependent
the increase of RF_load implies a decrease of C/I and therefore of the
throughput
In general, the link budget calculation is the same like for CS design
Attention has to be paid to the hardware related values:
BTS/MS performance -> Supplier dependent
BTS output power & receiver sensitivity according to the coding scheme
MS output power & receiver sensitivity according to the coding scheme
Legend (dB)
> 25 dB
> 16 dB
> 13 dB
> 9 dB
< 9 dB
C/I reduction
Legend (dB)
> 25 dB
> 16 dB
> 13 dB
> 9 dB
< 9 dB
CS 4
CS 3
CS 2
CS 1
LA planning
in accordance to the common rules for CS planning, no extra adaptation
(e.g. on the neighbour list) has to be made for PS services
RA planning
follows in general the rules of the common LA assignment, e.g. avoid
roads with fast moving traffic through RA
The RA planning consists of:
assignment of each cell to a RA
assignment of the RA_Code to each RA
assignment of a RA_Colour to each RA
RA 1 RA 2 RA 3
RA 4 RA 5 RA 6
RA 7 RA 8
RA_C: 6 RA_C: 7
RA 1 RA 2 RA 3
RA 4 RA 5 RA 6
RA 7 RA 8 RA 9
RA 10 RA 11 RA 12
Note: To obtain the QoS for GPRS, it is not sufficient to study only the GPRS
indicators. There is always an influence of GSM service on GPRS service, e.g.
TCH congestion in GSM could be influenced by high CS traffic or the additional
high packed data traffic.
YES NO
NO M PDCH S ta tic M P D C H
(D y n a m ic M P D C H )
G P R S s ig n a lin g
c o n g e stio n
YES NO
E n a b le s e c o n d a ry M P D C H s d e p e n d in g o n
G P R S s ig n a lin g n e e d
Soft Pre-emption
T1 reallocation of TBF's whose PACCH is supported by a preempted time
slot
T1 reallocation of TBF's whose MEGCH link becomes too small (basic
nibbles are allocated to the CS calls)
Fast pre-emption
After T_PDCH_Pre-emption = 4s
Softpre-empted PDCH's are released
Other "locked" PDCH's are released
Locked PDCH = PDCH's that are required by the BSC to the MFS for CS calls
The strategy of the TBF resource sharing is to use the PDCH resources
in a most effective way, that means not to waste a PDCH just with
one user and therefore to limit the available PS capacity. On the
other hand, the more users (different TBFs) share a PDCH, the less
effective the data flow and the longer the download or upload time is
Trigger T1 (target maintain a TBF alive when its PACCH is fast preempted):
Reallocate all impacted TBFs using the pre-empted PDCHs instead of releasing them using the
Packet TBF Release procedure
Trigger T2 (target attempt offering more PDCHs to an MS upon concurrent TBF establishment):
get rid of the concurrence constraints imposed by the multislot class of the MS and an existing TBF
to offer the best throughput, the initial TBF can be moved to other PDCHs
Trigger T3 (target periodically attempt offering more PDCHs to an MS which has a TBF in the
direction of the bias with less PDCHs than it can support according to its multislot class):
take benefit of PDCH resource usage variations in a cell to reallocate the resources granted to a
Mobile Station, in case those resources were not using the full multislot class capabilities of the MS
to offer the best throughput in the direction of the bias and even adapt to bias changes in the
course of a packet transfer
Parameters for trigger T3 :
- T_CANDIDATE_TBF_REALLOC: Timer value controlling the time duration between successive
resource reallocation attempts for candidate MSs with the trigger T3
Advantages
The advantage of the feature TBF resource reallocation is to serve a
better PDCH allocation to a TBF (throughput can be optimized),
according to the available radio, transmission, DSP and CPU resources,
during establishment and lifetime of TBF
Drawback
The allocation process is based on the number of PDCHs that the TBF can
be mapped on a new resource and not on the throughput the TBF will get
on these PDCHs
Consequence: in certain cases, available PDCHs will not be used for TBF
reallocation, whilst using them would have improved the TBF throughput
p.82
During the delayed release of the DL TBF, the BSS periodically sends to the MS a DL RLC data block (with a
polling request) containing a Dummy UI Command which is a LLC PDU whose checksum is deliberately
wrong. This LLC PDU is hence discarded by the LLC layer of the MS.
Sending periodically Dummy UI Commands enables the mobile station to request an UL TBF establishment in
a PACKET DL Ack/Nack message if it has data to send, and prevents defense RLC timers from expiring in the
mobile station.
If new DL LLC PDUs are received for that MS, the DL LLC PDUs can be sent immediately on the DL TBF. If
the BSS does not receive any DL LLC PDU during the inactivity period, it releases the DL TBF through the
normal TBF release procedure.
