Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented To
BASTO, Jomar M.
SAPITULA, Ralph D.
March 2017
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THESIS COMMITTEE
FINAL APPROVAL
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this research could have not been possible without all the
participation, support and assistance of many people whose names may not all be
enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.
The researchers of the study would like to express their deep appreciation to those who
helped them to complete this project study.
DEDICATION
Behind the success of this research, the researchers want to dedicate this to their
families, for serving as their inspiration in finishing this project, for their continuous and
unending support, love and understanding;
Most especially, Almighty God, for giving them enough strength, courage and
patience not only during the conduct of the study but throughout the everyday life.
J. Basto
C. K.Punsalang
R. Sapitula
O.J Sunga.
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ABSTRACT
The objective of the project is to design and test a vertical axis wind turbine to
can provide a considerable amount of wind to drive a turbine due to high vehicle traffic.
This energy is unused. The wind turbines will be placed alongside of the highway. Using
all of the collected data, existing streetlights on the medians can be fitted with these wind
turbines. Additionally, since the wind source will fluctuate, a storage system for the
power generation will be designed to distribute and maintain a constant source of power.
Ideally, the turbine can be used globally as an unlimited power source for streetlights and
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Dedication iii
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Introduction 1
Conceptual Framework 2
Operational Framework 3
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Definition of Terms 6
Related Literature 7
Related Studies 13
Research Locale 16
Research Design 17
Block Diagram 18
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INTERPRETATION OF DATA 40
RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings 50
Conclusions 51
Recommendation 52
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
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12 42
4.2 Voltage and Ampere of the Generator
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CHAPTER 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Our society consumes each year a huge amount of its energy resources and the
signicant part of these energy resources is based from fossil fuels. A large portion of this
energy is being rejected to the ambient in the generation of electricity and the
transportation sectors. This is due to inefficient utilization of energy resources and system
inefficiencies.
Renewable energy such as solar and wind energy has a high potential in reducing
our dependency on the usage of fossil fuels. Wind energy is the rapid growing source of
clean energy worldwide. However, the major problem with this technology is fluctuation
in the source of wind. Recent study shows that there is a near constant source of wind
turbine due to high vehicle traffic. Thorough research on wind patterns is required to
determine the average velocity of the wind created by oncoming vehicles. The wind
turbines are placed alongside of the highway, therefore fluid flow from sides of the
highway is considered in the design. Existing streetlights on the highways can be fitted
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with these turbines. Additionally, since the source will fluctuate, a storage system for the
Ideally, the turbine can be used globally as an unlimited power source for
reduced the burning of fossil fuel. The general overview of this paper is the potential use
of drag from moving vehicles as a source of energy for generating electricity by the
process of converting it into usable electricity in powering streetlights with low power
consumption.
Conceptual Framework
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Fig. 1.1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The conventional concept
of renewable energy was used in generating electricity. Therefore, using the conceptual
framework, the researchers designed a vertical axis turbine that can be used as an
alternative source of energy. The mechanical energy that produced by the system is
Operational Framework
Fig. 1.2 shows the operational framework of the study. The operational
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consumption through vertical axis turbine. The researchers designed and tested a vertical
axis turbine. Different factors such as the design, cost and other variables were
determined. Also, the power output and efficiency of the turbine and the generator were
analyzed.
This study determined whether the harnessed alternative energy by a vertical axis
turbine has an impact on lessening the energy consumption. The purpose of this study is
With the use of the proposed design of the vertical axis turbine, the mechanism
lessen due to the power produced by the generator of vertical axis turbine.
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The study is limited only on designing and testing vertical axis turbine on a small-
scale basis for generating electricity as an alternative source for streetlights and the
amount of electricity it can produce. This would have a wide range of applications on
fields ranging from household appliances to industrial application, but this study focused
mainly in powering streetlights with low voltage requirement. The researchers limited
their study in the highway of Governors Drive in Carmona, Cavite where the experiment
was conducted.
The motivation for designing a highway wind turbine is to contribute towards the
global trend in wind energy production in a feasible way. As technology rapidly grows,
Mainly, the idea behind this study is to reuse the drag produced by moving cars
into useful and clean electricity for streetlights. The idea is to reduce the amount of
energy.
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This study will also benefit the future researchers who want to focus on the
Definition of Terms
The following are the terms used by the researchers in the study. For a common
energy.
