Logical Functions

Logical Functions and
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Rate of Change
Selection Structures
Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour
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Chapter 8
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MATLAB for Engineers 3E, by Holly Moore. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Rate of Change
Objectives
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After studying this chapter you
should be able to:
Understand how MATLAB interprets
relational and logical operators
100
200 Use the find function

Understand the appropriate uses of the if/else
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
family of commands
Understand the switch/case structure
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
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Rate of Change Structures
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Sequence
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Selection Sequence Selection Repetition (Loop)
Repetition
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200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change
8.1 Relational and Logical Operators
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Sequence and Repetition

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structures require comparisons to

work
100
200
Relational operators make those
300
400
comparisons
Logical operators allow us to
500
100 200 300 400 500
combine the comparisons
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Rate of Change Relational Operators
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< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
100
200 >= Greater than or equal to

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
Comparisons are either true
or false
Rate of Change
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Most computer programs use the

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number 1 for true and 0 for false
100
200
300
The results of a comparison are used in
selection structures and repetition
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
structures to make choices
MATLAB compares corresponding
elements and determines if the
result is true or false for each
Rate of Change
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In order for MATLAB to decide a
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Rate of Change
comparison is true for an entire

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matrix, it must be true for every

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element in the matrix
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200
300
400
500
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Rate of Change Logical Operators
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& and
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~ not
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| or
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300
xor exclusive or
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Rate of Change
8.2 Flow Charts and Pseudo-Code
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As you write more complicated

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programs it becomes more and

more important to plan your code
100
before you write it
Flow charts graphical approach
200
300
400
Pseudo-code verbal description

500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change Pseudo-code
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Outline a set of statements

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describing the steps you will take

to solve a problem
100
Convert these steps into
200
300
comments in an M-file
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Insert the appropriate MATLAB
code into the file between the
comment lines
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Rate of Change Pseudo-code Example
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Youve been asked to create a

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program to convert miles/hr to ft/s.

The output should be a table,
100
complete with title and column
headings
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change Outline the steps
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Define a vector of mph values

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Convert mph to ft/s

Combine the mph and ft/s vectors
100
200
into a matrix
Create a table title
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Create column headings

Display the table
Convert the steps to M-file
comments
Rate of Change
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200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Insert the MATLAB code
between the comments
Rate of Change
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Rate of Change Flow Charting
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Especially appropriate for more

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complicated programs
Create a big picture graphically
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Convert to pseudo-code
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500
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Rate of Change
Simple Flow Chart Symbols
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An oval indicates the

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beginning of a section of
code
A parallelogram indicates
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an input or output
A diamond indicates a
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300
decision point
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500
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Calculations are placed

in rectangles
Start
Rate of Change
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Define a vector
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of miles/hour
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Calculate the
time, hour
ft/sec vector
This flowchart
Combine into a represents the
100
table mph to ft/s
200
Create an output
problem
300
400
table using disp
500
100 200 300 400 500
and fprintf
End
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Rate of Change 8.3 Logical Functions
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MATLAB offers traditional

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programming selection structures

if
100
if/else
200
300
switch/case
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
And a series of logical functions
that perform many of the same
tasks
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Rate of Change find
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The find command searches a

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matrix and identifies which

elements in that matrix meet a
100
given criteria.
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500
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Rate of Change For example
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The US Naval Academy requires

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applicants to be at least 56 tall

Consider this list of applicant
100
200
heights
300
400
63, 67, 65, 72, 69, 78, 75
Which applicants meet the
500
100 200 300 400 500
criteria?
The find function returns the index number
Rate of Change
for elements that meet a criteria
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time, hour
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200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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index numbers
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200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
element values
Rate of Change
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200
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index numbers
You could use the disp and fprintf
functions in this program to create a
Rate of Change
more readable report

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500
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Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
You could also make a table of those who
do not meet the height requirement
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
By combining relational and logical
operators you can create fairly
Rate of Change
complicated search criteria

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Assume applicants must be at

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least 18 years old and less than

35 years old
100
200
They must also meet the height
300
400
requirement
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change Applicant pool
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Height Age
time, hour
Inches years
63 18
67 19
100 65 18
72 20
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
69 36
78 34
75 12
Lets use Pseudo-code to
plan this program
Rate of Change
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Create a 7x2 matrix of applicant

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height and age information

Use the find command to
100
200
determine which applicants are
300
400
eligible
Use fprintf to create a table of
500
100 200 300 400 500
results
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200 This is the M-file program to determine who is eligible

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
Because we didnt suppress all the

100
200
output, the intermediate calculations
300
were sent to the command window
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
The find command can
return either
Rate of Change
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A single index number identifying an

