VISUAL ACUITY

Def: Measurement of the resolving power of the eye, including its ability to dis
tinguish letters and numbers to a given distance.
Visual Acuity
The ability of an eye to perceive objects. Visual acuity is determined by the fu
nction macular area of greater differentiation of the retina. It requires the pr
oper functioning of the entire visual system: visual field.
Normal Vision
The optical system, consisting of the different structures of the eyeball (retin
a, lens and vitreous humor), deflects the light rays incident (the images we see
) these are focused exactly on the retina, usually the focus of the best visual
acuity.

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Refraction.
The diversion of incident light rays is called: Refraction and is measured in di
opters. A proper refraction will see clear images and normal.
Anomalies of visual acuity.
These anomalies, called refractive errors (or ametropia) are, in order of freque
ncy: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
Visual Acuity
AV by far in adults and school children
About certain posters are used. AV is considered the row of smaller letters or f
igures that can distinguish the paciante prederterminada seated at a distance
Snell Letters
Visual acuity for near vision
It is a reading, at a distance of 33cm normal reading position is with arms at r
ight angles. If you wear glasses the test is done with them the AV paragraph let
ter is smaller than the patient can distinguish. using the scale of the result J
aeger Jaeger noted as I, II, III or VII
Jaeger Primer
Visual acuity and multiple pinhole pinhole
By taking the VA with this instrument refractive error vanishes. If a patient ha
s low visual acuity with pinhole agujeo would be determined as if he had a corre
ction with glasses. If the VA does not improve the defect is not only refractive
but tmb is a pathology of the fundus or n. Optical.
And multiple pinhole pinhole
Visual acuity color vision
Terminology is used to name the colors: red Deut Protan Tritan Blue Green
Yellow Tetra The partial deficit are anomalies anopia The total deficit
Refractive Errors
Emmetropia: absence of refractive error
Ametropia: presence of refractive error
Presbyopia
Loss of accommodation that occurs with aging. This is because:
Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens of the lens curvature Loss Loss of ci
liary muscle force
Presbyopia
Inability to read small nearby objects or discriminate about 44-46 years of age
worse in low light intensity, temrapno in the morning or end the day feeling sle
epy when reading symptoms increase until about 55 years old when
Presbyopia
Is corrected with lenses to compensate for loss of crystal glasses for reading (
with wide open eyes) bifocal lenses (for reading and distance) Trifocal Lenses (
third sup, med e inf)
Presbyopia
MYOPIA
Myopia is a refractive error. In a myopic eye focuses the image in front of the
retina, this causes difficulty seeing distant objects
Causes may be caused by the eyeball is too long or because the lens has a focal
length too short
Epidemiology
Myopia usually develops during childhood and adolescence as the eye grows, makin
g an exaggerated. It is usually at school age when it becomes apparent poor dist
ance vision
Epidemiology is equally affect men and women
There seems to be a familial predisposition
Clinical Picture
Poor distance vision but good near vision. Blurred vision of distant objects ocu
lar Tension Headache Increased number of facial wrinkles (pinhole effect)
Diagnosis
Visual acuity both at distance (Snellen) and near (Jaeger) Refraction test to de
termine the correct prescription for glasses for color blindness test to check f
or color blindness tests the muscles that move the eye intraocular pressure meas
urement, retinal exam
Treatment
Glasses Advantages: It has no effect on the eye Disadvantages: Aesthetics, sport
s, occupation, activities, etc.
Treatment
Contact Lenses Advantages: Best corrected visual spectacles, aesthetics, etc. Di
sadvantages: Intolerance, corneal ulcers and infections
Treatment
LASIK surgery permanently changes the shape of the cornea by removing corneal ti
ssue precisely in order to correct the shape and achieve a better approach.
Treatment
It measures the curvature of the cornea and the size and position of the pupils.
 Also measured the thickness of the cornea (to ensure there is enough tissue onc
e the cornea is cut and given new shape).
Hyperopia
Is difficulty seeing near objects. It's a defect of the eye in which it is small
er than normal and is usually congenital. It occurs when the visual images do no
t focus directly on the retina, but behind it
Symptoms
Blurred vision of close objects eyestrain headache eye pain while reading strabi
smus (crossed eyes) in children
Examinations
Refraction visual acuity test glaucoma eye movements slit lamp examination of th
e retina
Treatment
Farsightedness is easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses and surgical t
echniques to correct those who do not wish to use these elements.
