Professional Documents
Culture Documents
toPIC 6
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Surface area
and volume
6.1 Overview
Why learn this?
Humans must measure! How much paint or carpet will you need to
redecorate your bedroom? How many litres of water will it take to fill
the new pool? How far is it to the end of the universe? These are just
a few examples of where measurements skills are needed. Measuring
tools have advanced significantly in their capacity to measure extremely
small and extremely large amounts, leading to many breakthroughs in
medicine, engineering, science, architecture and astronomy.
Learning sequence
6.1 Overview
6.2 Area
6.3 Total surface area
6.4 Volume
6.5 Review ONLINE ONLY
6.2 Area
The area of a figure is the amount of surface covered by the figure.
The units used for area are mm2, cm2, m2, km2 or ha (hectares), depending upon the size
of the figure.
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Shape Formula
1. Square A = l2
l
2. Rectangle l A = lw
3. Triangle A = 12bh
h
4. Trapezium a A = 12 (a + b)h
5. Circle A = r2
r
6. Parallelogram A = bh
h
Shape Formula
7. Sector
A= r2
360
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
rhombus)
x
Note: A calculator uses a stored value for of approximately 3.141 592 654. Before
calculators were in common usage, was often taken to be approximately 22 7
or 3.14. You
22
are advised to use the button on your calculator rather than 7 or 3.14.
Herons formula
If the lengths of all three sides of a triangle are known, b a
its area, A, can be found by using Herons formula:
A = !s(s a) (s b) (s c) where a, b and c are the c
a+b+c
lengths of the three sides and s is the semiperimeter where s = . eles-0177
2
WorKeD eXamPLe 1
Find the areas of the following plane figures, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b c
2 cm
3 cm 5 cm
5 cm 15 cm
40
6 cm
tHInK WrIte
a 1 Three side lengths are known, but not the height. In a A = !s(s a) (s b) (s c)
this case apply Herons formula.
2 Identify the values of a, b and c. a = 3, b = 5, c = 6
a+b+c
3 Calculate the value of s, the semiperimeter of the s =
triangle. 2
3+5+6
=
2
14
=
2
= 7
WorKeD eXamPLe 2
D C
2 cm
F E
A B
E
5 cm
D
H 10 cm G
tHInK WrIte
a 1 ACBD is a quadrilateral that can be split into two a Area ACBD = Area ABC + Area ABD
triangles: ABC and ABD.
7 Add the areas of the two triangles Area of ACBD = 24 cm2 + 8 cm2
together to find the area of the = 32 cm2
quadrilateralACBD.
b 1 One way to find the area of the shape shown b Area = Area ABGH Area DEFC
istofind the total area of the rectangle ABGH
andthensubtract the area of the smaller
rectangleDEFC.
2 Write the formula for the area of a Arectangle = l w
rectangle.
3 Identify the values of the pronumerals for the Rectangle ABGH: l = 9 + 2 + 9
rectangle ABGH. = 20
w = 10
FLuenCy
1 Find the areas of the following shapes.
a b c
4 cm
4 cm
doc-5236
12 cm 15 cm
doc-5237
10 cm
12 cm
d e f
8 cm
15 cm 8 mm 13 mm
18 cm
7 mm
g h i
6m 15 cm
10 cm
7m
18 cm
6 cm
12 cm
4 WE1b Find the area of the following ellipses. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
9 mm
12 mm
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
4 mm
5 mm
5 WE1cFind the area of the following shapes, i stating the answer exactly; that is, in terms
of and ii correct to 2 decimal places.
a b c
30 18 cm
6 mm 70
12 cm
345
6 MC A figure has an area of about 64 cm2. Which of the following cannot possibly
represent the figure?
A A triangle with base length 16 cm and height 8 cm
B A circle with radius 4.51 cm
C A rectangle with dimensions 16 cm and 4 cm
D A square with side length 8 cm
E A rhombus with diagonals 16 cm and 4 cm
7 MC The area of the quadrilateral shown below right is to be calculated.
Which of the following lists all the lengths required
to calculate the area? C
A D
28 m
15 cm
c 8 cm d
3 cm 2 cm
4 cm 2.1 m
3.8 m
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
e f
28 cm
18 cm
5 cm
12 cm
a b 16 m
8m 2m 2m
3 cm
7 cm
c d
8m 3m
40
5m
e 8m f 15 m
5m
2m 7.5 m
13 m 7 m
5m
UNDERSTANDING
10 A sheet of cardboard is 1.6 m by 0.8 m. The following shapes are cut from the cardboard:
a circular piece with radius 12 cm
a rectangular piece 20 cm by 15 cm
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
5m
8m 3m
Find the cost of the job if the workman charges $40.00 per m2.