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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the background and various relevant literatures regarding
the concept of vertical axis turbine and its applications. It also includes the synthesis of
the study and the gaps bridged by the study to further understand the research to be done.
Related Literature
According to Motavilli (2005), the wind turbine technology has gone through
many restructuring and changes in the United States. Due to increasing cost of electricity,
California became the first state to develop a power system utilizing wind as a source.
American Wind Energy Association (2002) also stated that the United States wind
industry continued to incline in the 1980s when several states followed. It reached a
plateau because of the electrical industry restructuring and the expiration of the federal
tax credits (United States, Department of Energy, 2008). However, because of increasing
concerns in climate change, technology advancement, and the creation of the market and
policy from the Production Tax Credit (PTC) and state implemented renewable standards,
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According to Pryor and Barthelmie (2010), the generated electricity from the
wind contributed over 1 % of the global demand in 2007. In accordance to the recent
report by the Department of Energy of the United States (2008), they found out that the
U. S possesses accessible and affordable resources of wind energy far in excess of the
necessary amount to provide 20 % of the countrys electricity by the year 2030 (Goselin
2007). Greenpeace (2010) states that 10 % of the world power need will be supplied by
wind energy. Pryor and Barthelmie (2010), wind energy ranks second to hydroelectric
power generation in terms of installed capacity among the renewable energy technology
According to Global Wind Energy Council (2009), the global wind turbine
installation is on steady climb in the past decade. Currently, the total installed wind
power capacity worldwide is about 121 Giga-watts. Based from the information given by
the American Wind Energy Association (2010), 1000 kilo-Watts of wind power generates
Global Wind Energy Council (2008) stated that the United Stated surpassed
Germany in terms of global wind turbine installation. United States and Europe are the
leaders in wind power utilization. Developing countries like China are also experiencing
growth in wind industry. One-third of the global wind turbine capacity was developed in
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Asia in 2008. Additionally, installed micro wind turbines for household use and other
According to the article of Saurabh Mahapatra (2016), the Philippines is now the
largest in terms of total installed capacity of wind energy. It has overtaken all of its South
East Asian neighbours. The Philippines now has an operational 400MW of installed wind
turbine capacity, more than anything among other country in the Association of South
East Asian Nation (ASEAN) Region, according to media reports quoting Sen. Juan
Miguel Zubiri who played an important role in the passage of Renewable Energy Law of
2008.
International Energy Agency (1997) stated that the production cost of wind
number of manufactured wind turbine. Currently, the manufacturing cost of small scale
wind turbine that is connected to the grid almost get twice every 3 years. About a century
ago, during the first year of exploitation of oil a similar cost reduction was accomplished.
Additionally, the Danish Wind Industry Association (2007) states that 50 %reduction of
cost can accomplished by the year 2020. Moreover, based from their White Book, the
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European Union Commission said that 30 % of the wind energy cost will be reduced
and several other reasons. Additionally, the regulation of the market has an impact on the
wind turbine such as blades, the tower, the nacelle, the materials exploration, and the
emissions as this energy are fossil fuel based. These are called as indirect emissions.
Additionally, the visual impact and the noise impact of this kind of technology are one
houses. Reducing the rotational speed and varying the speed are technical means of
decreasing the noise impact. Both the visual and noise impact can also be reduced by
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The wind turbine reliability is based on the functionality of its parts under
aging and stress. Chands et al. (1998) had assessed the expert maintenance method. The
reliability of the systems has the possibility to improve. Denson (1998) studied what
causes the electronics system to fail and contributing factors to the failure of the
Walford (2006) stated in his report in the Sandia National Laboratories that the
critical factor in the success of the wind energy project is the wind turbine system
reliability. Poor reliability directly affects both the projects stream revenue through
increased operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and reduced availability to generate
Performance of a 500 W Darrieus- type vertical axis turbine studied the performance
and characteristic of a Darrieus-type vertical axis turbine with NACA airfoil blades. The
output of the Darrieus-type vertical axis turbine can be characterized by power and
torque. Various parameters related to vertical axis turbine designs such as helical angle,
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chord length, rotor diameter, and pitch angle greatly affects the performance of the
turbine.
