PAPER

MANIPULATION OF FLOWERING
PLANT FRUIT

Compiler :

Name : Dwi Meindasari

NIM : H0715042

Class : Horticultural Cultivation Techniques I

AGROTECHNOLOGY STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA
 Preface

Praise to be God who has helped his servant finish this paper
withgreat ease give me chance to finish this assighment timely. Without help she
may not be able to complete the author well. I would like to say thank you to Mr.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Bambang Pujiasmanto as the lecturer that always teaches us and give
much knowledge about how to practice English well.
The paperis organized so that readers can find out the manipulation of
flowering plant fruit that cant flowering.. This assigment is the one of English
task that composed of Practical English Usage English As Second Language. I
realized this assighment is not perfect, but I hope it can be useful for us. Critics
and suggestion is needed here to make this assighment be better.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Plants would be borned grow and develop . Generative growth in plants

flowering marked by events . Flowering where it also has its own mechanism .
This event is also not free from the influence of several factors , both from
within and from outside the plant body . Factor in a factor derived from the
plant itself as the contents of hormones in the plant itself , while external
factors are environmental factors that affect the process of flowering plants.
Flowering in plants is affected by factors within the plant itself and
external factors crops / environment. Plants can not be flowering / produce
flowers if the plant is still relatively young. While on plants grown / mature,
growth has undergone a change from vegetative phase to the generative phase.
Seed or seed is the seed or seed intended True (true seed), ie seed or seed that is
formed from sexual process in plants. In plants grown for the purpose of
producing seeds or seeds, then the formation of seeds or seeds with large
numbers is a success and vice versa when the plants grown for the purpose of
seed or seeds do not form seeds or seeds then this is a failure. Another case in
which plants are grown not for the purpose of seed or seed.
Flowering in plants is affected by factors in plants ( plant maturity level
and the status of the C / N ratio) own and external factors crops / environment (
temperature , light , precipitation , and chemicals ) . If the status C in plants is
higher than N ( C / N higher) then the plant will switch from vegetative phase
to the generative phase , otherwise if the N status higher than C ( ratio C / N is
lower ) then the plant will continue to grow vegetatively , forming the roots
stems and leaves . Flowering plant related to temperature , some plants require
 vernalization treatment and thermoperiodism in order to switch from vegetative
phase to the phase formation of floral primordia . Besides flowering is also
related to the distribution of rainfall , plant mango , coffee , and cotton requires
heavy rainfall prior to entering a phase of flower formation . The influence of
light on flowering is influenced by a hormone controlling flowering called
Phytochrome . Some natural and artificial chemicals that can induce flowering
is ; IAA , NAA , 2-4D ( 2.4 diklorofenoksiasetat ) , gibberellin acid ( GA3 ) ,
2,3,5 acid triiodobenzoat , cytokinine , ethylene and acethylene
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the function of fruit crops?
2. How the culture techniques of fruit crops?
3. What the fruits example from culture techniques in specific?
C. Purpose
1. To know the function of fruit crops
2. To understand the culture techniques of fruit crop
3. To know the fruits example in specific
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Flowering