14 A tennis court used for doubles is 10.97 m wide, but a singles court is only 8.23 m
wide, as shown in the diagram.
8.23 m
6.40 m 10.97 m
11.89 m
x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Area
REASONING
16 Dan has purchased a country property with layout and dimensions as shown in the
diagram.
a Show that the property has a total area of 987.5 ha.
N
b Dan wants to split the property in half (in terms of area) by
building a straightlined fence running either northsouth
or eastwest through the property. Assuming the cost of the 5000 m 1500 m
fencing is a fixed amount per linear metre, justify where the 2000 m
fence should be built (that is, how many metres from the
top lefthand corner and in which direction), to minimise 1000 m
the cost.
17 In question 15, Ron the excavator operator could choose to enclose a rectangular or
circular area with 100 m of barricade mesh. In this case, the circular region resulted in
a larger safe work area.
a Show that for 150 m of barricade mesh, a circular region again results in a larger
safe work area as opposed to a rectangular region.
b Show that for n metres of barricade mesh, a circular region will result in a larger
safe work area as opposed to a rectangular region.
PROBLEM SOLVING
18 C
40 cm
A x E 10 cm B
80 cm
r 2 C
CD
b Show that = cos a b.
r 2
r2sina bcosa b r 2 2 r
2 2
c Show that the area of triangle ACD is .
2 D
Note that this formula is the same if is in degrees or radians. A B
d Finally, show that the area of the segment (in purple) is
r2 a sina bcosa b b if is in degrees.
360 2 2
CHaLLenge 6.1
doc-5241
A special case of the rectangular prism is the cube, where all sides are
equal (l = w = h).
TSA = 6l2
l
TSA of spheres and cylinders
Sphere:
r
TSA = 4r2
Note: The mathematics required to prove the formula for the total surface area of a sphere
int2782
is beyond the scope of Year 10.
Cylinder:
TSA = 2r(r + h) or 2r2 + 2rh h
r
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
The formula for the TSA of a cylinder is found from the area of the net as shown.
TSA = r2 + r2 + 2rh r
= 2r2 + 2rh A = r 2
= 2r(r + h) 2r
A = 2rh h
r
A = r 2
WorKeD eXamPLe 3
Find the total surface area of the solids, correct to the nearest cm2.
a r = 7 cm b 50 cm
r 1.5 m
tHInK WrIte
TSA of cones
The total surface area of a cone can be found by considering its net, which is comprised
of a small circle and a sector of a larger circle.
l r = radius of the cone
l = slant height of the cone
l
r r
The sector is a fraction of the full circle of radius l with circumference 2l.
The sector has an arc length equivalent to the circumference of the base of the cone,2r.
The fraction of the full circle represented by the sector can be found by writing the arc
2r r
length as a fraction of the circumference of the full circle, = .
2l l
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
WorKeD eXamPLe 4
WorKeD eXamPLe 5
6 cm
tHInK WrIte/DraW
1 There are five faces: The square TSA = Area of square base + Area of four
base and four identical triangles. triangular faces
2 Find the area of the square Area of base = l2, where l = 6
base. Area of base = 62
= 36 cm2
3 Draw and label one triangular
face and write the formula for 5 cm
h
finding its area.
3 cm
Area of a triangular face = 12bh; b = 6
h = 4 cm
5 Calculate the area of the Area of triangular face = 12 6 4
triangular face by substituting = 12 cm2
b = 6 and h = 4.
6 Calculate the TSA by adding TSA = 36 + 4 12
the area of the square base = 36 + 48
and the area of four identical = 84 cm2
triangular faces together.
WorKeD eXamPLe 6
tHInK WrIte/DraW
1 The solid shown has TSA = 5 area of a square 10 cm
9faces five identical + 4 area of a triangle
squares and four identical
triangles.
2 Find the area of one square Asquare = l2, where l = 10
face with the side length A = 102
10 cm. A = 100 cm2
3 Draw a triangular face and
work out its height using 6 cm
Pythagoras theorem. h
5 cm
a2 = c2 b2, where a = h, b = 5, c = 6
h2 = 62 52
h2 = 36 25
h2 = 11
h = 3.316 62 cm (or with rounding, h = 3.3)
WorKeD eXamPLe 7
FLuenCy
Note: Where appropriate, give the answers correct to 1 decimal place.