Nikam et.al (2015) in his research article Literature Review on Design and
Development of Vertical Axis Turbine Blade concluded that the Darrieus-Type turbine
with a NACA airfoil blade produced a maximum power output optimizing the design
parameters.
considering blade geometry with semi-circular shaped blades under a range of wind
speeds during operation. A 16-bladed rotor was initially designed and its torques and
angular speeds were measured over a range of wind speeds using a wind tunnel. The
results indicated that the 16-bladed wind turbine can be used for domestic scale wind
power generation. Results show that the wind turbine device has positive effect to
increase the rotor speed to a significant amount. The average rotor speed increased by
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Related Studies
Sharma (2012) assessed the potential of the wind energy on highways. He found
out that the air exerted by the moving vehicles will create air displacement around the
vehicles and along the path ways which will create enough wind speed and air
distribution to rotate the wind turbine. This wind has high pressure and not used.
Joe (2007), student from University of Arizona designed a wind turbine that
captures the wind produced by moving vehicles. These turbines produced approximately
9,600 kWh per year enough to power streetlights and other public amenities.
Ashok et. al (2015) suggested that the proposed model of helical vertical axis
wind turbine can be a good source of renewable energy on highways. The drag produced
by moving vehicles can drive the vertical axis turbine which can be used to generate
electricity. It can be stored in battery and can be utilized for lighting, charging, etc.
about generating electricity using highway wind turbine. They chose Vertical Axis
El-Samanoudy et.al (2010) said that the vertical axis turbine is preferably chosen
over the horizontal axis turbine such as the shaft of the rotor is put vertically and nearly
located to the ground, as well as the generator and the gearbox. The turbine does not
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require to be pointed into the wind. Also there is no need to put a high tower. This makes
the wind turbine easier to maintain if needed. They can be installed on hilltops, on
ridgelines and on the top of buildings and in any areas where the force of the wind is
nearer the ground. Since they are placed lower, they can be used where tall devices are
not allowed by the law. As a result, the use of the vertical axis wind turbine may be
efficient; although of having some disadvantages such as, they cannot cover a large area
of wind. They are not very efficient with regards to extraction of energy because they
Mithun Raj (2015) designed and simulated a vertical axis turbine for highway.
The results showed that the power output also depends on the torque output and the rotor
speeds and hence it is suggested that the selection of turbine should also depend on the
speed at which the vehicle travels normally to increase the efficiency of the turbine. This
proposes placing the VAWTs (Vertical Axis Wind Turbines) at the median of the road so
that the wind from these vehicles moving on the road produces a tangentially acting force
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The researchers considered that each of the literature and studies stated in this
project study is similar to the present researches as majority of the materials that used in
this study is the same with the past studies conducted. Only that the design of the
prototype was different compared to the existing one. Through the past studies
conducted, the researchers were able to optimize the design of the vertical axis turbine
After an in-depth analysis and reading done by the researchers, they observed that
there were no studies done about the vertical axis turbine driven by automotive drag
vertical axis turbine driven by automotive drag in Governors Drive Barangay Bancal,
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Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter contains elaboration on the research design and its components,
which are methods of research, sources of data, test procedures, project development and
Research Locale
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The previous figure above shows the research locale where the study was
conducted. The study was conducted along the highway of Governors Drive located in
Barangay Bancal, Carmona Cavite because it is the easiest and nearest possible site for
the researchers. The highway is a 4-way lane and constant number of vehicles is passing
Research Design
The researchers employed experimental research design. Series of trials was done
in gathering automotive drag speed on the location performed to determine the design for
the system. Using the design wind speed, each component was chosen based on the
design criteria.
consultations with professionals. The knowledge acquired was used to design the
mechanism in the form of vertical axis turbine that generated electrical power from drag
The relevant aspect in the design and construction of the vertical axis turbine is its
ability to provide an alternative energy source for streetlights. The overall efficiency of
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Block Diagram
Power
Battery Generator Transmission
Streetlights
Fig. 3.2 shows how the system works. Vertical axis wind turbines have their main
rotor shaft set vertically. The generator and belt drive are usually set below and the rotor
blades rotate around the shaft. As the vehicles passed by, it produces turbulence which
drags the rotor blades and spin around the main shaft. The spinning shaft drives the
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generator and electricity is generated, the electricity will be regulated to charge a lead
acid battery and directly used the direct current which will now power the streetlights.
which was the test location for data gathering used for designing of the prototype. The
parameters required are the automotive drag velocity measured in m/s. A digital
anemometer was used to measure the automotive drag speed on the location. One trial per
week was done at different possible testing sites in the location for the month of
5
4.8
4 4.5
4
3
3.2
2
0
1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week
September
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Figure 3.3 shows the data gathered for the month of September. The data shows
that the automotive drag speed ranges from 3.2 m/s to 4.8 m/s.
