Prokaryote: Greek derivation meaning before

the nucleus
single-celled organisms
include bacteria and cyanobacteria
Eukaryote: Greek derivation meaning true
nucleus
contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a
nuclear membrane
can be single celled, such as yeasts and
Paramecium, or multicellular, such as animals and
plants
Summary of Organelles and its Function
Organelle Function
Nucleus Location of main genome, site of most DNA and RNA synthesis
Mitochondrion Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions, has its own DNA
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own
DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part studded
with ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
Golgi Apparatus Series of flattened membranes; involves in secretion of proteins
from cells and in reaction that link sugar to other cellular
components
Lysosomes Membrane-bounded sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
Peroxisomes Sacs that contain enzymes involved in metabolism of hydrogen
peroxide
Cell Membrane Separates the cell contents from the outside world; contents
include organelles (held in place by cytoskeleton) and the cytosol
Cell Wall Rigid exterior layer of plant cell
Central Vacuole Membrane-bounded sac (plant cells)
 Light from the sun is the ultimate source of
energy for all life on earth
photosynthetic organisms use light energy to drive
the energy-requiring synthesis of carbohydrates
non-photosynthetic organisms consume these
carbohydrates and use them as energy sources
The energetics of a chemical reaction
if the change in free energy is negative (free
energy decreases), the reaction is spontaneous
as written
if the change in positive (free energy increases),
the reaction will not occur as written unless
energy is supplied from an external source
Thermodynamics- branch of science that answers
questions about processes that are energetically
favorable
 Free Energy of a System
G < 0 spontaneous exergonic- energy released
G= 0 Equilibrium
G > 0 Nonspontaneous endergonic- energy required
Life and Thermodynamics
G=H-TS
H is heat of a reaction at constant pressure
S is the change in entropy
G is the change in free energy
T is the temperature