1 Find the total surface areas of the solids shown.
a b c 12 cm d 2m
15 cm 1.5 m
20 cm 3m
doc5238
10 cm 8 cm
2 WE3 Find the total surface area of the solids shown below.
a r=3m b 21 cm c 0.5 m d
12 cm
r 30 cm 2.1 m
20 cm
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
12 cm
14 cm
15 cm 1.5 m
c 9.1 cm d
m
8c 14 cm
6 cm
10 cm
5.1 cm 7.2 cm
7 cm
a 8 cm b
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
5 cm
20 cm 20 cm
35 cm
12 cm
c d
2 cm
m
5 cm 2.5 c
3 cm
3 cm
e f 5 cm
3.5 cm
20 cm
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
10 cm
12 cm
15 cm
2
7 MC A cube has a total surface area of 384 cm . The length of the edge of the cubeis:
A 9 cm B 8 cm C 7 cm
D 6 cm E 5 cm
UNDERSTANDING
8 Open cones are made from nets cut from a large sheet of paper 1.2 m 1.0 m.
Ifacone has a radius of 6 cm and a slant height of 10 cm, how many cones
canbemade from the sheet? (Assume there is 5% wastage of paper.)
9 A steel girder is to be painted. Calculate the area of the surface to be painted.
2 cm
2 cm
5 cm
20 cm
120 cm
2 cm
12 cm
10 WE7 The greenhouse shown below is to be built using shade cloth. It has a wooden
door of dimensions 1.2 m 0.5 m.
a Find the total area of shade cloth needed to
complete the greenhouse.
b Find the cost of the shade cloth at $6.50 per m2.
2.5 m 5m
3m
70 cm
A friend completes the calculation as shown. Assume there are no simple calculating
errors. Analyse the working presented and justify if the TSA calculatedis correct.
15 A shower recess with dimensions 1500 mm (back wall) by 900 mm (side wall) needs
to have the back and two side walls tiled to a height of 2 m.
a Calculate the area to be tiled in m2.
b Justify that 180 tiles (including those that need to be cut) of dimension 20 cm by
20 cm will be required. Disregard the grout.
c Evaluate the cheapest option of tiling; $1.50/tile or $39.50/box, where a box covers
1 m2, or tiles of dimension 30 cm by 30 cm costing $3.50/tile.
16 If the surface area of a sphere to that of a cylinder is in the ratio 4:3 and the sphere
has a radius of 3a, show that if the radius of the cylinder is equalto its height, then the
3 !3a
radius of the cylinder is .
2
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
ProBLem soLVIng
Frustum of a cone
17 A frustum of a cone is a cone with the top V
sliced off (see the drawing on the right). x x
A B
When the curved side is opened up, it t s s
creates a shape, ABYX, as shown in the s s 2t
diagram. X Y
r
a Write an expression for the arc length 2r
XY in terms of the angle . Write
another expression for the arc length AB in terms of the same angle . Show that, in
2(r t)
radians, = .
s st
b i Using the above formula for , show that x = .
(r t)
ii Use similar triangles to confirm this formula.
c Determine the area of sectors AVB and XVY and hence determine the area of ABYX.
Add the areas of the 2 circles to the area of ABYX to determine the TSA of a frustum.
18 Tina is recovering a footstool in the shape of a cylinder with diameter 50 cm and
height 30 cm. She also intends to cover the base of the cushion.
She has 1 m2 of fabric to make this footstool. When calculating the area of fabric
required, allow an extra 20% of the total surface area to cater for seams and pattern
doc-5242
placings. Explain whether Tina has enough material to cover the footstool.
6.4 Volume
The volume of a 3dimensional object is the amount of space it takes up.
The volume is measured in units of mm3, cm3 and m3.
Volume of a prism
The volume of any solid with a uniform crosssectional area is given by the formula:
V = AH, where A is the crosssectional (or base) area and H is the height of the solid.