6
6.4
5 6
5.5
4 5
3
2
1
0
1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week
October
Figure 3.4 shows the data gathered for the month of October. The automotive drag
speed gathered was much higher than the data gathered for the month of September. The
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4 4.3
3.9
3 3.6
2.9
2
0
1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week
November
The figure above shows the data gathered for the month of November. There is a
little variation on the data gathered as compared to the data for the month of September
and October.
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Table 3.2 shows the data sheet for the automotive drag speed. The data gathering
was done at different time frame per week. The gathered data were used as basis for the
computation of the design consideration of the prototype. Automotive Drag speed from 1
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Design Consideration
The speed of the automotive drag is very much essential for the production of the
electricity in the vertical axis turbine. Minimal amount of automotive drag will be
The tower for the vertical axis turbine will be kept little to obtain whole air
density from oncoming vehicles. The researchers should also concentrate on the design of
the tower because it should be able to withstand for maximum wind speed and also its
own weight.
The most complicated part of the design is the blade because they must be
propelled by automotive drag in any direction. The blade of the vertical axis turbine
must be angled and curved so that bigger surface area is exposed to the automotive
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drag from the moving vehicles. The blade must also be lightweight as possible so that
it can drive the generator. The central part is a hollow shaft wherein the turbine blades
will be attached. It must be large enough to fit with the size of the streetlights. As
discussed earlier the shape of the wind mill blades is the important one if one could
place an efficient design of a blade then the efficiency of the windmill will be
increased.
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The swept area is the section of air that encloses the turbine in its movement, the
shape of the swept area depends on the rotor configuration, this way the swept area of a
horizontal axis wind turbine is circular shaped while for a straight-bladed vertical axis
wind turbine the swept area has a rectangular shape and is calculated using:
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S = DL
The swept area limits the volume of air passing by the turbine. The rotor converts
the energy contained in the wind in rotational movement so as bigger the area, bigger
The following formulas will be utilized to design the vertical axis turbine size.
P = AV3
where P; Power available extracted from the wind, V is the velocity of the wind (m/s) and
is the air density (kg/m3), the reference density used its standard sea level value (1.225
kg/m3 at 15C), for other values the source (Aerospaceweb.org, 2005) can be consulted.
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The power coefficient (Cp) is the power extracted divided by the power available
The maximum value for the power coefficient is called Betz Limit
The maximum power that can be extracted from a given wind stream is defined
by what is known as the Betz limit, therefore, the power extracted is calculated by the
following equation
= fluid Density
Cp value represents the part of the total available power that is actually taken
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Inputs
Over-all Diameter 1.3 meter *chosen for the fitting location
Blade Length 0.8 meter
Automotive Drag Velocity 4.51 m/s *Based on Ave. automotive Drag Speed
Power Coefficient 59.26% *Constant Cp for wind (Betz Limit)
0.2 *Estimated Cp for the turbine
*Ranges 15% to 35% for small turbine
Outputs
Turbine Swept Area
Power Available in the wind 60.68 watts
Power produce by the turbine 12.14 watts
Table 3.2 Power Performance initial calculations
Table 3.3 shows what were the initial estimated performance of the wind turbine,
the power coefficient had been estimated analysing the data taken from similar market
wind turbines. The researcher made an assumption of 20% turbine efficiency. It shows
that based on 1.04 m2 swept area, the turbine can produce a shaft power of 12.14 watts at
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The more blades there are on a wind turbine, the higher will be the torque (the force
that creates rotation) and the slower the rotational speed (because of the increased drag
caused by wind flow resistance). But turbines used for generating electricity need to
operate at high speeds, and actually do not need much torque. So, the fewer the number
of blades, the better suited the system is for producing power.Theoretically, a one-bladed
practical because of stability problems. Turbines with two blades offer the next best
Since a wind turbine must always face into the wind, the blades will have to change
their direction vertically when there is a shift in wind direction. This is referred to as
yawing. In the case of a two-bladed system, when the blades are vertical (i.e., in line with
the tower and the axis of rotation) there is very little resistance to the yawing motion.
But when the two blades are in the horizontal position, the blades span a greater
distance from the axis of rotation and so experience maximum resistance to yawing
(notice how a spinning figure skater slows down when they bring their arms away from
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their body). As a result, the yawing motion starts and stops twice per revolution, and this
On the other hand, a turbine with three blades has very little vibration or chatter.