Latent hyperopia
Gets clear retinal image by accommodation is the degree of farsightedness that i
s overcome by accommodation is detected by refraction ventilation depsués cyclop
legic drops
MO ASTIGMATIS
ASTIGMATISM
Astigmatism is a problem in the curvature of the cornea, which prevents the clea
r focus of objects near and far. This is because the cornea, instead of being ro
und, flattens at the poles and appear different radii of curvature in each of th
e principal axes. So when light falls through the cornea, you get distorted imag
es.
NORMAL VISION
ASTIGMATISM
ETIOLOGY
The root cause may be hereditary, although in some cases may occur after a corne
al transplant or cataract surgery. The ordinary causes are abnormalities in the
shape of the cornea.
TYPES
When the principal meridians are at right angles, and the axles are within 20gra
dos horizontal and vertical, the astigmatism is divided into: ASTIGMATISM RULE:
in which the greater refractive power is in the vertical meridian. + In young AS
TIGMATISM AGAINST RULE: in which the greater refractive power is in the horizont
al meridian. + In elderly
TYPES
Oblique astigmatism is regular astigmatism in which the principal meridians are
not within 20 degrees of horizontal and vertical. Irregular Astigmatism: the ori
entation of the principal meridians travez changes of the pupillary aperture.
SYMPTOMS
The most common symptom of astigmatism is the perception of distorted images. It
can cause headaches or eye discomfort because the eye tries to compensate for t
he defect with accommodation, resulting in muscle strain addition, depending on
age, amount and type of astigmatism symptoms may be different, and sometimes not
 affect vision.
TREATMENT
Cylindrical lens, usually combined with spherical lenses. Contact lenses, even i
f they cause a unit to use, besides requiring hygiene and maintenance that some
people find it impractical.
Laser surgery corrects astigmatism and glasses and contact lenses, and free from
dependence on other methods of correction. However, the economic cost is higher
, and carries some risk during surgery
PROCESSING
Refractive surgery is a series of surgical procedures consisting of different te
chniques that allow patients using permanently glasses or contact lenses, stop d
oing so immediately. Refractive surgery is an intervention without pain. This is
possible through the use of Lasers in operations performed under local anesthes
ia, non-lethal methods and a stay in the operating room just five minutes. The p
atient is removed to see normally. .
TREATMENT
During the brief surgery, the patient must be calm and you will not feel any pai
n. Should be staring at a light when prompted and you will hear a faint sound pr
oduced by the laser. Upon completion of the operation, which only takes about 30
seconds, you see normally.
FACT: The brain is able to adapt to visual distortion AN ERROR CORRECTED astigma
tism, the glasses do not correct the AN ERROR might cause temporary disorientati
on, PARTICULARLY IN AN APPARENT BIAS OF THE IMAGES ...
Anisometropia
Difference in refraction between the eyes, with the resulting difference in rank
ing may be presented in three different conditions: - uniocular ametropia - bino
cular refractive error of the same type but different degree and - different typ
es of binocular refractive error etiology. congenital, secondary to eye damage a
nd the correction of ametropia can trigger or exacerbate the anisometropia.
Cause amblyopia,€because the eyes are arranged independently and the more hypero
pic eye is chronically blurred vision correction is complicated by the differenc
e in size of retinal images (aniseikonia) and oculomotor imbalance due to the di
fferent degree of correction lenses
When the difference in strength is greater than 2 diopters is considered high an
isometropia CC: very good vision, or amblyopia, headache specially marked one of
the two sides, one eye more irritated than the other treatment: correction - Ey
e Occlusion less defect to compensate for the correction - glasses (unlike retin
al image size of 25%) - Contact Lenses (size difference of 6%) - Intraocular len
ses (difference <1%)
GLASSES
Safest method of refractive correction was made in the form of meniscus lean for
ward
CONTACT LENSES
Rigid lenses: gas-permeable, cellulose acetate butyrate, silicone or polymers ar
e used for correcting the refraction: changing the curvature of the anterior sur
face of the eye refractive power "back of the curvature of the lens-hard core (d
epends on material) -* difference between its front and rear curvature
Are selected according to corneal curvature, keratometry or trial settings front
 curvature is calculated based on the results of over-refraction with trial lens
es or glasses refraction of the patient corrected for the corneal plane
Soft lenses: plastic made from hydrogel, adapt to the shape of the cornea refrac
tive power, "the curvature difference between front and rear
INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Made of polymethylmethacrylate and loops (haptic) of the same material or polypr
opylene. • Developing hydrogel foldable lenses made of plastic to reduce the wou
nd to remove the cataract • The safest position for your lens is inside the caps
ular bag apparently
Determination of the need for intraocular lens: an empirical method: IOL power =
A - 2.5L - 0.9KA - constant for the particular lens K - average keratometer rea
ding L - axial length in millimeters