UPSC Civil Services Main 1997 - Mathematics

Calculus
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh

January 9, 2010

d 1
Question 1(a) Suppose f (x) = 17x12 124x9 + 16x3 129x2 + x 1. Determine (f )
dx
at x = 1, if it exists.

Solution. Clearly f (0) = 1 and f 0 (x) = 204x11 1116x8 + 48x2 258x + 1. Since
f 0 (0) = 1 and f 0 is continuous, there exists a neighborhood of 0 in which f 0 (x) > 0, so f is
strictly increasing in a neighborhood of 0, thus f is one-one in a neighborhood of 0.
Now we use:
Theorem: If f : (a, b) R is continuous and one-one, and f 0 (c) 6= 0 for all c (a, b),
then f 1 is differentiable at f (c) and

df 1 1
at f (c) = 0
dx f (c)

Thus,
df 1 1
at 1 = 0 =1
dx f (0)

Question 1(b) Prove that the volume of the greatest parallelopiped that can be inscribed in
x2 y 2 z 2 8abc
the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 is .
a b c 3 3
Solution. Let the sides of the parallelopiped be 2x, 2y, 2z. We have to maximize V = 8xyz
x2 y 2 z 2
subject to the conditions 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 and x > 0, y > 0, z > 0.
a b c

1
  2
y2 z2

x
Let F = 8xyz + 2 + 2 + 2 1 , where is Lagranges undetermined multiplier.
a b c
For extreme values,
F x
= 8yz + 2 =0 (i)
x a2
F y
= 8xz + 2 2 = 0 (ii)
y b
F z
= 8xy + 2 2 = 0 (iii)
z c
x (i) + y (ii) + z (iii) gives us
 2
y2 z2

x
24xyz + 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
a b c
x2 y 2 z 2 x2 x2 1
Since 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 1 we get = 12xyz. From (i) we now get 8yz24 2
yz = 0 2
=
a b c a a 3
a b c 8abc
as y > 0, z > 0. Thus x = . Similarly, y = , z = and V = . This is the
3 3 3 3 3
maximum volume.
Check:
4abc x2 y 2 z 2
 
F = 8xyz + 2 + 2 1
3 a2 b c
 2

d2 F = dx + dy + dz F
x y z
2 2
F 2 F 2 2F 2 2F 2F 2F
= (dx) + (dy) + (dz) + 2 dx dy + 2 dy dz + 2 dx dz
x2 y 2 z 2 x y y z x z
2 2 2
= 2
(dx)2 + 2 (dy)2 + 2 (dz)2 + 16(z dx dy + x dy dz + y dx dz)
a b c
2 2 2
x y z x dx y dy z dz a b c
Now since 2 + 2 + 2 1 = 0, 2 + 2 + 2 = 0, and putting x = , y = , z =
a b c a b c 3 3 3
dx dy dz dx dy dz
we get + + = 0 or = . Substituting this and the values of , x, y, z,
a b c a b c
we get
2
8abc (dx)2 (dy)2
     
2 dx dy dx dy dy dx dy dx dx dy
dF = + 2 + + 2 +2 + +2 +
3 a2 b a b ab b a b a a b
2 2
 
8abc (dx) (dy) dx dy
= 4 2 +4 2 +4
3 a b ab
 2  2 
32abc dx dy 3 dy
= + +
3 a 2b 4 b
a b c 8abc
Clearly d2 F < 0 when x = , y = , z = . Hence V = is a maximum.
3 3 3 3 3

2
Question 1(c) Show that the four asymptotes to the curve

(x2 y 2 )(y 2 4x2 ) + 6x3 5x2 y 3xy 2 + 2y 3 x2 + 3xy 1 = 0

cut the curve again in eight points which lie on a circle of radius 1.

Solution. Here 4 = (x2 y 2 )(y 2 4x2 ) and 3 = 6x3 5x2 y 3xy 2 + 2y 3 .