This is because when one blade is in the horizontal position; its resistance to the yaw
force is counter-balanced by the two other blades. So, a three-bladed turbine represents
The above figure shows the initial design of the blade of the wind turbine
rendered using Solidworks. The design is based on a wing shape with one leading edge,
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and to be made as lightweight as possible so that it can be able to rotate smoothly. The
arms were support by circular flat bar to maintain the stability of the turbine when
running.
Considering the automotive drag speed islowest wind speed from table 3.2.
(2) 2 9 /
3
62 /
6
2
6
62 /
2
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Table Above shows the theoretical rotor RPM expected at a certain drag speed.
The motor which is used as a generator provides 21 volts and 2-A current at 3150
rpm. Its volt to rpm ratio is 1/150V/RPM (21 divided by 3150). The researchers aim is to
charge a lead acid motorcycle battery with terminal voltage of 2.5 volts. The battery will
charge at a minimum voltage of 2.5 volts. The motor is used as a generator and it is not
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Therefore,
min
( )
( ) ( )
2 5
( ) 1
( )
150
( 8)
( )
approximately 441 rpm to produce 2.5 volts to be able to charge the motorcycle lead acid
battery.
The generator must turn at more than 450 rpm at lowest automotive drag speed of
2.9 m/s to be able to produce a voltage greater than 2.5 volts to be able to charge a lead
()
()
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5
29
2
3/
The table above shows the tabulated data for theoretical voltage output of the
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Above figure shows the preliminary design of the vertical axis turbine. The
researchers used the initial value for the estimated calculations made above that fit within
the design criteria tobe able to fabricate the prototype. Efficient placement is necessary to
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Now that the initial calculations have been made and the design was already
rendered, it is now time for the researchers to find and prepare the necessary and
available materials that is needed for the crafting of the wind turbine. The following
Blade arm and support 1 piece 20 ft. length by inch width flat bar
Apart from the parts said above, certain materials and components are required
during main assembly of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, such as aluminum strips, threaded
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Transmission system:
The belt and pulley system is used as the transmission system in this turbine
The gear ratio of 1:16 has been used.
Fabrication Sequence
Fabrication of vertical axis wind turbine consists of different parts which are
needed to be fabricated as parts of main assembly. Following are the parts of VAWT, to
be fabricated:
aluminum sheet circular cross section support for arm support. The cut
metal sheet is coupled into the skeletal frame by rivets to form the design
Pole the pole served as the support for the wind turbine, also it served as
Base - the base aims at providing a strong support to the turbine. Hence,
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Testing Procedure
In order to test the effectiveness of the system, series of experiments and trials
will be conducted in measuring revolution per minute of the rotor, power output of the
The actual revolution per minute of the rotor was measured to know the
performance of the system. Available wind power will be computed by the basic wind-
power equation that is used for estimating extractable power from any moving fluid mass.
2
6
The power output is the actual reading of power generated by the system and will
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The effectiveness of the turbine will be evaluated through its overall efficiency
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CHAPTER 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of data which were
drawn from the actual testing of the vertical axis turbine along the highway of Governors
Drive Barangay Bancal, Carmona, Cavite. The results of the study are presented in
System Specification
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Test Results
Data have been collected at the test location alongside of the highway. The
variation in the automotive drag velocity results in the changes in the rotation of the
blades rotor. The number of successful revolution of the rotor is counted per minute. The
relevance of the rotor rpm is to know the required rpm of the generator needed for the
system to generate a certain power output. The table below gives the actual data collected
in the highway for rotor rpm. Four trials were done during the testing of the prototype at a
Using the recorded rotor speed, the researchers used the obtained speed ratio of 16
to be able to determine the rotational speed of the generator. Table 4.2 presents the data
for the output produce by the generator. The generator output is obtained by multiplying
the voltage and current reading in the digital multi tester during the test.
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Rotor
Generator Measured Voltage Measured Current Generator Output
Speed
(RPM) (V) (A) (W)
(RPM)
72 1152 6.42 0.58 3.72
Using the recorded rotor speed, the researchers used the obtained speed ratio of 16
to be able to determine the rotational speed of the generator. Table 4.2 presents the data
for the output produce by the turbine generator. The generator output is obtained by
multiplying the voltage and current reading in the digital multi tester during the test.