Delayed Downlink TBF release -> Total TBF release time is:
T_DELAYED_DL_TBF_REL = T_DELAYED_DL_TBF_REL_RADIO +
T_NETWORK_RESPONSE_TIME.
T_Delayed_DL_TBF_Rel = T_NETWORK_RESPONSE_TIME (= 1600ms)
= 800 ms + 700 ms (defaults) = 1500 ms if delayed DL TBF Release is enabled by
parameter EN_DELAYED_DL_TBF_REL
Advantage
no delay to start DL data transfer for new DL LLC PDUs
less signaling
throughput improved for reason: long RTT. RTT can be shortened by the
availability of an already opened TBF. This, in turn, is affect by the TBF
hold time, and the time between pings.
Drawback
waste of resources, TBF is kept open during delayed downlink time,
available USF values are limited
Rules
T3192 > MS-BSS roundtrip delay + RRBP maximum duration (120 ms)
T3192 + T_MAX_EXTENDED_UL + round_trip_delay < 5 sec
Default Values
T3192 = 1000ms when non-DRX mode is not activated
T3192 = 500ms when non-DRX mode is active
Relative Reserved Block Period : waiting time before UL emission (=> for PACCH) is allowed (cf. USF
mechanism)
RRBP : +3RB, +4RB, +5RB or +6RB (approx)
Remove 0.6 seconds, due to AGCH queuing time. So real time in non-DRX is 1.4s.
yes
GSM QoS and Interference GSM problem fixing
Tasks before GPRS
problems?
Introduction
no
yes
New Frequency plan foreseen? Implement Frequency
Plan
no
Actual GSM capacity enough to no Increase capacity
cope with GSM and GPRS traffic?
yes yes
Introduction of GPRS and
GSM QoS and Interference
Introduction
related features/settings.
problems
GPRS
needed
GPRS QoS?
no
GPRS QoS reached?
Considerable features to reach
GPRS QoS target
Measures:
Hardware : TRX upgrade, -cell and macro cell densification, site
design
Parameter: GPRS capacity and user access handling tuning
Basis: OMC-R Load measurements and GPRS customer behavior (location)
Assumption: 80% of packet data traffic is static, 20% is dynamic (driving)
The strategy is also valid for a different assumption, but this assumption is
more probable.
Two Approaches
Multiband BSS approach
Multiband cell approach
10 E-GPRS
MCS-9
60
MCS-8
MCS-7
MCS-6
50
MCS-5
MCS-4
Throughput [kbps]
MCS-3
40
MCS-2
MCS-1
30
20
10
Level [dBm]
60
MCS-9
MCS-8
50 MCS-7
Throughput [kbps]
MCS-6
MCS-5
40 MCS-4
MCS-3
MCS-2
30 MCS-1
20
10
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
C/Ico(dB)
9. PS user behaviour/distribution:
daily GPRS user profile activity (days/month):
business
22 days,
private
30 days
GPRS user profiles percentage (%), related to the total GPRS
subscriber number = 7%: 2% private and 5 % business
Geographical percentage distribution (%) of GPRS user profiles related to
morphostructure:
urban = 70% business, 50% private
rural = 30% business, 50% private
10. Number of BTS in the existing network
2000 BTSs
11. Distribution of existing BTS to morphoclasses:
1200 BTSs in urban,
800 in rural
12. Number of TRX/BTS, in accordance to morphoclass:
3*2 configuration in urban, 3*1 configuration in rural
Exception:
CS and PS busy hour not overlapping -> separate dimensioning
Reserve still sufficient capacity for CS during PS busy hour!
PS user profile service hours not overlapping
Use user profile with highest throughput demand
In our example, the service hours for PS traffic are in total 6 hours,
but from 14 to17 oclock business and private subscriber will make
data traffic at the same time
Thus the busy hours for data traffic are these 3 hours
It is also visible, that during that time, also for speech traffic a busy
time occurs
Busy hour: GPRS traffic dimensioning will be 14 to17
Speech
8 11 1314 17 20 22
Packet
Business
Private
For CS traffic:
MAX_PDCH_Group = 8 or 7
MAX_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD = 1
Network capacity for CS and PS traffic (1 TS for PS):
Conclusions:
Network is able to serve CS traffic.
One TS is necessary to handle PS traffic.
One TS is sufficient for PS traffic during the busy hour.
No CS service degradation during busy hour.
The reservation of 1 TS for PS traffic represents no service degradation for CS
traffic, since the remaining network capacity is still sufficient to handle the CS
traffic.
To guarantee a permanent PS service independent form the load situation, the
parameter Min_PDCH_GROUP was set to 1 (I.e. 1 TS/ cell is permanently
reserved for PS service and not available for CS traffic),
however Min_PDCH_GROUP = 0 is recommended (load reduction on Atermux
interface)
End of Module
EVOLIUM BSS GPRS and EGPRS