Cube Volume = AH
= area of a square height
l
int1150 = l2 l
= l3
Rectangular Volume = AH
prism h = area of a rectangle height
= lwh
w
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Cylinder r Volume = AH
= area of a circle height
h = r2h
Triangular Volume = AH
prism = area of a triangle height
= 12bh H
H
h
WorKeD eXamPLe 8
20 cm 4 cm
10 cm
tHInK WrIte
WorKeD eXamPLe 9
a What effect will doubling each of the side lengths of a cube have on its
volume?
b What effect will halving the radius and doubling the height of a cylinder
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Volume of spheres
The volume of a sphere of radius, r, can be calculated using the
formula: V = 43r3.
r
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
WorKeD eXamPLe 10
Find the volume of a sphere of radius 9 cm. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
tHInK WrIte
Volume of pyramids
Pyramids are not prisms as the crosssection changes from the base
upwards.
Volume of a pyramid = 13 AH H
Area of base = A
Base
Since a cone is a pyramid with a circular crosssection, the volume of
a cone is onethird the volume of a cylinder with the
same base area and height.
Volume of a cone = 13AH h
= 13r2h r
WorKeD eXamPLe 11
10 cm 12 cm
8 cm
8 cm
tHInK WrIte
WorKeD eXamPLe 12
3m
1.5 m
tHInK WrIte
Capacity
Some 3dimensional objects are hollow and can be filled with liquid or some other
substance.
The amount of substance which a container can hold is called its capacity.
Capacity is essentially the same as volume but is usually measured in mL, L and kL
where 1 mL = 1 cm3
1L = 1000 cm3
1kL = 1m3.
WorKeD eXamPLe 13
tHInK WrIte
FLuenCy
1 Find the volumes of the following prisms.
a b
doc5239
3 cm 4.2 m
doc5240
c 12 cm d
15 cm
4.2 cm
20 cm
7.5 cm
3 cm
18 mm
15 cm
3 WE8 Find the volume of each of the following. Give each answer correct to 1 decimal
place where appropriate.
a b
14 cm 2.7 m
12 cm 1.5 m
c d
12 mm
10 cm
7 cm
8 mm
8 cm 6 mm
e f
45 c
6.
m
5
m
35 18 cm
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
7.1 m
4 WE10Find the volume of a sphere (correct to 1 decimal place) with a radius of:
a 1.2 m b 15 cm c 7 mm d 50 cm.
5 Find the volume of each of these figures, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b
30 cm
1.4 m
c d
4.6 m
18 mm
6 WE11a Find the volume of each of the following cones, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
22 mm
10 cm 20 mm
6 cm
42 cm
24 cm
10 cm
30 cm
5 cm
20 cm 20 cm
35 cm
12 cm
c d
2 cm
m
5 cm 2.5 c
3 cm
3 cm
e f 5 cm
3.5 cm
20 cm
10 cm
12 cm
15 cm
UNDERSTANDING
9 WE9 a What effect will tripling each of the side lengths of a
cube have on its volume?
b What effect will halving each of the side lengths of a cube
have on its volume?
c What effect will doubling the radius and halving the height
of a cylinder have on its volume?
d What effect will doubling the radius and dividing the height
of a cylinder by 4 have on its volume?
e What effect will doubling the length, halving the width and tripling the height of a
rectangular prism have on its volume?
10 MC A hemispherical bowl has a thickness of 2 cm and an outer 2 cm
diameter of 25 cm. If the bowl is filled with water the capacity of
the water will be closest to:
A 1.526 L B 1.30833 L C 3.05208 L
D 2.61666 L E 2.42452 L
25 cm
ii 8 cm.
c Transpose the formula to make r the subject.
d What restrictions must be placed on r? Why?
e A given cylinder has a volume of 1800 cm3. Find its radius if it has a height of:
i 10 cm
ii 15 cm.
17 A toy maker has enough rubber to make one superball of
radius 30 cm. How manyballs of radius 3 cm can he make
fromthis rubber?
18 A manufacturer plans to make a cylindrical water tank to hold
2000 L of water.
a What must the height be if he uses a radius of 500 cm?
b What must the radius be if he uses a height of 500 cm?
c What will be the surface area of each of the two tanks?
19 The ancient Egyptians knew that the volume of the
frustum of a pyramid was given by the formula
V = 13h(x2 + xy + y2), although how they discovered this
isunclear. (A frustum is the part of a cone or pyramid
thatis left when the top is cut off.)
a Find the volume of the frustum shown below.
b What would be the volume of the missing portion of the pyramid shown?
