Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500

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Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Mechanical and toxicological evaluation of concrete artifacts containing

waste foundry sand
Miguel Angelo Mastella a, Edivelton Soratto Gislon b, Fernando Pelisser a, Cludio Ricken c,
Luciano da Silva a,d, Eldio Angioletto a,c, Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo a,b,
a
Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincia e Engenharia de Materiais PPGCEM, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense UNESC, Av. Universitria,
1105 P.O. Box 3167, 88.806-000 Cricima, SC, Brazil
b
Grupo de Pesquisa Desenvolvimento de Materiais a partir de Resduos VALORA, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense UNESC, Av. Universitria,
1105 P.O. Box 3167, 88.806-000 Cricima, SC, Brazil
c
Laboratrio de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Antimicrobianos LADEBIMA, Av. Universitria, 1105 P.O. Box 3167, 88.806-000 Cricima, SC, Brazil
d
Laboratrio de Pesquisa em Materiais LAPEM, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense UNESC, Av. Universitria, 1105 P.O. Box 3167, 88.806-000 Cricima, SC, Brazil

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The creation of metal parts via casting uses molds that are generally made from sand and phenolic resin.
Received 5 August 2013 The waste generated after the casting process is called waste foundry sand (WFS). Depending on the mold
Accepted 2 February 2014 composition and the casting process, WFS can contain substances that prevent its direct emission to the
Available online 25 February 2014
environment. In Brazil, this waste is classied according to the Standard ABNT NBR 10004:2004 as a
waste Class II (Non-Inert). The recycling of this waste is limited because its characteristics change signif-
Keywords: icantly after use. Although the use (or reuse) of this byproduct in civil construction is a technically fea-
Waste
sible alternative, its effects must be evaluated, especially from mechanical and environmental points of
Foundry sand
Concrete blocks
view. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of WFS in the manufacture
Toxicity of cement artifacts, such as masonry blocks for walls, structural masonry blocks, and paving blocks.
Mechanical properties Blocks containing different concentrations of WFS (up to 75% by weight) were produced and evaluated
using compressive strength tests (35 MPa at 28 days) and toxicity tests on Daphnia magna, Allium cepa
(onion root), and Eisenia foetida (earthworm). The results showed that there was not a considerable
reduction in the compressive strength, with values of 35 2 MPa at 28 days. The toxicity study with
the material obtained from leaching did not signicantly interfere with the development of D. magna
and E. foetida, but the growth of the A. cepa species was reduced. The study showed that the use of this
waste in the production of concrete blocks is feasible from both mechanical and environmental points of
view.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction waste. According to McIntyre et al. (1992), the production of a

In the casting manufacturing process, a metal or a metallic alloy
in the liquid state is poured into a mold that contains a cavity with
the shape and measurements corresponding to the piece to be pro-
duced. One of the inherent problems of this process is that, after a
specic number of repetitions, the mixture made from sand and
usually phenolic resin loses the properties necessary for the fabri-
cation of other molds, thus generating a signicant amount of
Corresponding author at: Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincia e Engenharia
de Materiais PPGCEM, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense UNESC, Av.
Universitria, 1105 P.O. Box 3167, 88.806-000 Cricima, SC, Brazil. Tel. +55 (48)
3444 3734; Fax: +55 (48) 3431 2650.
E-mail address: oscar.rkm@gmail.com (O.R.K. Montedo).
ton of cast metal generates approximately one ton of waste. Data
from the Brazilian Casting Association (Associao Brasileira de
Fundio, ABIFA) indicate that 3.3 million tons of cast metal was
produced in Brazil in 2011. Thus, in 2012 alone, the Brazilian cast-
ing industry generated approximately 3 million tons of waste foun-
dry sand (WFS).
In Brazil, this waste is classied as a Class II (Non-Inert) waste
according to the Standard ABNT NBR 10004:2004. The Brazilian
environmental legislation determines that these wastes must be
deposited in controlled industrial landlls or incinerated. This
requirement poses a serious environmental problem due to not
only the elevated volume produced but also the toxic substances
found within the WFS, as the sand is contaminated by several dan-
gerous chemical elements such as heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.001
0956-053X/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1496 M.A. Mastella et al. / Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500