5 0.58 0.5
0.528
4 0.483 0.497 0.4
3 0.3
2 0.2
Voltage (V) Current (A)
1 0.1
0 0
1152 912 944 1040
Generator RPM
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3
2.93
2.5
2.59
2 2.37
1.5
1
0.5
0
1152 912 944 1040
Generator (rpm)
The graph given in the Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 gives the actual data collected in
highway at different rotational speed of the turbine blade. The generator rpm is relevant
in the rotors rpm as the output of the system is depending on its current speed on the test.
As the rotational speed of the rotor becomes higher, the output power of the generator
also increases. The highest recorded power output of the turbine generator was 3.57
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The table below shows the tabulation of the required battery charging power and
the motor power output. The researchers determine whether the battery will charge or
not.
Power Coefficient
AV3, where V= Velocity (m/s), = fluid Density (1.225 kg/m3) and A = swept area. The
table below shows the peripheral velocity obtained from the rotor RPM and the
corresponding available wind power. The area is based on the swept area of the prototype
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turbine at 72 rpm which accounts for 74.94 watts of available wind power according to
the equation. Hence one can obtain an output of 35-75 watts with an automotive drag
The next table presents the tabulation of the power input of the turbine. Shaft
power generated on the rotor will be calculated by the formula; , where is the
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shaft power, T = Torque and n is the rotational speed of the shaft of the turbine rotor.
1
(). 225: 3 8
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Evaluation Results
Table 4.5 shows the summary of the results for the actual test of the system. All
categories are dependent on the rate of the automotive drag speed at the time of the test.
As the automotive drag speed goes up, the rotor rotational speed will increase and the
Drag Generator
Wind power Rotor Rotor power Generator
Velocity Output
(W) RPM (W) (RPM)
(m/s) (W)
4.90 74.94 72 33.79 1152 3.72
3.89 37.49 57 16.86 912 2.37
4.01 41.07 59 18.54 944 2.59
4.42 55 65 24.82 1040 2.93
Table 4.6 Summary of test results
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The generator efficiency of the turbine can be calculated using the formula:
Generator %. Table 4.6 shows the tabulation for
O % . The table below shows the tabulation
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
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Generator Output
Wind power (W) Overall Efficiency
(W)
74.94 3.72 4.96 %
37.49 2.37 6.32 %
41.07 2.59 6.31 %
55 2.93 5.33 %
Table 4.9 Overall System Efficiency
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
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Cost Analysis
Breakdown of Expenses
Quantity Element Unit Cost (PhP) Total Cost (PhP)
1 8 Ft. G.I Pipe PHP 350.00 PHP 350.00
1 D.C Motor PHP 800.00 PHP 800.00
2 Ball Bearings PHP 173.00 PHP 346.00
1 Steel Plate PHP 315.00 PHP 315.00
1 Flat Bar PHP 90.00 PHP 90.00
2 Pulley PHP 520.00 PHP 520.00
1 Aluminum Sheet PHP 580.00 PHP 580.00
1 Blocking Diode PHP 50.00 PHP 50.00
1 LED Light Bulb PHP 340.00 PHP 340.00
1 Belt On hand PHP 0.00
1 Battery On hand PHP 0.00
Connecting Wires On hand PHP 0.00
The figure above shows the breakdown of cost in the fabrication of the vertical
axis turbine. The researchers do not have sponsors for this project therefore the costs is
divided among the group members. Actual cost of all the parts of the turbine including
the laborer cost and other expenses are listed in the above figure. To save money, the
researchers bought some of the parts in junkshop and some other parts are fabricated such
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Sto. Nio, City of Bian, Laguna
CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation
This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the
conclusions drawn from the data gathered and the recommendations made as outgrowth
of this study. This study is on the designing and testing of a vertical axis turbine driven
Findings
In this study, a small scale vertical axis turbine was designed and tested for the
serve as an alternative source of energy for streetlights. The prototype which was
relatively simple and cheap to construct was in essence the main criteria for wind turbine
selection. A Darrieus H-type rotor was selected as it best fitted the design criteria. After
conducting the experiments, the salient findings of the study are as follows:
The minimum rpm requirement for the rotor was attained to be able to run the
Based from the design of the prototype, at an average of 3.6 to 5.0 m/s, the
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
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The output power of the generator reach up to 3.5 watts which is enough to charge
The overall efficiency of the turbine from wind power to generator power output
peak up to 6.47%.