Phenology flowering plant species is one of the important characters in

the life cycle of the plant because the phase of the initial process occurs for
a plant to breed . A plant will have a different behavior depending on the
pattern of the inflorescence and perbuahannya , but generally begins with
the appearance of flower buds and topped with fruit ripening ( Tabla and
Vargas , 2004) . According Sitompul and Guritno (1995 ) observations of
plant phenology often do is change period of vegetative to generative and
long- term generative plants. This is usually done through observation
approach with flowers age , seed formation and harvesting.
Flowering is one sign that the crop enters the generative phase .
Generative phase is a phase where the plants perform involving gamete cell
growth . This generative phase begins when the plants started to flower
formation to ripening fruit . In the flowering of the most important activities
that are manipulating the process of transition from the vegetative phase to
the generative phase of the plants .
1. flowering Mechanism 1 .
a. Flower induction ( evokasi )
Flower induction is the first stage of the flowering process .
Where in this induction happen a vegetative meristem tissue
manipulation that was programmed to begin to turn into reproductive
meristem where this occurs microscopic changes in the cells . These
changes can be detected chemically from increased synthesis of
nucleic acids and proteins , which are needed in the division and
differentiation of cells
Factors that influence the occurrence of flower induction there
are 2 of the internal factors such as genetic factors and external
factors of a plant comprising:
a.Vernalization vernalization is a situation where a low temperature
environment of a plant that is used to stimulate flowering .
b .Thermoperiodism A situation where the temperature at night is
low then turned into high and occur repeatedly.
c .Photoperiodism photoperiodism is the length of day and night .
Photoperiodism is very closely related to the critical photoperiod .
Photoperiodism divide the plants into three groups: long -day
plants , short day plants and day -neutral plants
d.Chemical and nutritional status Once the plant is induced to
flowering, meristem morphological transition from the vegetative
to the state pembungaaan called the initiation of flowering.
Initiation of flowering received less attention in the study of
flowering compared with the induction of flowering. This is
because these two stages generally requires similar conditions, so
it is often difficult to distinguish between the two. But the
differences will be evident on the grass in the season being. Phase
induction and initiation usually clearly different and have the
photoperiod and temperature requirements are clearly different,
naturally they are separated by winter.
According to Gardner and Loomis (1953) flowering induction
is the production of flowering stimulus (a chemical change at the end
of the shoots) as a response to external factors are needed, such as
cold temperatures (not growing) and short days of autumn on grass
Orchar, While the initiation of flowering is flowering or the
beginning of the transformation of the growing point that has been
induced, but morphologically shaped into beginner vegetative
 flowering in response to external factors such as the need for a long
day (short night) and the temperature is warm enough in the spring
(on grass Orchard)
Changes to the growing point will be visible when viewed
microscopically in the meristematis who experienced a change from
vegetative to reproductive growth . Microscopic would appear that
the end of the vegetative growth appears meristematis taper ,
whereas if the growth switch to the reproductive growth will begin to
tip meristem growth began to plateau and eventually formed
primordia sepals
2 . The flower initiation
It is the stage when the flower initiation morphological change
into a form of reproductive buds start can be detected
macroscopically for the first kalinya.Transisi of reproductive buds
vegetative buds can be detected from changes in the shape and size
of the buds , and subsequent processes that began forming
reproductive organs .
Initiation of flowering is a morphological expression of the
state of induction and generally occurs in parts of the plant
meristematis . Morphologically , the conversion of a vegetative end
to a flowering of the form beginning to anthesis is relatively walked
gradually and sequentially . According to Lang (1952 ) division of
the stages of flower formation process can be separated into four
stages after the induction phase of the flowering according to
Copeland (1976 ) , namely:
1. Initiation of flowering , primordia differentiation to flowering
2. Organization of flowering , differentiation to the formation of
individual flowers
3. Cooking interest includes several sequential process : the growth
of flower parts , differentiation into tissues sporogenous ,
meiosis , pollen and development embriosac
4. Anthesis
 The development of flower buds towards anthesis ( blooms )
Marked with the differentiation of flower parts . At this stage of
the process megasporogenesis and mikrosporogenesis to
refinement and maturation of the reproductive organs of male and
female .Anthesis is the stage when the creation of flowers.
Anthesis usually coincides with the maturation of the
reproductive organs of males and females, although in reality it is
not always the case. There are times when the reproductive
organs, both male and female, cook before the anthesis, or even
long after the anthesis. The flowers reach maturity dichogamy
type of male and female reproductive organs in a different time.
2. Factors Influencing Against Flowering Process 1.
a. External factors
1.Temperature
Temperature in cold temperate species, relatively
high temperatures in the summer and early fall can apparently
stimulate flower initiation. The function of the temperature
here was to break bud dormancy. In species warm temperate,
subtropical and tropical, a relative reduction in the temperature
even more helpful. At avocado optimal temperature for the
development of flowers is 25oC. If the plant is placed at a
temperature of 33o C during the day, then there will be
inhibition of flower development at the stage of differentiation
of pollen. Acacia pycnantha At temperatures above 19 o C
inhibits both makrosporogenesis.Pada mikrosporogenesis and
citrus, temperatures above 30oC is reported to have high
bunga.Suhu damage the developing buds until a certain
threshold limit required by lateral meristem (floral primordia)
to start forming buds and establish a process
pembungaan.Selisih between daytime max temperatures with
min temperatures at night will affect the process the formation
 of interest: a large margin will accelerate flowering. High
temperatures will increase, metabolic activity in the body of
the plant: photosynthesis, assimilation, and the accumulation
of food to supply energy flowering.
2. Rainfall / Humidity Stress
Rainfall / Humidity Stress can stimulate flower
initiation water, especially in tropical and subtropical tree
crops such as lychee and grapefruit. Flowering is abundant in
tropical timber plant genus Shorea has also been linked to
drought in the period sebelumnya.Namun, opposite results
have been observed in species-moderate climates such as
pine, apple and olive. Most flowering in the tropics occurs
during the transition from the rainy season to the wet season
kemarau.Pada plant activity to absorb maximum nutrients
and water, in order to accumulate reserves of food and store
energy as much as possible.
3. Fotoperiodisitas ( long days )
Represents the ratio between the length of time of
day and night long hari.Di tropical areas day and night about
the same . The farther from the equator ( latitude great) , the
difference between the length of day and night are also
increasingly besar.Misalnya on line 60oLU : Summer:
daylight almost 19 hours, evenings 5 hours . Winter : daylight
only 6 hours , night 18 hours . In connection with the
fotoperiodisitas , in regions 4 seasons , the plants can be
distinguished: Plants for days shorter, plants for days long
and day neutral plants . Plants that need short days to start
flowering , but then it took long days to continue the process
of flowering it .Tanaman that can bloom at any time . Effect
of short- day planned for application in temperate tree species
, given that normally flower initiation occurs in the fall along
 with the reduced length of har Light Light affects flowering
in two ways, ie the light intensity and fotoperiodisitas (long
days).
Associated with the light intensity level of photosynthesis:
energy source for the flowering process. The intensity of light
has a greater influence and the effect is more consistent than
the length of the day. Reduction in the intensity of light will
reduce the initiation of interest in many species of trees. In
monoesi species and dioesi, having only the flowers are
unisexual-one (single-sex), the intensity of the light can have
different effects on the female flower initiation and
jantan.Intensitas high light stimulates the female flower
initiation in walnut and pine, whereas the intensity low light,
which is usually caused by shade canopy, more to stimulate
the formation of male flowers
4.Nutrient presence
Nutrient presence of nutrients in the soil associated
with the availability of supply of energy and the building
blocks for the formation and the development of flowers .
a) Carbon / protein ratio Flower buds are formed after the
plant reaches equilibrium carbon / protein.Hal is related to
the ability of plants to assimilate , food accumulation , and
allocation / distribution Panjang shoots result of
assimilation is an important factor in the initiation pecan
interest . This effect may be related to an increase in food
reserves in the longer shoots .
b)Nitrogen ratio Carbon mostly obtained from the
mobilization of food reserves and the result of
photosynthesis. High carbon concentration determines the
availability of energy and the accumulation of food for the
formation of flowers . Nitrogen provides dampakpositif :
 branching expansion , negative impacts : spur growth
vegetative.