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element in a matrix
A matrix of the row numbers and the
column numbers identifying an
100
200 element in a matrix

You need to specify two results if you want
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
the row and column designation
[row, col] = find( criteria)
Imagine you have a matrix of
patient temperature values
Rate of Change
measured in a clinic
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Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

time, hour
95.3 100.2 98.6
97.4 99.2 98.9

100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 100.1 99.3 97
Use the find command to determine
which patients have elevated
Rate of Change
temperatures
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 1 4
These elements refer7to the single
2 index number
5 identification
8 scheme
3 6 9
If we want the row and
column
Rate of Change
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time, hour
1,1 1,2 1,3

2,1 2,2 2,3
100
200
3,1 3,2 3,3
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
Using fprintf we can create a

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
more readable report
Flow charting and Pseudo-
code for find Commands
Rate of Change
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Start %Define a vector of x values

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x=[1,2,3; 10, 5,1; 12,3,2;8, 3,1]

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time, hour
Define a vector of x
values %Find the index numbers of the values in %x
>9
Find the index numbers in the x
matrix for values greater than 9
element = find(x>9)
%Use the index numbers to find the x
100
Use the index numbers to %values greater than 9 by plugging them
find the x values %into x
200
300 values = x(element)

400 Create an output % Create an output table
table using disp
500
100 200 300 400 500
and fprintf disp('Elements greater than 9')
disp('Element # Value')
End
fprintf('%8.0f %3.0f \n', [element';values'])
Rate of Change
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200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change
8.4 Selection Structures
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Most of the time the find function

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should be used instead of an if

However, there are certain
100
200
situations where if is the
300
400
appropriate process to use
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change Simple if
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if comparison
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time, hour
statements
end
100
For example.
if G<50
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
disp(G is a small value equal to:)
disp(G);
end
Rate of Change
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0
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change If statements
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Easy to interpret for scalars

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time, hour
What does an if statement mean

if the comparison includes a
100
200
matrix?
300
400
The comparison is only true if it is
500
100 200 300 400 500
true for every member of the array
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Rate of Change Consider this bit of code
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G=[30,55,10]
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time, hour
if G<50
disp(G is a small value equal to:)
100
disp(G);
200
300
400
end
500
100 200 300 400 500
The code inside the if statement is
not executed, because the
comparison is not true!!
Rate of Change
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0
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time, hour
This statement is
false because at
least one of the
100
elements in G has
200
a value >= 50
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 Therefore the code
inside the if statement
does not execute.
Rate of Change
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This statement is
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-0.5
;
true because all of
0
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time, hour
the elements in G
are < 70
100
200
300
The output would have
400
been cleaner if we had
500
100 200 300 400 500
suppressed line 1 by
adding a semicolon to
the code.
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Rate of Change The if/else structure
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-1.5
The simple if triggers the execution of

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time, hour
a block of code if a condition is true

If it is false that block of code is
skipped, and the program continues
100
200 without doing anything

300
400
500
What if instead you want to execute an
alternate set of code if the condition is
100 200 300 400 500
false?
Flow chart of an if/else
structure
Rate of Change
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-0.5
True False
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Comparison
100 Block of code to Block of code to

200
excute if the excute if the
300
comparison is true comparison is false

400
500
100 200 300 400 500
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Use an if structure to
calculate a natural log
Rate of Change
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Check to see if the input is

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0
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time, hour
positive
If it is, calculate the natural log
100
If it isnt, send an error message to
the screen
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change M-file Program
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Interactions in the Command
Window
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change The if/else/elseif structure
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Use the elseif for multiple

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time, hour
selection criteria
For example
100
200
Write a program to determine if an
300
400
applicant is eligible to drive
500
100 200 300 400 500
Start
Sorry
Rate of Change
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-4
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if age<16 True Youll have
-3
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-1.5
to wait
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
elseif
time, hour
You may
age<18 True
have a youth
license
elseif
True You may have a

100
age<70 standard license
200
300
else
400
Drivers over 70
500
100 200 300 400 500 require a
special license
End
Rate of Change
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-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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-4.5
Always test your

-4
-3.5
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-2.5
programs making
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-1.5
-1
-0.5
sure that youve

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
covered all the

possible calculational
paths
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change As a general rule
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-3.5
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
If structures work well for scalars

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-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
For vectors or arrays use a find

function or..
100
200
Combine if structures with a
300
400
repetition structure
Repetition structures are
500
100 200 300 400 500
introduced in the next chapter

-5
Rate of Change switch/case
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
This structure is an alternative to the

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
if/else/elseif structure
The code is generally easier to read
100
This structure allows you to choose
200
300
between multiple outcomes, based on
400
500
some criterion, which must be exactly
true
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change When to use switch/case
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-3.5
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
The criterion can be either a

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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
scalar (a number) or a string.

