Chapter 14 ee 14-1 The following signals represent 2 sets of 5 mutually orthogonal signals. 141-2 FigS14.1-2 m1413 1) 041.08 Flt Psina oo In 2) @LDis FP anonrs essen] =F prmow4)] Te 1 . dy G2 -> is Fleviseow- oes] = Felis 2eteodoer 104 ] Fig. S14.1-3 42141-4 142-1 * * ¥# (3-2,3,4,9 Fig. S14.1-4 b) The energy of each signal is: 44+ 4 x,t 4 ee lels ea Fy = Se telsr is The4l % % By = SAO 39 By = StiSt4 e407, a 28 % is ©) Fy-Fa=(-6-8+6+840)=0. Hence, f(t) and fa(1) are orthogonal. Let x(t) x, x(t l= xg x(t42)=x3 We wish to determine Prax (410423) Since the process x(é) is Gaussian, x), x2, x3 are jointly Gaussian with identical variance (2, = a, = oy = R,(0)=1). ‘The covariance matrix is: ameKey = R()=t 2 Oxyxg * Fx2x Oy Fux Tus a o i Kelonn 2% Oma | ABO Ongny = Page 7 HP HEF) +2) = Rl m 2 |= aT 1 Oxy, Fayr Fay rayny © Faye, = XS = HEY AE2) = Re(2)= 41314.34 1y and (K[=(1--—> u-( 2) aie ele = eye i 1 egy = 1--k and Aya = Aa) = 43 = Aa 5-5 Ay nga ty and Ona = Ban = as = Aa 5g 1 bys Ag 0, dap =1- Ant Pe Pan V2)" C57 Fag Ug Fig. $14.3-1 rem) = Poem <) wa cma) =P 01>) 4 cin) = (Cra) == PCC) = Pron < 2) Hence Plc) = (Ca) = ig Le a 1-5) and 1? aad 4c) = {ces =o (Crs) = Jag a amt od) Hence Py =1-P(C) 21-[ton)( Chm) + ma) P( com} ora) {Cha} = 4 w-xwi de] ‘The signal energies are (zzy. (:). vn (ate) M4Hence the average pulse energy E is rn 22 92.8. wea] M4 4 4 ma 2S axes? (2 -i)e? ai Lee = 7 = (unit A ne Fe blog, M I2log, M Hence Pug eM Hicea MIE mM MV (Me=i) ‘Which agrees with the result in Eq. (13.52¢) 1432 P(cim)= Pcie) = Pcs) = AC) (Choma) = P(Chos) = PCIe) = PCIe») Heim) = om <8. >) delle (Chm) = Alul<$, ™ >3) das) reyed [aterm Amalle4ft-o( el raeet-nernsd fa) [> h)] and Fig. $14.3-2 us‘The average pulse energy E is ed - Oa) -2 et log28 2 vi (2) lB) Ey ‘This performance is considerably better than MASK in Prob. 14.3-1, which yields rau 2180 (EBSEE Ne wt 'M. Hence, the optimum receiver is the same as that 14,3-3 In this case, constants a,'s are same for k= 1, 2, .. in Fig. 14.8 with terms ay's omitted. ‘We now compare r-54, 7°82) FSM + Since r-s, = VEr cos, is the angle between r and ‘sq, itis clear that we are to pick that signal s, with which r has the smallest angle. In short, the detector is a phase comparator. It chooses that signal which is at the smallest angle with r. 143-4 Because of symmetry, (Cm) = P(Cha) where M=2% = Fm) Fig. S14.3-4 16and P(C) = P(Cm) enrol Here, M=2", Hence, each symbol carries the information logz M= Nbits. Hence Ey = Ef nbd Pm) , 4 Pm)" 2 Pi da =—in2+— Fig, S14.3-5 2@” +9 ‘ig. S14. and 143-5 wi =—h- ae” Hep) = cna) =r») 38) Achre)= Pr (sl yar-ad zea) Ac) =4 (cima) +4 2( com) +5 AC) pga) tes) 1 (a? -win2 d? + Nin2 a ae) daa) < 2 E = 05(0)+025d? +0250? = 2E 2E a ecm?) | th? ihe nord i 4 sen | 143-6 Pay =1-P(C) P(C)=3[Alcm)+ Aim] Heme Zager? Manan Also Hence ud 1 sqaten lea abl mw i " lana 72 . 4 gto +a lf andes 24) af | (Chm) monde ele 1g, tan(n/8) gpd and : d= \OAE = OES tant lh Fig. S14.3-6 143-7 Note that d, 4 dy 44 e-fhn ge na shitgh d, 4 dyad gaSh-Gh weghegh 86) # $8) a [Se 4 5,8) 1 7. ,* Pt» = | ~ ° % o| T Zt Teo jo 5 fe a *s % oA Fig, $14.3-7b © P(C{ms) = Prot ite originating from s5 remains within the square of side +) sales. balexSy) 2 [doe] ade} oan flea ers =f] < = 2 We also observe that E , the average energy is E = {4}. sd? E _ 04a? _ 02d? a _ (sé a SE EE OE and yd = a a ot 2a, “Vai 2o, VON Therefore named |) ‘The decision region Ry for m, is shown in Fig, a and again in Fig. C-1. Ry can be expressed as the first quadrant (horizontally hatched area in Fig. C-1) -4,. Thus P(Chm;) = noise originating from sz lie in Ry = P(noise lie in 1st quadrant) ~ P(noise lie in Ay) and -{- if Jp rete cat tein) But —_P(noise lie in 41) = Hl P(ooise Iie within outer square) - P(noise lie within inner square)] (See Fig. C-2) = {Ao sl <8)- of al $5) “ste dete 9fad }udefe)] and nemevades,) 45) df) ae de }- ee on } 4B} nonod 2) 40 Fig. $14.3-7c Moreover, by symme see Pda) = dm)= = Plelms) = P(sima) tu atdn)] “pd 48) 143-8 ey & Ri ° . Fig. S14.3-8 nicy=dbartcin)=G[Ace) + Hcim)> Aces) + cm] ‘The decision region R, for m (see Figure) can be expressed as y= outer squae of ide 2/2 -3 (outer square ~ inner square of sided) = Louter square of side dV +3 inner square of side d 120Now P(C{m) = Prob(noise originating from m lies in) = fA lie in outer square) + 2 p(n tie in inner square) =1Wlef)-2e{ <5) fda] ld] Similarly Rp, the decision region for m, (see figure above) can be expressed as R outer square of side 2/2 - 2 (outer square ~ inner square of side d) = outer square of side df - ane square of sie d and P(Chm,) = noise ray td tie " =the) +4 “today: ‘ “el 7 wh ‘es a my ad Y a Ra ee The decision region Ry for my can be expressed as y= Ry + Rp- Re P(Cims) = Prob(noise originating from m; lie in Ry) = P(noise in R,)-+ P(noise in Rg)- P(noise in Rc) wf kce)e 2 a ake} 4 le f)-api mtd] fad Ballade) - afta eal nsfead Eade) & date)‘The decision region Rg for ms can be expressed as Ry=Ra-Re and ha) => 02> af ale) <4) {4B foe ot] For any practical scheme O() <<, and we can express {i-4atyf = 1-200) Using this approximation, we have rene to renimvad fo} renin} 4) remind) Hence 1 Pc) = 5 P(cim)+ Pima) * P(clms)+ (Chr) id ig 4)-3 af 1 fa) aya av ‘Now bynd?, Ey -2d?, Ey = Ad?, and Ey = 8d”. Therefore Bale ea oad etd) G4 , EOE And aT so that fy Ed A 4H 16 Ww ‘Therefore a3 [EEa)-Sd [8% )-2q 2 rc)=1 id sa id, 15 id 15 W Moreover TEs), of SE o> of (Ee 1S 15 A sw Hence 3 BE ncyar-4o( {5 122 And143-9 144-1 ry =t-rte)~$0( [EB Comparison ofthis result wth that in Example 14.3[Eq,(14.57)] shows that this configuration requires approximately 1.5 times the power ofthe system in Example 14.3 to achieve the same performance. If 5; is transmitted, we have byeE+arVEn, , by=-E+a-vEm bpeasVEn, =» b.ga-VEm by wa+VE ny » by za-vE my and (Chm) = Prob.(b, > 8-1, bps b-2» ~~ be» b-4) Note that by >. implies E+a+VE m>-E+a-VEn of m >-vE b> by implies E+a+VE 0 >a+VE 02 or mb.g implies E+a+ JE ny >a-VE my or m>-(vE+m) Hence by > by and b-2 implies - (nj +VE) <2 <(m+¥E) Similarly by > by and b_, implies ~ (a +E) 1, bas Beas bs, b-3s~* Ba bot) «Prob ny > VE, [pal <(ou V2} [sl «(va +42} bal <(m +E] Since ny, np~-M, are all independent gaussian random variables each with variance u/2 P(cim)=[P(01 >-VE) Peal em + ¥E)Pral Fig S14.4-1 2 tae2 Hew 44) [Ecos = exon eet 92(t) = Va0 sin wg Li Therefore si(i)= ¥20 42(1) | 1=¥ 2 a(t)=V50() | 2 =v5O s()=-5 6(0) | s=-Se reves «= 154 «Is 0,-ViB 0, + @,)- Be, : Hence the minimum = signal set is given by ali)= (2 60 = 5 431) Bye 2 sno sine nth Enon ain sone ioy a= wr Bele-6.00)-Binpeoteney BE toy ‘The optimum receiver ~ 2 » citable form — in this case would be that shown in Fig. 14.88 orb. Fig. $14.42 1443 To find he minimum energy set, wehave # = (5) +82 +83 +54) =A —#e Hence the new minimum energy set is henge hth hentia h- tah 124[Note that all the four signals form vertices ofa square because (i, 2), (2 4s) (#35 ), and (4 §) are crthogonal, The distance between these signal pars i always 22 . This set is shown in Fig, $14.4-38 “The signal set is now rotated so as to yield a new set shown in Fig. S144-3b. Q, = 2H 5SN- am %=%7 ~° “602 Fig. S144-3 Observing symmetry we obtain (c)= (cfm) = (Cr) = ACs) = ACh) = P(n >—v2 and ny >-v2) -(-4$)] = [- die] =[1-oG16)} Pay =1-P(C)=1-[1-O(316)} = 158%107 2 1 1 1 mes anghtgmtetame oo tppsmlatel Oe) wt SiR Se oe s. s sa 3 we no? t> Si ws ioe (B) The signal ext (@)The minimum energy af ce) tov! ia tov 1st () The orthogonal basis set ’ / at 38 = 88 83 2x10 5 co) ey ts q 2nert~ “4 for ens (AD The minimum energy Wave Fig. S14.4-4 125P(Chms) = P(Clm) = am pool te . coo t* ad =2 ne Aa 92 00/38 fy" 0.028% 031 Fig. S14.4-6 127