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    16 views12 pages

    Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    صدام حسین
    ;ko

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    Chapter 4 SS ‘cos 1000 4.241 (i) For mit 1 (t) e08 10,000t = cos 1000¥ cos 10, 000t 1 = }leo=90004 + cos 10001) Be Use, Posnsel!) (ii) For m1) = 2cos 10007 + cos 2000" (t) = m(t) cos 10.0004 = {2 e0s 10001 + cos 2000!| cos 10.0001 059000! + cos 11.000! + 3 feos 8000t + cos 12, 0001 = {cos 90001 + 3 cos 80001] + [eos 1.0008 + cos 12.0004) —_——_—L ——- Te rs Lait) For 1/1) = cs 10004 €0s 30001 ) = m(t}.c0s 10,0001 = Z{cos 2000¢ + cos 4000t] cos 10,000" ¥nsesclt = }[eos8000r + cos 12.0001} + 3 feos 6000 + eas 14, 0004 enor ose + fe 0 + 4.08 18 ose ‘This information is summarized in a table below. Figure S4.2-1 shows various spectra. Modulated signal stechum wal =a “6K Fig. 94.244 33 Cb 2 @) a) a § Me) 2200-5 {aco «20> THieo UsB je 2B 13-5] vee =lo0 (oo ~igce0 oO a igore (ip MQ) a) . & (6) &(e> 2 wel usb LB a ue use oO = =19,£0 8 Oo 8 igeoo =iqoe< Fig. $4.2-2 Fig. $4.23 case] Baseband frequency] DSB frequency | LSB frequency | USB frequency 000 | —.000 | i 1000 000 and 11,000 | i 1000 ‘3000 and 11,0001 9000 | ‘11,000 2000" 8000 and 12.000 8000" 12,000 2000 8000 and 12.000 ‘8000 12,000 4000 GOO and 14,0007 6000 | ~14.000~—~«| 4.2-2 The relevant plots are shown in Fig. $4.2-2 4.2-3 The relevant plots are shown in Fig. $4.2-3. 4.2-4 (a) The signal at point bis : oan) dal?) = m{t) cos* wet Sed = nt) [Scosat + Fone 34 425 42-6 “The term Jin(t)coswet is the desired modulated signal. whose spectrum is centered at vz. The remaining term Yiv()}eoadex! is the unwanted term, which represents the modulated signal with carrier reavency Se: Sih shectram centered at #3.c as shown in Fig, $4.2-4, The bandpass filter centered at ve allows to pass the desired term fin(t) cose, but suppresses the unwanted term t(t)cosGuct. Hence. this eystem works as desined with the output 31n(t) cos ve. (b) Figure $4.2-4 shows the spectra at points b and c. {¢) The minimum useble value of we is 2B in order to avoid spectral folding at de rc) tn(t) C08? wet = oo [1 + cos 2uet) 1 1 Jm(r) + $m(t)con duet ‘The signal st point b consists of the baseband signal Jrn(t) and a modulated signal 3rm(‘) cos 2ucs which has @ carrier frequency 2we not the desired value we. Both the components will be suppressed by the filter. whose Center center frequency is we. Hence, this system will not do the desired job. fc) The reader may verify that the identity for cos must contains a term cosuet when n is odd. This is not true shen 1 is even, Hence. the system works for a carrier cos” wet only when n is odd. ' at @ Fig. S4.2-4 We use the ring modulator shown in Fig. 4.6 with the carrier frequency fe = 100 kHz (< = 200% x 10°), and the output bandpass filter centered at fe = 300 kHz. The output 1(t) is found in Eq. (4.7b) as tthe dfmttneon se = Emineoe a.t+ b(n Boe] The outpr ondpas fer uppenes all he terme exept the one centered at SEO Ms coreaponding 19th carrier Sit). Hence. the filter output is 4 me w(t) = 'm(t) cos B2ct ‘This is the desired output kin(?) cosizet with k = -4/3n. “The resistance of each diode is » ohms while conducting. and co when off. When the cartier cos." is positive the diodes conduct (during the entire positive half cycle). and when the carrier is negative the diodes are open (during the entite negative half cycle). Thus, during the positive half cycle, the voltage 9; 0(") appeais across iach of the secistors Zt, During the negative half cycle. the output