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THEORY:
Penetration value is a measure of hardness or consistency SOFTENING POINT OF BIUMINOUS MATERIAL
of bituminous material. It is the vertical distance
traversed or penetrated by the point of a standard needle AIM:
in to the bituminous material under specific conditions of To determine the softening point of bitumen/ tar.
load, time and temperature. This distance is measured in
one tenths of a millimeter. This test is used for evaluating THEORY:
consistency of bitumen. It is not regarded as suitable for The Softening Point of bitumen or tar is the temperature
use in connection with the testing of road tar because of at which the substance attains particular degree of
the high surface tension exhibited by these materials. softening. As per IS: 334-1982, it is the temperature in
C at which a standard ball passes through a sample of
PROCEDURE: bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm,
(i) Preparation of test specimen: Soften the material to a when heated under water or glycerine at specified
pouring consistency at a temperature not more than 60C conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient
for tars and 90C for bitumen above the approximate fluidity before its applications in road uses. The
softening point and stir it thoroughly until it is determination of softening point helps to know the
homogeneous and is free from air bubbles and water. temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be
heated for various road use applications. Softening point
10mm in excess of the expected penetration. Protect the is determined by ring and ball apparatus.
sample from dust and allow it to cool in an atmosphere at
a temperature between 15 to 30 C for one hour. Then PROCEDURE:
place it along with the transfer dish in the water bath at (i) Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a
25C, unless otherwise stated. temperature between 75-100 C above its softening
point; stir until, it is completely fluid and free from air
(ii) Fill the transfer dish with water from the water bath bubbles and water. If necessary, filter it through IS sieve
to depth sufficient to cover the container completely, 30. Place the rings previously heated to a temperature
place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of the approximating to that of the molten material, on a metal
penetration apparatus. plate which has been coated with a mixture of equal parts
of glycerine and dextrine.
(iii) Clean the needle with benzene, dry it and load with (ii) Assemble the apparatus with the rings; thermometer
the weight. The total moving load required is 100 0.25 and ball guides in position
gms, including the weight of the needle, carrier and
super-imposed weights. (iii) Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm
above the upper surface of the rings. The starting
(iv) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of temperature should be 5 C.
the sample. This may be done by placing the needlepoint
in contact with its image reflected by the surface of the Note: Use glycerine in place of water if the softening
bituminous material. point is expected to be above 80 C; the starting
temperature may be kept 35 C.
(i) Make the pointer of the dial to read zero or note the
initial dial reading. (iv) Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the
temperature rises at a uniform rate of 5 0.5 C per
minute.
glasses
(v) As the temperature increases the bituminous material
softens and the balls sink through the rings carrying a
portion of the material with it.
3.2 PROCEDURE
(vi) Note the temperature when any of the steel balls
with bituminous coating touches the bottom plate. 1) Plastic wastes are cleaned and dried (For ex: disposed
carry bags, glasses etc) with a thickness of 60 microns
(i) Record the temperature when the second ball touches is shredded into small pieces (2.36 mm - 4.75 mm size).
the bottom plate.
2) Aggregate are weighed and are heated to 160C in a
pan.
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
3) Shredded plastic is added to the hot mix. The plastic
TEST gets softened and coated over
TEST TEST PERMISSIBL the surface of the aggregate in 30 - 60 seconds as shown
METHO
NAME RESULT E LIMIT in Figure 4.
D
Specific IS 1202-
1.065 0.99(min) 4) Hot Bitumen (heated up to a maximum of 160C) is
gravity 1978
added immediately and the contents are mixed
thoroughly.
Penetratio IS 1203-
54mm 45(min)
n test 1978
5) As the plastics are heated to a maximum temperature
of 165C, there is no evolution of any gas . When heated
Softening IS 1205-
51.15 47(min) above 270C, the plastics get decomposed and above
point 1978
750C they get burnt and
produce harmful noxious gases.
FILLER 480g
4. Data collection
TABLE 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE
PLASTIC
Characteristics Curves Based on Experiments Conducted
SOFTENING in Lab 4.5% Net Content of Bitumen and Plastic
POLYMER EXAMPLES
TEMP s
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our respected IRC, Tentative Specifications for Bituminous Surface
and learned guides, Prof. KONGAN ARYAN for his dressing Using Pre-coated Aggregates, IRC: 48-1972,
valuable help and guidance, we are thankful to them for Indian Roads Congress
the encouragement they have given us in completing the ISI, Indian Standards Specifications for Roads Tar, IS:
215, Indian standard Institution