Cambridge University Press

978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference

and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers
C- 2 A 8
/ O7  9-
/ - 97 
 7 C

Distribution

8< #8<:
2#9/ 
C!; /  / 9 2 

K  $
    P!
-    
 2 
/

-  ,     7

 
 
 lingua franca - 
'&       2   #  /
 B -

 
 

Introduction

9
    PE
 C    !%/
 



-   .
/ 
/ C  
 7  
 !

    #

  .
/      /  
 
B -  H.
 8 
  
  

B
 
   
   #
 
.
 8 
   - 
    - 
 
  "    
  8 7  /
   
 /

  7-  8
 
%

 
 7-/   
   -    /
   #
  .

9  
  
 
- / - 7 -
%
  
  
   
/  9



 

-  /  
   -/  -   


Phonology

General

8 9  

  
-

 -
 /



 9   - 7
 
 B 


    
 



- 
- 

   
   9/ 

'

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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

  
  
   7-  - ; 7
 

 9  7  
   9   
 3
 97    B 

  
 
   
    7
3 dock  dog/ leaf  leave/ 
 2     /    
   




 0    r 7  
 
 

Vowels

i: I e { eK aI OI
A: O: U aU @U I@
u: z3 @ e@ U@ aI@
aU@

 
7 G 7
  G 7
 9/ 

    7     
 
 B-/

 

-
  
 ;
 
-

 
 .   
/
 
' 9    
      / 4I4 -  
 
 P   
   
  sit  seat / 
  P  
   
  sit  set 
  9 4e4

  
 4e4  4{4 8



 
     P   
  set  sat  then
 than / 
 -
 9 
 7 
   4{4
* - 
 
 4A:4 7-  K  -


   4O:4 P 
 7-  /    

  
  part  port
+ 44 and 44 -   
 
/    
   

  not  nut  

- 
  44   
4@4
& 9

B 
 4O:4  4@U4  B/  - 

 
  caught  coat
, 9 
 G 7  4U4/ 
 book ! -  
   44 P  
  look  luck/  " /
   4u:4 P  pool
   pull 
( 4z:4 P
 heard/ turn

-     %  -
9 


Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

Consonants

p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n l r j w h

 
7 G 7
  G 7
 9/ 

    7     
 
 B-/

 

-
  
 ;
 
-

 
 .   
/
 
' 8 
PH7  

4b4/ 4d4/ 4v4/ 4D4/ 4z4/ 4Z4  4dZ4 
    
 
 9

   
-   
PH7  
3 Bop  BobK set  saidK
leaf  leaveK cloth  clotheK rice  riseK `beish'  beigeK larch
 large P 
 

      
 
   
   7
 7   7  


 !  
 
 
/ / - # 9 

 4f4 
  4v4/ 4s4 
  4z4/  4S4 
  4Z43
le  vileK sue  zooK `mesher'  measure
* 9 
  4g4 
 get

  
   4k4/
   7 4"4 P
 
 loch /  
7  G 7 4[4
+ 4p4/ 4t4  4k4   
           9K

  
    4b4/ 4d4  4g43 bay  payK
den  tenK goat  coat
& 4tS4
   4S4  4dZ4  4Z4 P 4S4 3 shop  chopK
4Z{m4 or sham  jam
, 4T4

-  4s4  4t43 sank  tank  thank 4D4


-  4z4  4d43 zen  den  then
( # 9

-  4s4    4S43 sheet 
seat
1

-  4w4      /    

  4v43 vile  while
) 9 4r4 "  
   7 -K    7

  

 4r4
'$ 9 
7  H 4l4
7- H/     
      
/ 
 -  4i:4/ 4I4  4e4
 9 
7 H 4l4  7
/  


H 4l4

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

'' 4h4      

      
 
 7 
  3 -   4"4%    7

Consonant clusters


 

     B  9

 

- 
 4@4  4l4     

3 `llum'  lmK
`millock'  milk

Influence of spelling on pronunciation

' 8 9
-
 
  7
  

 -

 



7   B-   

%
    

   
  


     r 7  
/   


 -     
  
 

* 9    4g4/     ng
-
 44 
9 8

 
  
  nger/ hunger/ 
+ 7 7- 7 
     o  
 
front  mother 
44 
  44
& 8 
u  w  
  caught  saw  -


 
  4@U4% 
 
  4O:4
, .  -w
  
4w43 how  4haUw4K saw
 4sO:w4K draw  4drO:w4/ 
(

     
 
 
  knot/
gnaw/ comb/ bomb/ half/ sword/ psychiatrist/ 

Stress

9  





 