lead, and mercury) and organic compounds such as phenols (Klin-
sky, 2008).
Among the various existing possibilities for reuse, rendering
this waste inert in a cement matrix, such as in the production of
concrete, is highlighted because not only is it more economical,
but it also helps to reduce the disposal problems (Siddique and
Singh, 2011). However, it is important to evaluate the toxicological
activity of the manufactured products as well as their mechanical
properties to prevent their impact on the environment.
Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the
addition of WFS on the manufacture of cement artifacts.
2. Materials and methods
The WFS used in this study was obtained from the Coopermetal
foundry (Cricima, SC, Brazil) and was used as received. The gran-
ulometric characteristics of this waste (Fig. 1) were concentrated
predominantly in the range from 212 to 300 lm (d50 = 226 lm,
determined by sieving), which may be considered appropriate for
the manufacture of cement artifacts (Silva et al., 2011; Rocha
et al., 2011). The chemical analysis of the waste was performed
using two methods: X-ray uorescence (XRF, Philips PW 2400,
Eindhoven, The Netherlands) and the continuous solvent extrac-
tion method in order to identify the presence of residual phenolic
compounds from the phenolic resin existing in the WFS. The con-
cern about phenolic compounds is related to their solubility in
water. Possible leaching of phenolic compounds from the cimenti-
cious artifacts studied in this work could lead to a signicant envi-
ronmental impact. So, the continuous extraction technique was
used to identify the organic components present in the waste,
based on the use of solvents with different polarities in the extrac-
tion process. The intention was to make possible the extraction of
different organic compounds fractions present in waste. In this
study, different organic solvents were used: dichloromethane
(CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), hexane (C6H6), and etha-
nol (C2H5OH). For this method, 600 g of the waste were dried at
85 C for 24 h in a laboratory dryer in order to guarantee enough
material for possible repetition of experiments. Next, each of the
three chosen solvents was tested with a 20 g-sample of waste.
The extractions were performed using a Soxhlet apparatus. The
soxhlet extractor enables solids to be extracted with fresh warm
solvent that does not contain the extract. This can dramatically in-
crease the extraction rate, as the sample is contacting fresh warm
solvent. A detailed description of this method may be found in Vo-
gel and Tatchell, 1996. After the extraction, three trials of the ex-
tract from each solvent were combined and placed in a 1 L
beaker to concentrate the extract on a hot plate. The respective sol-
vent used in the extraction was added to each of the beakers to res-
olubilize the extracted contents, which were then transferred to
small glass receptacles. The lids were left slightly open to allow
the remainder of the solvent present in each sample to evaporate.
The samples extracted by the different types of solvents were then
analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR (Shi-
madzu IR Prestige 21, Tokyo, Japan). Weight loss of the waste was
analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA Q500, TA Instru-
ments, USA; 10 C min 1 in nitrogen). The crystalline faces of the
waste were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Shimadzu, mod-
el LABX XRD-6000, Tokyo, Japan; 2h = 5 to 85, 2 min 1, Cu Ka1
radiation, 30 kV, 30 mA). The experimental plan used in this study
is shown in Table 1 and was based on a 23 factorial plan with three
central points using the following variables: concentration of ce-
ment (3 levels and 3 replicates), concentration of green sand and
concentration of foundry waste (3 levels and 3 replicates), and cur-
ing time (3 levels and 3 replicates). The observed responses were
the compressive strength and toxicity. The objective was to obtain
a minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa to meet the lower lim-
it established by the Standard ABNT NBR 9781:2013, in addition to
meeting the environmental control parameters (Standard ABNT
NBR 10004:2004, Standard ABNT NBR 10005:2004, and Standard
ABNT NBR 10006:2004). Five test samples of each composition
were prepared and properly stored for curing for 28, 56, and
91 days. The axial compressive strength of the test samples at
the ages of 28, 56, and 91 days was determined according to the
Standard ABNT NBR 9781:2013 in a universal machine of mechan-
ical tests (EMIC PC200CS, So Jos dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil). Graphi-
cal and statistical analyses are both important in the analysis of
data (Dean and Voss, 1999). Statistical analysis quanties the rela-
tive responses of the factors, thus clarifying conclusions. In this
sense, linear models to model the response and the method of least
squares may be used for obtaining estimates of the parameters in
the model. So, tests of statistical signicance were used to identify
which obtained results of the study contained enough information
to be considered important in the analysis. Among others, p-value
takes an important role. The p-value of a test is the probability (the
smallest choice) of a signicance level that would allow the null
hypothesis to be rejected (Dean and Voss, 1999) and was used to
evaluate the effect of WFS content on compressive strength. The
toxicity of the test samples was evaluated using different tech-
niques for composition C1 at 91 days (curing time). According to
Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 10004:2004, toxicity is the potential
property that the toxic agent is capable to cause, a greater or lesser de-
gree, an adverse effect as a consequence of its interaction with the
organism. The acute toxicity was evaluated according to the Stan-
dard ABNT NBR 12713:2009 using Daphnia magna. The acute
lethality test was performed with earthworms (Eisenia foetida).
Prior to the test, the earthworms were kept on lter paper moist-
ened with distilled water for a period of 24 h to purge their intes-

