Composites

Modern Restorative Materials
Part II. Composites
Maria K. Makeeva
PhD,
Senior Teacher of
Operative Dentistry Department,
Russian University of People Friendship
Polymeric Dental Materials (Polymers)
Polymer is a material which cures by

polymerization reaction.
This reaction is a connection of many small

molecules (monomers) into one big
molecule (polymer).
Two Classes of Dental Polymers
Self-curing cold setting plastics
Nowadays they are used in prosthetic dentistry for:
temporary crowns and bridges
repairing of fractured removable prosthesis (partial or full-
mouth)
Relining of removable full-mouth dentures
POLIMERIZATION SHRINKAGE OF MATRIX UP TO 21%!!!
Composites
direct
DIRECT (for tooth restorations, filling)
indirect (for crowns, inlays, onlays, overlays, teeth in
removable prothesis on implants)
Composites. Beginning
Composites have been

developed in the US in
the late 50s of the XX
century by
Dr. Rafael L. Bowen.
First composite was self-

cured, light-cured
composites were
developed later.
What Is Composite?
Definition by R.W.Philips (1973)
Material made up of 2 or more

distinct, chemically different phases
Have a clear interface (border)
Combination of these phases has higher properties
than either of the components individually
What Is Composite?
ISO defines composite as material with next main components:
Organic phase - polymer matrix, usually based on copolymers of acrylic
and epoxy resins;
Inorganic dispersed phase - inorganic filler (more than 50% by weight,
if LESS material IS NOT COMPOSITE but just plastic);
Coupling phase - substances (silanes) provides a chemical bond of filler
and polymer matrix.
ISO 4049:2009 (en)
Dentistry
Polymer-based restorative materials
Composition of Dental Composites.
Polymer Matrix
Basic component of matrix (resin,
viscous monomer) could be:
bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
Dr. Rafael L. Bowen opened that polymerization
shrinkage of Bis-GMA is only 5 % to compare with cold
setting plastics
Dr. Rafael L. Bowen
uretan-dimetil-metakrilat (UDMA)
Additional components of matrix are:
polymerization inhibitor (hydroquinone) - for longer working
time and shelf life extension (to prevent setting during storage)
Polymerization initiator (camphroquinone) - to initiate
polymerization process (only in light-cured composites).
Inorganic Filler
Fused and crystalline quartz,
bariun and lithium alumino-
silicates, barium fluoride,
diamond dust etc.
Zink (Zn), borom (B),

zirconium (Zn) and yttrium (Y)
for radioopacity.
Inorganic Filler
Properties:
1. Particle size. In various composites it ranges.
Inorganic Filler
Properties:
2. Particle form: powder, spherical, chips, etc.
Due to this composite could be:
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Schematic Example of Nanohybride
Composite
Most modern composites have very complicated
composition for better properties.
Inorganic Filler
Function of inorganic filler is to improve
properties of composite material:
decreases polymerization shrinkage (to 0.50.7%);

prevents deformation of the organic matrix;
reduced thermal expansion coefficient;
reduced water absorption;
increases the hardness of the material, its resistance to
stress;
improved aesthetic properties (opacity/translucency,
polishability, color stability, surface gloss stability etc.)
Coupling Phase
Vinyl triethoxy silane
term
-Methacryloxy propyl triethoxy silane SILANE
Coupling Agent
Function of silane is to improve properties of
composite material:
reduced water absorption of composite;

increased strength and durability;
decreased cracks formation and progression
Approximate Classification of Composites
1. Size of the filler particles:
- Makrofilled composites (approximate particle size: 845 microns)
- Minifilled composites (approximate particle size = 1.5 microns)
- Microfilled composites (approximate particle size = 0.040.4 microns)
- Hybrid composite (mixture of particles of different sizes)
- Nanohybride (contains nanoparticles)
2. Curing mechanism:
- Chemical cured (also called self-cured)
- Light-cured (also called photopolymerized)
3. Consistency:
- "Traditional" composites with regular consistency
- Liquid (fluid) composites
- Condensable (packable) composites
4. Purpose:
- Filling of posterior teeth
- Filling of anterior teeth
- Universal composites
3. Consistency:
4. Purpose:
- Microfilled NO ONE CLASSIFICATION
composites CANsize
(approximate particle INCLUDE
= 0.040.4 microns)
- Nanohybride (contains
ALL nanoparticles)
DIVERSITY OF
- Light-cured MODERN
(also called COMPOSITE
photopolymerized)
3. Consistency:
!!!
4. Purpose:
3. Consistency:
4. Area of using:
Composites Indications Due to Particles Size
COMPOSITE RESTORATION ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
TYPE TYPE
Macrofill Class I, II, Class High strength, high wear Low esthetic:
III or IV (core) resistance polishability and
surface gloss
stability.
Microfill Class III, V, Best esthetic, best Low strength, low
IV (superficial polishability, good gloss wear resistance
layer) stability
Hybrid Class I, II, III, IV, Moderate esthetic, Strength and wear
V, VI polishability, moderate gloss resistance not so
and color stability, low wear high as in macrofills
resistance
Nanofill Class I, II, III, IV, Best esthetic, best Cost