 G 

  8 
 
/ 
' 9 
- 7


  B
 / "  
 

"   "

  
 < * appletart
 apple tart P9 appeltaart 
 9



 

 
"  7  
"   
  -/ 
 con vict P7 7
convict P  8

7

7-    



 -


* 9 
 7 
-  


/  
 


 

- -

  7



  and/
but/ than/ / 

 


Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

Intonation

9   7

        

8 9   
    7-    

 
   




-      
7     7  
  


Juncture and assimilation

' 9 

 7 B 7 
    7 




 7 G  B 4b4/ 4d4/ 4g4/ 4v4/ 4D4/ 4z4/ 4Z4  4dZ4
 
      7    "   
  
7 
 7
-/ 9 %B 7 

 
  7           7 
  
7 8

 
 
 . "3
Dad comes  `Dat comess'
if it is Tom  `iv id iss Tom'
this is Kate  `thiz iss Kate'
back door  `bag door'
 ! 9/ 
G     
 
 



-   3
sharp pins  `sharpins'
hard times  `hartimes'

Punctuation

9 
   
  7  7 

K  


 3
LThe concern they show, is by no means exaggerated.

-  
    

3
LThis is somewhat surprising, as they are forbidden in Dutch
too, they nevertheless occur regularly.
Q  
     
3
L I am thirsty,'' he said.
''
27  
 -   
      
 
-  -  
3  Mr  Mrs/ 7  "
 -
    
 
 2 ie     i.e -  


E 
 " 
/ 9 
   
 /
    - / 7  -    

  - 
 P marketinginformatiesysteem  8



 
  *marathonrunner/ *satellitechannel.

&

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

Grammar

General

8- -
 /  9   
 
   -
 
  C E 
7 - 
 

CK 9
  
  /      

7- -

C    
<7/ 9
  7 -  C 2    
  %
 B  
/ 
- 

 
 

-
 8 M 
-

 7-
K  
7
 
 
7 H

K   -    
 

F 7

Interrogative and negative structures

' 9 
 do%
 ! 7
  -

7
K  7
-   niet PR not   7  
 B
 %B  7 3
LWhat mean you?
LThank you, I smoke not.
LI have her yesterday not seen.
 0
 %
   G
 

  9 P

7
  *  H: 7 
/
  & /  
 
 "  - ! 
    9

  %
-  Who are you talking to? 
  To whom are you
talking?/ 
  
  
   

   

* 9 

 7 7 
      G 7 
where  
 G
 
  
P
 
 H: 7 
 
8- 
  
  
  
 %
 / 


    where   
  3
LWhere are you thinking of? P What are you thinking of?
LWhere do you need that for?
+ Q
 
  7
  7      9 8

 

  
/     
/

G -   Are there no theatres open in London?


  

Tags, short answers and reply questions

9 
 
      
 G
  K

  

 
 7
3

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

LShe is your best friend, eh? / or not? P She is your best friend,
isn't she?
;  9/ 
 
G     B"
F%
%"  -

   G  7
  " 8 7%



  9
 -
 
 7  

 


/ 

7

 


`Are you coming with us?' `Yes.' P `Yes, I am.'
`Your glass is empty.' `Oh, yes.' P `So it is.'
`They never listen to good advice.' `No.' P `No, they don't.' 
`No, they don't, do they?'
`You can't speak without a regional accent.' `Yes!' P `Yes, I
can.'  `But I can.'

Auxiliaries

8   7 
%/  9 
 
/
hebben
PR have  <7/ zijn PR be

     

 zijn/ 
blijven PR remain/ stay    
 7 %%

7
3
LHe is been here, but he isn't stayed long.
LHe is left ten minutes ago.
8 9    

7 7 
worden PR become  

 

K 7/    

9 




 zijn PR be  
 9   
 
zijn 


 
/          
 7 / / the
report is published/
  
   -    
 

7 
  the report has been published 8  
%
 -  "
/  
/  
 
  the article is
written in a racy style/  

 7     *the article
is translated by John 8
-  

7- 

/ 7  

   - 7 


Time, tense and aspect

A. Past time
8    
 7 9  
   
 
   

/         8 
  

 7
-/ 9  
  
 
  
  
 

 3
LI have seen him yesterday.
LAll my nineteenth-century ancestors have lived here.

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

LSince I made my report last year, there was a steady improve-

ment in the company's trading position.