110 100
100 Table 1
Distributive fraction (%)
Cumulative fraction (%)

90 80 Compositions of the tested mixtures: C cement; An green sand; Af WFS;

80 P gravel.
70
a b 60 Mixtures Composition (wt%)
60
50 C An Af P
40 a
40 M1AC1 22 68 0 10
30 M2AC1 22 51 17 10
20 20 M3AC1 22 34 34 10
10 M5AC2 17 73 0 10
M6AC2 17 55 18 10
0 0
M7AC2 17 36.5 36.5 10
< 125 125-150 150-180 180-212 212-300 300-500 > 500
M9AC3 13 77 0 10
Particle size range (m) M10AC3 13 58 19 10
M11AC3 13 38.5 38.5 10
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of: (a) WFS and (b) representative sand used in
a
Brazilian concretes. Standard composition.
 M.A. Mastella et al. / Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500
tinal contents. The E. foetida individuals were directly exposed to
the solubilized extract from each of the studied compositions.
The solubilized extracts were prepared from the studied composi-
tions 0% AF (standard composition), 25% AF, 50% AF, 75% AF, and
100% AF (waste). Each composition was dissolved in distilled water
(concentration of 1000 mg/L). Moreover, distilled water was used
as negative. So, 1.5 mL of each extract was used according to the
Standard OECD 207/1984 (Filter Paper Test). The test temperature
was 20 2 C. Tests were done in the dark and for a period of 48 h
with a further mortality assessment after 72 h. Finally, the sub-
acute toxicity test was performed with onion bulbs (Allium cepa)
according to the proposal of Fiskesjo (1985). Prior to exposing
the onions to the solubilized extract, the old roots were eliminated,
the meristem was maintained and each bulb was individually
weighed. The onions were exposed in Falcon tubes, with six repe-
titions for each treatment. The treatments included dilutions of
100%, 50%, and 25% of the solubilized fraction from each sampling
station and a control test using only distilled water. The tests were
stored in an incubator at 22 C without light for 7 days. After this
period, the onion roots were removed and weighed again, and
the length of the roots (in mm) was measured. All of the tests were
static, with the solubilized extract being replaced daily with dis-
tilled water. The results from the toxicity tests on the onion were
analyzed using Past software (Hammer et al., 2001). To statisti-
cally verify the differences in the percentage variation of the
weight and the root growth of the onion bulbs, the Analysis of Var-
iance (ANOVA) test was used between groups. The Tukey test was
used to identify which treatments differed from each other.
3. Results and discussion
Table 2 shows the result from the chemical analysis of the WFS.
This table shows the major presence of the element silicon (96% by
weight) in the form of SiO2 (quartz), which was conrmed by X-ray
diffractometry (SiO2, JCPDS card no. 146-1045) in Fig. 2, verifying
that the WFS has the typical composition of sand. Additionally,
the elements aluminum, iron, sodium, and titanium were
identied.
To determine the overall organic components present in the
waste by the continuous extraction method, the concentration of
volatile material was rst determined by subjecting three samples
of the dry waste to calcination. After calcination, a reduction in the
sample mass of 1.21 0.05 wt% was observed. This reduction was
associated with the presence of organic compounds derived from
phenolic resin. According to the study performed by Trick and Sali-
ba (1995), the pyrolysis of phenolic resin releases cresol or phenol
that, during the degradation process, dehydrates and releases
hydrocarbons. Therefore, the waste identied in the calcination
of the WFS used in this study could be phenol, cresol, or hydrocar-
Table 2
Chemical analysis of the WFS.
Oxide Content (wt%) Oxide Content (wt%)
Al2O3 0.45 SiO2 96.12