Thus the slopes of the asymptotes are given by 4 (m) = (1 m2 )(m2 4) = 0 m =
1, 2.
Now 3 (m) = 6 5m 3m2 + 2m3 . 3 (1) = 6 5 3 + 2 = 0, 3 (1) = 6 + 5 3 2 =
6, 3 (2) = 6 10 12 + 16 = 0, 3 (2) = 6 + 10 12 16 = 12.
04 (m) = 2m(m2 4) + 2m(1 m2 ) = 4m3 + 10m. Thus 04 (1) = 6, 04 (1) =
6, 04 (2) = 12, 04 (2) = 12.
For asymptotes y = mx + c, the constant term c is given by c04 (m) + 3 (m) = 0 c =
3 (m)
.
04 (m)
Thus m = 1 c = 0, m = 1 c = 1, m = 2 c = 0, m = 2 c = 1.
Thus the four asymptotes are y = x, y = x + 1, y = 2x, y = 2x + 1. The combined
equation of the asymptotes is

(y x)(y + x 1)(y 2x)(y + 2x 1) = 0

(y 2 x2 y + x)(y 2 4x2 y + 2x) = 0
(y 2 x2 )(y 2 4x2 ) y 3 + 4x2 y + y 2 2xy + xy 2 4x3 xy
+2x2 y 3 + x2 y + 2xy 2 2x3 = 0
(y 2 x2 )(y 2 4x2 ) 6x3 + 5x2 y + 3xy 2 2y 3 3xy + y 2 = 0

Let Pn = (y 2 x2 )(y 2 4x2 ) 6x3 + 5x2 y + 3xy 2 2y 3 3xy + y 2 . The joint equation of
the asymptotes is Pn = 0.
Now the equation of the given curve is Pn +x2 +y 2 1 = 0, thus the points of intersection
of the asymptotes and the curve must satisfy Pn = 0, Pn + x2 + y 2 1 = 0 x2 + y 2 1 = 0,
so all the intersection points must lie on the curve x2 + y 2 1 = 0, which is clearly a circle
of radius 1.
Note that any point where an asymptote cuts the circle satisfies the curve as well, so
each point where an asymptote intersects the circle is a point of intersection with the curve.
It can be easily checked that each asymptote cuts the circle twice, so there are eight points
of intersection (two of these coincide at (0, 1), so there are really only 7 distinct points of
intersection).

Question 2(a) An area bounded by a quadrant of a circle of radius a and the tangents at
its extremities revolves around one of the tangents. Find the volume thus generated.

Solution.

3
 If P is (x, y), and the circle is x2 +y 2 = a2 , (0, a)
B L
then P M = a x. P N = y.
Area AM LBA revolving around AL has P M
volume
Z Z a
2
V = (P M ) d(AM ) = (a x)2 dy
0

Using the parametric equation of x2 +y 2 = a2 O N A (a, 0)

i.e. x = a cos , y = a sin ,

Z
2
V = (a a cos )2 a cos d
0
Z
2
3
1 2 cos + cos2 cos d


= a
0   
3 1 2 3 5
= a 1 2 + = a
2 2 3 3 2

To find the surface area of the above solid of revolution, we proceed as follows:

Z Z
ds 2
S = 2 P M ds = 2 (a a cos ) d
0 d
s 
2   2
ds dx dy p
= + = a2 sin2 + a2 cos2 = a
d d d
Z
2
S = 2 (a a cos )a d
0
h i 2
= 2a2 sin = a2 ( 2)
0
Z Z
Question 2(b) Show how the change of order in the integral exy sin x dy dx leads
Z 0 0
sin x
to the evaluation of dx. Hence evaluate it.
0 x
Solution.
Z 
exy
Z  Z  Z
xy sin x
I = e
sin x dy dx = sin x dx = dx
0 0 0 x 0 0 x
Z Z 
xy
I = e sin x dx dy
0 0

4
Now
Z Z
xy xy
e sin x dx = e (y)exy cos x dx
cos x +
 Z 
xy xy xy
= e cos x y e sin x (y)e sin x dx
Z
2
(1 + y ) exy sin x dx = exy cos x yexy sin x
exy
Z
exy sin x dx = (cos x + y sin x)
1 + y2
Z
1
exy sin x dx =
0 1 + y2
as exy (cos x +
Z ysin x) 0 as x  and e Z
xy
(cos x + y sin x) 1 as x 0.