In practice, it is used more with
100
200
strings than with numbers.
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change
The structure of switch/case
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
switch variable
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
case option1
code to be executed if variable is exactly
equal to option 1
case option2
equal to option 2
100

200
case option_n
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
equal to option n
otherwise
code to be executed if variable is not
equal to any of the options
end
Suppose you want to
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Rate of Change
determine what the airfare is
-4.5
to one of three cities

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-2.5
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-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
RememberYou tell the

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-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
input command to expect a

string by adding s in the
100
200
300
second field.
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Menu
-4.5
-4
-3.5
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
The menu function is often used

-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
in conjunction with a switch/case

structure.
100
200
This function causes a menu box
300
400
to appear on the screen with a
500
100 200 300 400 500
series of buttons defined by the
programmer.
input = menu(Message to the user,text for button 1,text for button 2, etc)
Rate of Change
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-4.5
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
Because the input is controlled by

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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
a menu box, the user cant

accidentally enter a bad choice
100
200
This means you dont need the
300
400
otherwise portion of the
500
100 200 300 400 500
switch/case structure
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Note that the otherwise portion of the
switch/case structure wasnt used
When you run this code a
menu box appears
Rate of Change
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-4.5
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-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Instead of entering
your choice from
the command
window, you select
one of the buttons
from the menu
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change If I select Honolulu
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Summary
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Sections of computer code can be

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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
categorized as
sequences
100
selection structures
200
300
400
repetition structures
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Summary Sequence
-4.5
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-3.5
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
Sequences are lists of instructions

-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
that are executed in order
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Summary Selection
Structure
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
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-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Selection structures allow the

-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
programmer to define criteria

(conditional statements) which
100
the program uses to choose
execution paths
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Summary Repetition
Structures
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Repetition structures define loops

-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
where a sequence of instructions

is repeated until some criterion is
100
met (also defined by conditional
statements).
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Summary Relational
Operators
Rate of Change
-5
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-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
MATLAB uses the standard

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
mathematical relational operators

<
100
<=
200
300
>
400
>=
500
Recall that = is the assignment operator, and

100 200 300 400 500
== can not be used for comparisons

~=
Summary Logical
Operators
Rate of Change
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-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
MATLAB uses the standard

-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
logical operators
&& and
100
|| or
200
300
400
~ not
500
100 200 300 400 500
xor exclusive or
Summary Logical
Functions
Rate of Change
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-4.5
-4
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
The find command is unique to

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
MATLAB, and should be the primary

logical function used in your
programming
It allows the user to specify a condition
100
200
using both logical and relational

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
operators, which is then used to

identify elements of a matrix that meet
the condition.
-5
Rate of Change Summary if family
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
The family of if structures allows

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
the programmer to identify

alternate computing paths
dependent upon the results of
conditional statements.
100
200
if
300
400
else
500
100 200 300 400 500
elseif
-5
Rate of Change Summary switch/case
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Similar to the if/elseif/else

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
structure
Commonly used with menu
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500

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Logical Functions and

200 Use the find function

Selection Sequence Selection Repetition (Loop)

Sequence and Repetition

structures require comparisons to

combine the comparisons

200 >= Greater than or equal to

Most computer programs use the

number 1 for true and 0 for false

structures to make choices

comparison is true for an entire

matrix, it must be true for every

element in the matrix

As you write more complicated

programs it becomes more and

Pseudo-code verbal description

Outline a set of statements

describing the steps you will take

Youve been asked to create a

program to convert miles/hr to ft/s.

Define a vector of mph values

Convert mph to ft/s

Create column headings

Especially appropriate for more

An oval indicates the

Calculations are placed

MATLAB offers traditional

programming selection structures

The find command searches a

matrix and identifies which

The US Naval Academy requires

applicants to be at least 56 tall

more readable report

complicated search criteria

Assume applicants must be at

least 18 years old and less than

Create a 7x2 matrix of applicant

height and age information

200 This is the M-file program to determine who is eligible

Because we didnt suppress all the

A single index number identifying an

200 element in a matrix

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

95.3 100.2 98.6

97.4 99.2 98.9

1,1 1,2 1,3

Using fprintf we can create a

more readable report

Start %Define a vector of x values

x=[1,2,3; 10, 5,1; 12,3,2;8, 3,1]

300 values = x(element)

Most of the time the find function

should be used instead of an if

Easy to interpret for scalars

What does an if statement mean

The simple if triggers the execution of

a block of code if a condition is true

200 without doing anything

100 Block of code to Block of code to

comparison is true comparison is false

Check to see if the input is

Use the elseif for multiple

True You may have a

Always test your