CaO 0.08 TiO2 0.11
Fe2O3 0.37 BaO
K2O <0.05 Cr2O3
MgO 0.06 PbO
MnO <0.05 SrO
Na2O 0.19 ZrO2 + HfO2
P2O5 <0.05 Loss of ignition 0.47
Others (As, Cd, F , Hg, Ag, Se, Cl , Cu, Zn)a 2.05
a
According to Standard ABNT NBR 10004:2004, Standard ABNT NBR 10005:2004,
and Standard ABNT NBR 10006:2004.
1497
2750 Q
2500 Q
2250
2000
Intensity (cps)
1750
1500
1250
1000
Q Q
750 Q Q Q
Q Q Q
500 Q
Q
250
0
-250
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
2 angle (degrees)
Fig. 2. The XRD pattern of the waste: Q quartz.
bons. Fig. 3 shows the degradation products that can result from
this process.
Fig. 4 shows the FTIR spectra obtained from the different ex-
tracted fractions. In the FTIR spectra, the deformations of the con-
nections between the atoms in the analyzed molecule can be
observed. For example, the FTIR analysis of the water molecule
would show only deformations from the oxygenhydrogen bonds
(OAH). The deformations may be classied as axial deformations
(deformation along the bond axis) or angular deformations (alter-
ation of the bond angle). For the analyzed samples, there are signs
of the axial deformation that is characteristic of the oxygenhydro-
gen bond in the region of 3430 cm 1. The axial deformations that
are typical of CAH bonds were also observed in the region of
3000 cm 1, typical of hydrocarbons. The axial deformation that is
typical of C@O bonds was also observed in the region of
1700 cm 1. However, the spectra are not typical of a carboxylic
acid, as would be expected for phenols. These results corroborate
an aliphatic structure because aromatic compounds were not iden-
tied and suggest the presence of formaldehyde. This compound,
which is slightly soluble in water, should not signicantly interfere
with the results from the solubilization and leaching tests. More-
over, this method was used to identify the chemical nature of the
organic compounds, specially the presence of residual phenolic
compounds, since a phenolic resin based foundry sand was used
as mentioned previously. Phenolic compounds are water soluble
and the WFS-based concrete artifacts could contaminate the
groundwater. Nevertheless, as demonstrated, the studied WFS
showed no presence of phenolic compounds, but compounds with
very low solubility in water like formaldehyde. So, it is expected
that a cimenticious matrix can become those compounds inert
reducing their environmental impact. On the other hand, taking
into account the aim of this work, volatiles should not assume an
important role in this work, because the waste are supposed to
be used at room temperature. In fact, volatiles volatilize in a tem-
perature range of 300600 C, as it can be seen in Fig. 5, and repre-
sent no danger of inhalation. So, although the purpose of this
section was to identify the organic compounds present in the ex-
tracts obtained in extraction process and not to identify formalde-
hyde, the conclusion was that formaldehyde was the main
compound of the extracts.
Fig. 6 shows the effect of the composition and curing time on
the compressive strength of the test samples cured for 28, 56,
and 91 days. The results are consistent with those expected for
the concentration of cement used: the greater the concentration
of cement in the sample, the greater the compressive strength.
These results are in agreement with those obtained by Reddi
et al. (1996), Khatib and Ellis (2001), Naik et al. (2003), and Naik
et al. (2004). Moreover, Table 3 shows that the p-value of curing
time was lower to 0.05 demonstrating an important signicance
1498 M.A. Mastella et al. / Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500

OH

CH2*

OH OH OH OH

CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

Fig. 3. The degradation of phenolic resin.