B. Present time
8 "

   

   

   / 9
- 

 
 
/   
 3
LI know him for ve years.
LI live in Amsterdam since I was a child.

C. Future time
' 7  9 
  
     "  -
P- G 7   shall/will   
 /   


 
 
     3
LI promise I give it to him tomorrow.
 8 "

   
   
  7 
/ 9
 


   7 
 
3
LIn 2015 I will work here for 17 years.
LTomorrow I work here for ve years already.
* 9  - 
    

   3
LHe'll be an old man when he'll get out of jail.

D. Aspect
9 
 7 

7 7 
3
LI lived in London at that point in my life.
LI have a lot of trouble with John at the moment.
H0

7  
 7  "

/  

-/ - 

    F 7
 7
3
LWhat were you busy with yesterday? P What were you doing
yesterday?
LYou've worked on this non-stop this last week, eh?
  
7
  
 

73
LThe house is belonging to my father.

Conditionals

' 8  


 
  
  
  7 

  9

    
 
   
K 
  G 7
   
 
/ 9 


  shall/should/would  

/  
 

 
"  7
    
 < 

 3

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

LIf I shall see him, I shall tell him.

LIf you would know him, you wouldn't P 7 didn't say such
things.
LIf he would have worked harder, he had succeeded.
 !
  9  
  7 dan PR then    

      
 3
S
LIf you see him tomorrow, will you then tell him I won't be at
home next week?
S
LHad I known in time, then I would have come along.

Modal verbs

=  /  9  


-

  7


  3
' 
 must
 7-   9 moeten PR must/ have to/ be
to K   G 
  must  

   
3
LWhen must you take up your new appointment? P When are
you to . . .?
LIn Venice people must go everywhere by boat P . . . have to
...
8  7 moest niet 
should not/ ought not to3
LYou mustn't smoke too much, if I may say so
 
 B-/ 
-  must    G 7  
9 
 
 moest PR had to  was to 
LI must go to London yesterday.
LThe wedding must have taken place yesterday, but it was
postponed.
* !  9 moet niet 
don't have to/ needn't/ 

 -    must not3

LParking here is free today so you mustn't pay
+ 9 kan P B  7 kunnen 
 -
 

  -K 

 G 7  

 may/might 
  


3
LIt can rain tonight: don't forget your umbrella.
LI can have told you already
& 8 
 
  9 kunnen/ kon P
 4 konden P / 
    -/ 
-  
     -3  

7 -


    "

 -    7 

-    7 7 9


-  

- 
3
LYesterday he could just catch the 7 o'clock train P . . . was
able to catch   
, 0



-
    9 - 
 

Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-77939-5 - Learner English, Second Edition: A Teachers Guide to Interference
and other Problems
Michael Swan and Bernard Smith
Excerpt
More information

Dutch speakers

 mag P B  7 mogen / 7   


/  


 7
 may  7  can 
 might 
  

 
  mag/  
mocht P R could/ was allowed to 3
LShe might go out every night when she was sixteen
( 9 zou 

7    
/ -       
"

 -   * 

 should3
LThey did not know they should never see each other again P
. . . would never see . . .  . . . were never to see . . .: 
 -
LHe should leave on Sunday, but there was a problem with his
visa P . . . was going to leave . . .3 B  
LAndrew should be ill P Andrew is said to be ill3 

Non-finite forms

9 


-  %B  
 
 8



7 

/ 
 -     7 %
  8
7 
   /   
   9/ 
 9
 
 -
       

        
 
9 G 7
' 9

 

  that-

 F 7  7 

 
 B  7
 
 7
3
LHe wants that I go.
LI've always gladly gone there  LI have always been glad to go
there P I've always loved going there
LThis entails that the whole conguration changes
 9 
 G 7   
 /    


   to- B  7   2  7- -  "
3
LI don't mind to do it.
LIf you can't avoid to go, you risk to upset your dad
LI suggest to go to the pictures instead.
LIt's no use to ask her.
LI am used to do this.
LI look forward to hear from you.
! -/  
    G 7   
   
  to- B  7
 
 
3 LInstead of to ght,
they laughed
* 8
 G 7  
 H7 N F N 

  / 
  
 "

      


3
LI hear my name call.
LI like that it is done quickly.
LTry to make yourself understandable

'$

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