Conclusion
The results collected so far in designing and testing the vertical axis turbine which
recaptures energy from oncoming vehicles are very encouraging and has a high potential
in reducing our dependency on the use of electricity which majority comes from fossil
fuel. Using the obtained data, a vertical axis turbine is designed and tested alongside the
turbine cannot provide enough energy, a collective number of these turbines can generate
large amount of usable energy that can be used to power a typical streetlights. The
location of installing these wind turbines is also a great factor. It is an advantage if these
turbines are placed wherein there is high volume of passing vehicles day and night like
expressways as it gives more opportunity for high turbulence. If this technology was
improved and will be implemented soon, highways can be lightened without the use of
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Sto. Nio, City of Bian, Laguna
conventional energy and we will be able to reduce large amount of non-renewable energy
Recommendations
A small scale prototype of vertical axis turbine was design and tested using the
obtained parameters. The turbine is fabricated using available materials that fit the design
criteria. From the test result obtained during the experiment, it is noted that the prototype
can extract up to 75 watts of wind power for an average automotive drag speed of 4.16
m/s or approximately 15 kph and which can be eventually increased. The following
measures can be recommended by the researchers for the scope of future work:
Optimizing the design of the blade for trapping and recapturing more turbulence.
Using a generator, instead of motor that generates a higher voltage at a lower rpm.
Maximizing swept area of the blade that will fit the highway as it gives a higher
A gear mechanism with high speed ratio is much better as it gives lesser loss in
transmission and increases the rpm of the generator, therefore, power output can
be higher.
More accurate fabrication of the structure of the turbine for better functionality.
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References
Ackerman, T. (2000). Wind energy technology and current status, a review, Elsevier
Sciencep. 351
Champagnie, B. et al (2013). Highway Wind Turbines, EML 4905 Senior Design
Project, Florida International Univesity
Chands, P.K., Tokekar, S.K. (1998). Expert Based maintenance: A study of its
effectiveness, IEEE Trans Reliab, Vol. 47, p. 95-97.
Denson, W. (1998). The history of reliability prediction, failure causes for electronic
systems, IEEE Trans Reliab, Vol. 47, p. 325.
Joe Archinect. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from Arizona State University
http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment
Mithun Raj K.K, Ashok S. (2015) Design and Simulation of a Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine for Highway Wind Power Generation, International Journal of Electrical
and Electronics Engineer, IJEEE, Volume 07, website:
www.arresearchpublication.com
Sharma,M.K, (2012). Assessment of wind energy potential from highways. In
International Journal ofEngineering Research and Technology, volume 1. ESRSA
Publications
www.cleantechnica.com/2016/01/28/philippines-now-largest-wind-power-generator-
asean-region/
www.learnengineering.org/2013/08/Wind-Turbine-Design.html
www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine
www.ragheb.co/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Vertical%20Axis%
20Wind%20Turbines.pdf
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Appendices
Appendix A
(Gantt Chart)
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Appendix B
(Team Poster)
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Appendix C
(ResearchersProfile)
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
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BASTO,
Jomar Mejia
B18, L8, Montecarlo
Townhomes,Brgy. Bancal,
Carmona, Cavite
E-mail: jomarbasto@gmail.com
PERSONAL DETAILS
Fathers Name : Mr. George C. Basto
Nationality : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Sto. Nio, City of Bian, Laguna
PUNSALANG,
Christian Kevin Pabalan
Block 30 Lot 15 Evergreen County
Brgy. Zapote, Bian, Laguna
Phone : +639353561903
Email:punsalangkevin@gmail.com
PERSONAL DETAILS
Fathers Name : Mr. Salvador C. Punsalang
Nationality : Fiipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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SAPITULA,
Ralph Dagami
Block 8, Lot 22 SJV9
San Pedro Laguna
Phone : +63161042522
E-mail ID: awiterns@ymail.com
PERSONAL DETAILS
Fathers Name : Mr. Rogelio Sapitula
Nationality : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
Sto. Nio, City of Bian, Laguna
Sunga,
Owen Joshua D
#17 Int. Luna St. Baranggay
Poblacion, San Pedro, Laguna
Phone : +639952506142
E-mail ID: owenj@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DETAILS
Fathers Name : Mr. Alex A. Sunga
Nationality : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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EDITORS CERTIFICATION
March 8, 2017
Ralph D. Sapitula, and Owen Joshua D. Sunga has been edited by the undersigned.
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