4m
5m
6m
REASONING
20 Archimedes is considered to be one of the three greatest
mathematicians of all time (along with Newton and Gauss).
He discovered several of the formulas used in this chapter.
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
4 cm
4 cm
10 cm
15 cm
8 cm
ProBLem soLVIng
25 Six tennis balls are just contained in a cylinder as
the balls touch the sides and the end sections of the
cylinder. Each tennis ball has a radius of R cm.
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
x
H
h
x
X
A frustum of a square-based pyramid is a square pyramid with the top sliced off.
a Find the volume of the large pyramid which has a square base side of X cm.
b Find the volume of the small pyramid which has a square base side of x cm.
Xh
c Show that the relationship between H and h is given by H = .
Xx
1
doc6733 d Show that the volume of the frustum is given by h(X2 + x2 + Xx).
3
CHaLLenge 6.2
Review
for students to demonstrate their knowledge of this topic.
The Review contains:
questions
Fluency questions allowing students to demonstrate the
skills they have developed to efciently answer questions
using the most appropriate methods
Problem solving questions allowing students to Download the Review
demonstrate their ability to make smart choices, to model questions document
and investigate problems, and to communicate solutions
effectively. from the links found in
A summary on the key points covered and a concept your eBookPLUS.
map summary of this chapter are also available as digital
documents.
Language
int-2841
RICH TASK
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
So close!
Measurement errors
When we measure a quantity by using a
scale,the accuracy of our measurement
depends on the markings on the scale. For
example, the ruler shown can measure both
incentimetres and millimetres.
Measurements made with this ruler
would have 0.5 mm added to the
measurement.The quantity 0.5 is
called thetolerance of measurement or
measurementerror.
Tolerance of measurement = 12 size of smallest marked unit
For a measurement of 5.6 0.5 mm, the largest possible value is 5.6 cm + 0.5 mm = 5.65 cm, and the
smallest value is 5.6 cm 0.5 mm = 5.55 cm.
CODE PUZZLE
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Australian inventions!
The answers to the measurement problems give the puzzles code.
13 cm 2m
8 cm 3m
10 cm 400 cm
700 cm
3
2 Volume = G m (2 d.p.) 3
Area = A cm Volume = O m
11 m
2 mm 12 m 8m
8 cm
2 mm 2
5 mm
Area = H m
3 area = 3 cm2 2
Volume = B mm Area = P cm (2 d.p.)
3m 15 mm
3
Volume = I cm 6m
8m
2 5m 3
Area = C m (2 d.p.) 3 cm 4 cm Volume = R m
3m 2
Area = K mm 16 mm
1m
2 cm
1m
3 2
Volume = D m Area = T mm
20 mm
2 5 cm
Area = L cm
9 cm 6 cm
3m
2 15 cm 3
Area = E cm 3
Volume = X cm (2 d.p.)
Volume = M m
8 cm
5 cm 12 m
10 m
6m
5m
13 m 8m
3 2 2
Volume = F cm (2 d.p.) Area = N m Area = Y m
Activities
6.1 Overview 6.4 Volume
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Video Interactivities
The story of mathematics (eles1845) Maximising the volume of a cuboid (int1150)
6.2 Area IP interactivity 6.4 (int-4595) Volume
Interactivity Digital docs
IP interactivity 6.2 (int-4593) Area SkillSHEET (doc5239): Conversion of volume units
eLesson SkillSHEET (doc5240): Volume of cubes and
Herons formula (eles0177) rectangular prisms
Digital docs WorkSHEET 6.3 (doc6733): Volume
SkillSHEET (doc5236): Conversion of area units 6.5 Review
SkillSHEET (doc5237): Using a formula tofind Interactivities
the area of a common shape Word search (int2841)
WorkSHEET 6.1 (doc5241): Area Crossword (int2842)
6.3 Total surface area Sudoku (int3593)
Interactivities Digital docs
TSA sphere (int2782) Topic summary (doc13721)
IP interactivity 6.3 (int-4594) Total surface area Concept map (doc13722)
Digital docs
SkillSHEET (doc5238): Total surface area
of cubes and rectangular prisms
WorkSHEET 6.2 (doc5242): Surface area
Answers
topic 6 Surface area and volume
Exercise 6.2 Area 5 a 13.5 m2 b 90 m2 c 11 309.7 cm2
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
300 2
200
100 s(s + 2x)
Area of ABYX =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x
2
s(s + 2x)
g x = 25 h y = 25 TSA of frustum = (t2 + r2) +
i Square j 625 m2
2
k r = 15.915 m l 795.77 m2 18 The area of material required is 1.04 m2. If Tina is careful in
m 170.77 m2 placing the pattern pieces, she may be able to cover the footstool.