65
(a)

Compressive strength (MPa)

Transmittance (arbitrary scale)

60
55
50
45 C1
40
C2
35
30
Ethyl acetate
25
Dichloromethane C3
20
Ethanol
15
Hexane 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Amount of waste substituted (%)
4000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400
wavenumber (cm-1) 65
(b)
Compressive strength (MPa)

60
Fig. 4. The FTIR spectra of the samples extracted by different solvents.
55 C1

50
45
100
40
99.9 C2
35
Weight loss (wt%)

99.8
99.7 30
C3
99.6 25

99.5 20

99.4 15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
99.3
Amount of waste substituted (%)
99.2
99.1
99
65 (c)
Compressive strength (MPa)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 60

T (oC) 55 C1
50
Fig. 5. Thermogram (TGA) of the waste.
45
40
C2
35
30
C3
level of this variable related to the outcome compressive strength. 25
As expected, the average strength at 56 days was 17% greater than 20
that at 28 days; there was an insignicant increase at 91 days. 15
When considering the effect of the composition, the mixture with 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
the highest concentration of cement had a strength of approxi- Amount of waste substituted (%)
mately 45 MPa at 28 days, and the compositions with medium
Fig. 6. The effect of the amount of waste substituted and the curing time on the
and low cement concentrations had strengths of 35 MPa and compressive strength of the obtained slabs: (a) 28 days; (b) 56 days; and (c)
25 MPa, respectively. In this case, Table 3 shows that the p-value 91 days.
of WFS content show low signicance level related to the outcome
compressive strength (p-value >0.05). The same behavior was
demonstrated when it is considered the inuence of both variables,
curing time and WFS content, changing in the same time; i.e., WFS at 56 days. Similar results were obtained by Siddique et al.
content in substitution of green sand does not interfere in the com- (2009). In that study, the control mixture (without adding WFS)
pressive strength behavior. Considering the recommendations had a compressive strength of 28.5 MPa at 28 days, whereas the
from the Standard ABNT NBR 9781:2013, it can be concluded that mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% WFS had compressive
composition C1 would meet the design strength of 35 MPa at strengths of 29.7, 30.0, and 31.3 MPa, respectively. The increase
28 days and that composition C2 would meet the design strength in the compressive strength with the increasing amounts of WFS
 M.A. Mastella et al. / Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500 1499

Table 3 Table 4 shows the results from the toxicity test performed with
Statistical analysis (ANOVA) for the effect of curing time and substituted waste D. magna, earthworms (E. foetida), and onion root (A. cepa). This ta-
content in the concrete.
ble shows that the samples tested were toxic to D. magna in all
Search of variation P-value concentrations because the maximum permissible number (stan-
Curing time (days) 0.02091 dard) is 4 dead individuals according to Resolution FATMA No.
Substituted waste content (wt%) 0.60403 017 (04/18/2002). However, the waste alone showed a toxicity fac-
Curing time (days)  substituted waste content (wt%) 0.98909 tor of 1 dead individual. Thus, the sensitivity demonstrated by D.
magna was most likely caused by the presence of cement and not
of the waste, or this test did not show sufcient sensitivity to dif-
ferentiate the toxicological effect induced by the waste. Thus, other
could be attributed to the lower granulometric characteristics of
toxicity tests (e.g., for onion root, lettuce seed, and earthworm) are
the sample in relation to the standard sand (Fig. 1), which resulted
necessary to better understand the toxicological effect. The results
in a denser concrete matrix.
of the test toxicity for WFS and the cement artifacts suggest that
The results show that substituting 25% and 50% of common
the cement is the determinant for the toxicity factor because the
sand (green sand) with WFS maintained the same average com-
waste alone showed a toxicity factor of 1. On the other hand, the
pressive strength, as can be observed in Fig. 6 and Table 3. The
combined toxicological effect provoked by WFS and cement was
small average increase in strength when substituting 25% of the
not evaluated in this work. In fact, compositions containing higher
common sand with WFS may have been caused by the packing fac-
cement contents could reduce the pH of the solvent (distilled
tor in the use of two types of sand with a discontinuous granulo-
water) causing the solubilization of heavy metals present into
metric distribution (Das, 1998). However, the most important
the WFS. Thus, the heavy metals concentration in the extracts
fact is that this WFS did not cause any signs of deterioration as
could interfere in the metabolism of the D. magna. However, it
measured by the strength at an advanced age of 91 days, in con-
can be noticed that the higher the WFS content, the lower the
trast to that observed by other investigators (Silva et al., 2011).
number of dead individuals. So, a deeper study must be done to
According to the previous study, which employed WFS to obtain
evaluate the synergistic effect of WFS and cement in the metabo-
mortars, adding this waste had a signicant impact on the perfor-
lism of the D. magna. For the acute toxicity test in earthworms
mance of the studied mortars. In that study, adding WFS caused a
(E. foetida), Table 4 shows that the animals were sensitive to the
marked reduction in the compressive strength compared to the
solubilized fractions tested. The sensitivity of the onion root to
reference mixture, resulting in excessive expansion with cracking.
the presence of the waste was shown to be statistically signicant,
The satisfactory behavior of WFS for the manufacture of concrete
and the root length decreased as the waste concentration in-
artifacts in this study may be associated with the process of obtain-
creased. The average maximum root length obtained was for 25%
ing the waste or the production method. The behavior as a function
substitution with WFS, as the values for both the standard compo-
of aging of the samples demonstrated that the strength of these
sition (0% substitution) as well as for 50% substitution were very
tested pieces increases over time. Furthermore, the use of waste
close. The test with the waste alone had the lowest root length,
in the place of natural sand translated into a gain in strength, par-
which suggests that the growth of the roots is inhibited in the pres-
ticularly at substitutions of 25%. With the substitution of 50% WFS,
ence of pure waste. This result indicates that the mixture with ce-
the results are comparable to those without adding WFS. There-
ment is effective at decreasing the effects caused by the waste by
fore, adding the waste does not harm the compressive strength
decreasing the toxicological effect.
property, which was also observed by Naik et al. (2004) and Siddi-
Table 5 shows the Tukey pairwise comparisons. The highlighted
que and Singh (2011). Finally, these results are important if the
groups show signicant differences when compared to the waste.
environmental benets achieved with the use of this waste are ta-
Comparing the results from the performed toxicity tests shows
ken into account.
that there is agreement between the results obtained for D. magna