V, VI polishability, good gloss and
(almost all the color stability, low wear
same for resistance.
Nanohybrid)
Surface Gloss and Color Stability Due to
Particle Size
High Gloss Low Gloss
Light
reflection
Immediately after Some time later

polishing
Surface Gloss and Color Stability Due
to Particle Size
Original Color Staining
Hard Easy
To Fix To Fix
Dental
Plague,
Food and
Drink
Colorants,
Tobacco,
etc.
Immediately after Some time later
polishing
to Particle Size
Composite surface degradation

reason of gloss loss and staining
Composite Surface Degradation
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

to Particle Size
Macrofill
Surface Hybrid
gloss and Polishing
color Minifill
stability
Microfill
Nanofill
(also Nanohybride)
3. Consistency:
4. Area of using:
Polymerization of Composites
Polymerization is a connection of monomers into polymer.
Reaction is initiated by free radicals and has several stage:
Initialization
Chain propagation (growth)
Chain termination
Camphorquinone
Polymerization of Composites
Free radicals may be formed in the following ways:
Materials for
thermal reaction (heating) Dental Laboratory (for
onlays, inlays, etc.)
chemical reaction
(self-cured composites) Materials for Direct
photochemical reaction Composite Restorations
(light-cured composites)
Self-Cured Composites
System paste + paste
Self-Cured Composites
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Polymerization of material Polymerization begins immediately
is uniform regardless of after mixing, so working time is
layer thickness and cavity limited.
depth.
After polymerization there is
residual activator - tertiary amine -
Not so expensive as light- in restoration. It will cause staining
cured composites. of restoration (amine staining) after
some time.
Esthetic qualities are moderate.
Nowadays most dentists prefer light-cured composites!

Light-Cured Composites
System one paste
Syringes
Unidoses
Light-Cured Composites
Advantages: Disadvantages:
do not require mixing of patient spent more time in dental chair
components (easy + no because light-curing composite require
waste); layering application and self-curing
have longer working time to composite place in cavity by one
allow restoration modeling; portion.
start of polymerization is under large cost of fillings (light-curing
dentist control; composite is more expensive and also
no restoration staining because we need to buy photopolymerization
of residual chemical activator; lamp).
photopolymerization allow to light of photopolymerization lamp is
achieve a higher degree of
polymerization; harmful to eyes (requires the use
protective screen and/or glasses).
Working time of light-curing composite
is not unlimited. Slow polymerization is
initiated by sunlight, the electric ceiling
or dental light
Polymerization Shrinkage
(Polymerization Stress)
1. Polymerization shrinkage of resin matrix is about 5 %.
2. Due to inorganic filler it is decreased up to 0.50.7%.
Polymerization shrinkage NEVER could be ZERO!
Polymerization Shrinkage
(Polymerization Stress)
1. Polymerization shrinkage of resin matrix is about 5 %.
2. Due to inorganic filler it is decreased up to 0.50.7%.
Polymerization shrinkage NEVER could be ZERO!
Bond Strength vs. Polymerization Stress
DEBONDING
of restoration NO
from cavity wall Debonding
BS < PS BS > PS
DEBONDING is a MICROGAP
and it can cause a lot of problems.
Polymerization Shrinkage Direction
To compensate 1. Put material in a
1. Self-cured shrinkage
composite cavity with excesses
To the Pulp
(heat source)
To decrease
2. Light-cured shrinkage 1. Layering application
composite
2. Considering C-factor
To the Polymerization Lamp 3. Directed polymerization

(light source)
Polymerization Shrinkage Decreasing
1. Layering (or incremental)
application:
one layer should be 2 mm thickness
as its regular curing depth
of light-cured composites
2.0 mm
Standard photopolymerization
initiator provides
2.0 2.5 mm curing depth
4.0 mm
2. Configuration factor (C factor):
BONDED WALL
C - factor
UNBONDED WALLS
Higher Cfactor
Higher Polymerization Stress
Risk of Debonging
Feilzer et al. 1987

2. Configuration factor (C factor):
4 5
C= 2 = 2 C= 1 = 5
Less More
Polymerization Polymerization
Stress Stress
2. Practical implementation of Cfactor:
TO REDUCE
POLYMERIZATION
STRESS
each increment of
composite should
contact
2 or 3 walls, but
not more.
Feilzer et al. 1987

3. Photopolymerization:
In light-cured
composites
polymerization
shrinkage directs
to light source
(polymerization
lamp).
3. Photopolymerization approaches:
Oblique Layering + Vertical Layering +

One-Side Polymerization Directed Polymerization
3. Directed Polymerization:
3. Directed Polymerization:
3. Consistency:
4. Area of using:
Light-Cured Composites Consistency
Flowable Traditional
composite or packable
on the composite
bottom of for the rest
cavity for cavity for
better better
adaptation. strength.
Packable composite is difficult to adapt

to irregular bottom of a cavity!
Light-Cured Composites Consistency
Flowable
Adaptation Strength
to cavity "Traditional and
walls wear resistance
Packable
3. Consistency:
4. Area of using:
Light-Cured Composites. Area of Using
Anterior Composite Microfills
Class III, IV, V in frontal teeth Nanofills
Class V in posterior teeth Microhybrides
Posterior Composite Macrofills
Class I and II posterior teeth.
Core build-up in all types of
teeth
Universal Composite Hybrides
Class III, IV, V (as a dentin layer Nanohybribes
with anterior composite as
superficial layer) in frontal teeth
Class I, II, V and VI in posterior
teeth
Core build-up all types of teeth
Photopolymerization lamps
Types
Questions ?

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Modern Restorative Materials

Part II. Composites

Polymer is a material which cures by

This reaction is a connection of many small

Composites have been

First composite was self-

Material made up of 2 or more

Zink (Zn), borom (B),

Due to this composite could be:

decreases polymerization shrinkage (to 0.50.7%);

reduced water absorption of composite;

Nanofill Class I, II, III, IV, Best esthetic, best Cost

Immediately after Some time later

Composite surface degradation

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Esthetic qualities are moderate.

Nowadays most dentists prefer light-cured composites!

To the Polymerization Lamp 3. Directed polymerization

Higher Polymerization Stress

Feilzer et al. 1987

Feilzer et al. 1987

Oblique Layering + Vertical Layering +

Packable composite is difficult to adapt

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