16 a Students work
Exercise 6.4 Volume
b 2020.83 m; horizontal
1 a 27 cm3 b 74.088 m3
17 a Circular area, 1790.49 m2; rectangular area, 1406.25 m2 3
c 3600 cm d 94.5 cm3
1
b Circular area, a n2 b m2; rectangular (square) area, 2 a 450 mm3 b 360 cm2
4
3 a 6333.5 cm3 b 19.1 m3
1 4 280 cm3 d 288 mm3
a 16 n2 b m2. Circular area is always or 1.27 times larger. c
e 91.6 m3 f 21 470.8 cm3
18 x = 50 cm, y = 30 cm 4 a 7.2 m 3
b 14 137.2 cm3
19 Teacher to check c 1436.8 mm3 d 523 598.8 cm3
3
Challenge 6.1 5 a 11 397.34 cm b 1.44 m3
29 c 12 214.51 mm3 d 101.93
50 6 a 377.0 cm3 b 2303.8 mm3
Exerctise 6.3 Total surface area 7 a 400 cm3 b 10 080 cm3
1 a 600 cm2 b 384 cm2 c 1440 cm2 8 a 1400 cm3 b 10 379.20 cm3 c 41.31 cm3
d 27 m2 d 48.17 cm3 e 218.08 cm3 f 3691.37 cm3
2 a 113.1 m2 b 6729.3 cm2 c 8.2 m2 9 a Vnew = 27l3, the volume will be 27 times as large as the
d 452.4 cm2 original volume.
1 1
3 a 1495.4 cm2 b 502.7 cm2 b Vnew = l2, the volume will be of the original volume.
8 8
4 a 506.0 cm2 b 9.4 m2 c 340.4 cm2 c Vnew = 2r2h, the volume will be twice as large as the original
d 224.1 cm2 volume.
d Vnew = r2h, the volume will remain the same. 22 Increase radius of hemispherical section to 1.92 m.
e Vnew = 3lwh, the volume will be 3 times as large as the 23 Cut squares of side length, s = 0.3 m or 0.368 m from the corners.
original value. 24 Volume of water needed; 30.9 m3.
10 E 25 a H = 12R b 8R3
11 7438.35 cm3 c 12R3 d 8 : 12 = 2 : 3
12 4417.9 L 1 2 1
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
26 a XH b x2 (H h)
13 10 215.05 cm3 3 3
14 a H = 6 m b 112 m3 c, d Check with your teacher
c 19 bins d 112 000 L Challenge 6.2
e 1.95 m from floor 18 scoops
15 a i 4.57 cm ii 262.5 cm2
Investigation Rich task
b i 14.15 cm ii 323.27 cm2
1 a The temperature reading is 26.5C.
c i 33.3 cm ii 434.28 cm2
b The smallest unit mark is 1C, so the tolerance is 0.5.
d Sphere. Costs less for a smaller surface area.
c Largest possible value = 27C, smallest possible value = 26C
V 2 a Largest value = 37.28, smallest value = 36.98
16 a h =
r2 b Largest value = 2681.965, smallest value = 2649.285
b i 31.8 cm ii 8.0 cm 3 a i 4002000
ii 4000000
V b The result for i has 4 significant figures, whereas ii has only
c
h 1 significant figure after rounding. However, ii is closer to the
d r 0, since r is a length actual value (3986297.3861449409).
e i 7.6 cm ii 6.2 cm 4 a Volume using the incorrectly recorded value = 125 cm3
17 1000 Volume using the actual value = 216 cm3
18 a 0.025 46 m b 0.3568 m The percentage error is 42.1%, which shows that the error
c Aa = 157.88 m2, Ab = 12.01 m2 compounds as the number of dimensions increases.
19 a 126.67 m3 b 180 m3 b Check with your teacher.
20 Answers will vary. Code puzzle
21 Required volume = 1570.80 cm3; tin volume = 1500 cm3; Bionic ear implant
muffin tray volume = 2814.72 cm3. Marion could fill the tinand Black box flight memory recorder
have a small amount of mixture left over, or she could almost fill
14 of the muffin cups and leave the remaining empty.