voltage is zero. Therefore, the diodes act ss f gate in the circuit that is basically a voltage divider with a gain 27/(R +r). The output is therefore an oem) colt The period of w(t) is To = 2n/we. Hence, from Eq, (2.75) we ba femur = Pom dur Leos teete] The output co(t) is cat) = eR wpm) = Etomite [E+ 2 (con eat Seon det + feo et +-~)] (a) If we pass the output co(t) through a bandband filter (centered at w.). the filter su int) eos mcf forall n # 1, Jeaving only the modulated term s1¥fry ts a modulator. (b) The same circuit can be used as a demodulator if we use & is o(t) = m(?) coset and the output is .ppresses the signal m(t) and on(t)coswet intact. Hence, the system acts basepass filter at the output. In this case, the input In the present case. [sin@ + sin(2u 2.2. c ace w@> 40 =O CD me) Boss yoo 30D We =taK -u-g “7K fo Tk ae WK ISK ) BaD or a -ak -75 5 K a, 13k “I (> Mw) Foun’? se $ ~ Coe -woo [0 400 boo Tigeo =1¥00 Geo 100|O ‘Yeo 6O# 1400 [600 or a Bana’ = Mee (6d Figures not to seale - MDH) + Ml-uh d= 5,6” ® Toot loco Fig. $4.5-3 Mo) @ be # 0 in SSB (» ae — ie Fig. 345-5 $4.5-3a shows the spectrum of m(t) and Fig. 4.5-3b shows the corresponding DSB-SC spectrum ) Figure v1 cos 18,0807 E {hy Figure S45-3¢ shows the corresponding {c) Figure $4.5-3d shows the corresponding Ave now find the inverse Fourier wansforms of the Li fuecnency shifting property os LSB spectrum obtained by suppressing the USB spectrum USB spectrum obtained by suppressing the LSB spectrum SB and USB spectra from Table 3.1 (pair 18) and the ¥usp(1) = 1000 sine (10001) cos 90007" ecau(t} = 1000sine (1000xt) cos 11.000%t _jAM(a) gn (). the transfer function of a Hilbert transformer is 4.54 Because Mn(w) = H(w) = —Jsen(~) If we apply ma(t) at the input of the Hilbert transformer. Y(w). the spectrum of the output signal 1(t) is ¥ (e) = Ma(a)H (0) = [-JA1 2) 990 ()]I-Jsen (0)] = Ce) : This shows that the Hilbert transform of mma(t) is ~m(f)- To show that the energies of u(t) and ven(t) ate equal. we have Em = £ mir(tyat fore f Mp)? zf aro) Plisen (oI de a2 4.5:5 The incoming SSB signsl at the receiver is given by (Eq. (4.176)] Frsn (t) = a(t) coswet + ma(t)sinwet Let the local earrier be cos [(we + Aw)t +4]. The prodeuct of the incoming signal and the local carrier is ea(t). given by alt) = egal) c08 [le + Bus}t + 4] = 2m (t) conwet + men(t) sin wet] cos [(we + Muv)t + 0] ‘The lowpass filter suppresses the sum frequency component centered at the frequency (2we + Aw). and passes ‘only the difference frequency component centered at the frequency Aw. Hence, the filter output eo(t) is given by co(t) = r(t)cos(Aw)t + 4) - rmn(t)sin(Aw)t + 4) Observe that if both Aw and 4 are zero. the output is given by eo(t) = mit) = 0, then the output is given by as expected. If only eolt) = mit) cos(Aw)t — ma(t)sin(Ao)t This is an USB signal corresponding to a carrier frequency Aw as shown in Fig. 45-5. This spectrum is the seme as the spectrum A/{w) with each frequency component shifted by a frequency Qu. This changes the sound Sf an audio signal slightly. For voice signals, the frequency shift within 20 Ha is considered tolerable, Most US systems, however.testrict the shift to 42 Ha. (b) When only Aw = 0. the lowpass filter output is colt) = mu(t) cost — ma(t)sind shifted in phase by We now show that this is a phase distortion, where each frequency component of A/(~) amount +, The Fourier transform of this equation yields = Mw) cos = Ma(wr)sind But from Eq. (4.146) -jMlw) w>0 Mie) <0 sgn (w)M (0) { and _pmwet wo ao = (hee w

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