dy 1 sin x
Thus I = 2
= tan y = , hence dx =
0 1+y 0 2 0 x 2

Question 2(c) Show that

1
(n)(n + ) = 2n1 (2n), n > 0
2 2
Solution. We consider the well known identity
Z 1 Z
(m)(n) m1 n1
2
B(m, n) = = x (1 x) dx = 2 sin2m1 cos2n1 d (1)
(m + n) 0 0

on substituting x = sin2 .
Put n = 21 in (1). We get

(m)( 12 )
Z
2
=2 sin2m1 d
(m + 12 ) 0

Put m = n in (1). We get

Z
((m))2 2
= 2 (sin cos )2m1 d
(2m) 0
Z
2 2
= 2m1 (sin 2)2m1 d
2 0
Z Z
1 2m1 1 2
= 2m2 (sin ) d = 2m1 (sin )2m1 d
2 0 2 0

Thus
(m)( 12 ) ((m))2 2m1
= 2
(m + 12 ) (2m)

5
or
1
(m)(m + ) = 2m1 (2m)
2 2
as required.

Paper II

a2 b 2 c 2
ZZZ
Question 3(a) Show that xyz dx dy dz = where the domain D is given by
D 6
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 1.
a2 b c
Solution. Note: There seems to be a misprint in this question the integral
as given is actually 0. This is because the integrand is an odd function of x, y, z,
and the domain of integration is symmetric about the origin. We will compute
the integral for the positive octant only.
x2 y2 z2 a du b dv c dw
Put 2 = u, 2 = v, 2 = w so that dx = , dy = , dz = and the positive
a b c 2 u 2 v 2 w
octant of D is transformed to u + v + w 1, u 0, u 0, v 0, w 0.
The given integral is thus transformed into
ZZZ
1 1 1 abc 1 1 1
I = abc u 2 v 2 w 2 u 2 v 2 w 2 du dv dw
u+v+w1 8
u0,v0,w0
a2 b2 c2 1 1u 1uv
Z Z Z
= dw dv du
8 0 0 0
a2 b2 c2 1 1u
Z Z
= (1 u v) dv du
8 0 0
a2 b 2 c 2 1 h (1 u)2 i
Z
= (1 u) u(1 u) du
8 0 2
a2 b 2 c 2 1 a2 b2 c2
Z
= (1 u)2 du =
16 0 48

a2 b 2 c 2
ZZZ
In fact, this shows that |xyz| dx dy dz = .
D 6
1
Question 3(b) If u = sin1 (x2 + y 2 ) 5 , prove that

2u 2u 2
2 u 2
x2 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= tan u(2 tan2 u 3)
x x y y 25

6
 Solution. If f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n possessing continuous partial
derivatives of degree 2, then by the result from 2006, question 2(b), we have

2f 2f 2
2 f
x2 + 2xy + y = n(n 1)f
x2 x y y 2
1
Let v = sin u = (x2 + y 2 ) 5 , then v is homogeneous of degree 25 and therefore by the above
theorem,
2
2v 2
 
2 v 2 v 2 2
x + 2xy +y = 1 v
x2 x y y 2 5 5
v
Now v = sin u, x = cos u u , v = cos u u
x y y
and
 2
2v u 2u
= sin u + cos u
x2 x x2
2
2v 2u
 
u
= sin u + cos u
y 2 y y 2
2v 2u
  
u u
= sin u + cos u
x y x y x y

Substituting these in the above result, we have

2
  2  2 
2u 2
    
2 u 2 u 2 u u u 2 u 6
cos u x 2
+2xy +y 2
sin u x +2xy +y = sin u
x x y y x x y y 25
or 2
2
2u 2

2u 2 u 6 u u
x + 2xy +y = tan u + tan u x +y
x2 x y y 2 25 x y
But
u u v v 2 2
x cos u + y cos u =x +y = v = sin u
x y x y 5 5
therefore
2u 2u 2
2 u 6 4 2
x2 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= tan u + tan3
u = tan u(2 tan2 u 3)
x x y y 25 25 25
as required.