b. Internal factors.
1) Phythohormone
Auxin is a response to cahaya.Disintesis in apical meristematic
tissue (tip), to stimulate the occurrence of cleavage the apical
meristem affect the process of renewal the tip of the plant.
2) Ethylene Disintesis
Ethylene Disintesis by leaves.Diransfer to the lateral buds start
flower induction process.
3) Cytokinin
Cytokinin synthesized in endosperm tissue, the root tip, and
xylem.Ditransfer to leaf through the network xylem.Berfungsi
for increase energy metabolism transferred to forming buds
bunga.Mengendalikan process translocation ensure the
availability of energy for flowering. Break the apical dominance.
Instrumental in spurring flower initiation, and is found at higher
levels in the roots of Douglas-fir flowering, than trees do not
bloom.
4) Gibberellin
Gibberellin synthesized in root primordia and caulis
translokased the xylem and phloem. Stimulating the renewal
process internodia and books on the stem. Giberelik acid has a
very strong inhibitory effect against flowering variety of trees
including crops angisperma temperate fruit, rhododendron,
grapefruit and mango. At Citrus sinensis, GA3 can cause the
buds of dormant real flowering potential fully back to the
vegetative level, until such time as the formation of flower
petals. has introduced a model that involves giberelin on
controlling the initiation of hormonal apple blossoms. Giberelin
 produced by seeds growing in the young fruit is thought to have
inhibited the formation of interest, and thus reduce flowering the
following spring. In general, growth-inhibiting substances, such
as Chlormequat Cycocel; (2-cloroethyl) trimethylammonium
chloride, Alar and TIBA (tri-iodobenzoic acid), reducing
vegetative growth and stimulate flowering in angiosperm tree
species. Gymnosperms seems to react berbeda.Penghambat
growth has increased flowering. Instead, Giberelin will
encourage flowering in the latest . Several reseacrh has raised
suspicion that the type of gibberellins may be an important factor
in the physiological response on such plant aspects by using
giberelin effect on flowering perennial woody plants chronic or
require further observations, given the lack of detection methods
and production gibberellins today.
5) Genetic Flowering
Genetic Flowering also influenced by genetic factors. This is
related to the plant itself. If indukannya both the flowering
process takes place quickly.
 CHAPTER III