Table 4
Comparative results of the toxicity tests.

Substituted waste content Daphnia magnaa Eisenia foetidab Mean length of the onion roots (mm)
Negative (distilled water) 0 0/10 33 23
0 wt% Af (Standard, 100 wt% green sand) 12 3/8 27 21
25 wt% Af 16 6/10 33 20
50 wt% Af 12 7/10 26 18
75 wt% Af 6 6/10 23 14
Waste (Af) 1 0/10 12 8
a
Dead specimens.
b
Number of dead specimens/exposed specimens.

Table 5
Tukey pairwise comparisons: lower diagonal Q, upper diagonal (p-value).

Composition Af 75 wt% Af 50 wt% Af 25 wt% Af An Negative

Waste (Af) 0.0000334 0.0000204 0.0000203 0.0000203 0.0000203
75 wt% Af 6.925 0.887 0.0004826 0.000176 0.5862
50 wt% Af 8.461 1.537 0.02641 0.01209 0.9949
25 wt% Af 12.8 5.872 4.336 0.9999 0.1143
0 wt% (An) 13.14 6.215 4.679 0.3427 0.0613
Negative (water) 9.214 2.289 0.7524 3.584 3.926
1500 M.A. Mastella et al. / Waste Management 34 (2014) 14951500
and the earthworms. Although WFS did not cause death for the
earthworms and for D. magna, WFS interfered in the growth of
the onion root. Some possible causes for this phenomenon include
the concentration of formaldehyde and/or the high concentration
of metals such as aluminum, iron, and sodium evidenced in the sol-
ubility test.
4. Conclusion
In this study, the effect of adding WFS during the manufacture
of cement artifacts was investigated. Blocks containing different
concentrations of WFS were produced and evaluated using com-
pressive strength tests and toxicity tests with D. magna, A. cepa
(onion root), and E. foetida (earthworm). The results show that
WFS is characterized as a waste Class II. According to the tests to
identify the organic compounds by solvent extraction, this waste
did not contain aromatic compounds. The aliphatic compounds,
possibly including formaldehyde, that are slightly soluble in water,
were identied in the WFS. In terms of the toxicity, the WFS re-
duced the growth of A. cepa. In contrast, the number of dead indi-
viduals obtained for the tested compositions decreased with the
WFS content increasing for D. magna. Regarding the mechanical
behavior of the studied compositions, composition C1 would meet
the design strength of 35 MPa at 28 days, whereas composition C2
would achieve the design strength at 56 days without a consider-
able reduction in the compressive strength. Considering this, this
study of the effect of adding WFS during the manufacture of ce-
ment artifacts demonstrated that it is possible and feasible from
both the mechanical and toxicological points of view.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the National Council of Scientic and
Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi-
mento Cientco e Tecnolgico, CNPq/Brazil) for funding this work.
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