FINAL

A. Knot

a.Phenology of flowering or flowering plant species is one of the important

characters in the life cycle of the plant because the phase of the initial
process occurs for a plant to breed.
b.Stage of flowering that begins with an induction phase (evokasi), The
initiation, development of buds into anthesis, anthesis, pollination and
fertilization, the latter a young fruit development such as ripening fruits and
seeds.
c.In the flowering phase there are internal factors and external factors that
affect the process of flowering. Internal factors: factors derived from the
flowering plant itself, for example fitohormon, while external factors are
factors that come from outside the plant itself eg environmental factors such
as light, humidity, light intensity, temperature, and nutrients.
B. Advice
We expect that the development of manipulation of flowering in
Indonesia can more advanced, so we dont need to imports from abroad
again and exports of Indonesia will spread to many countries. As well as we
also expect the society in Indonesia to buy local fruits instead of imported
fruits.
 REFERENCES

http://www.microbeworld.org/types-of-microbes

https://www.verywell.com/what-is-microbiology-1958833

http://brainly.in/question/43634
REFERENCES

Dressler , R.L. 1981. The Orchids Natural History and Classification. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press. Fewless , G. 2006.
Phenology . hhtp : //www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/phenology /index.htm .Retrieved
on March 14 , 2014.
Sitompul , B.C. and B. Guritno . 1995. Analysis of Plant Growth . Yogyakarta:
Gadjah Mada University Press . Tabla , V.P. and C.F. Vargas . 2004.
Phenology and phenotypic natural selection on the flowering time of a deceit -
pollinated tropical orchid , Myrmecophila christinae.Annals of Botany , 94 ( 2 ) :
243-250.http : //aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full / 94 / 2/243 .
Retrieved on March 14 , 2014. Tim pengampu 2011. Instructional materials
science and seed technology .http://www.unhas.ac.id .Retrieved on March 14,
2014